Stellar worldclass programs and there they are on the screen. The school of historical philosophical and religious studies. Quite a mouthful. Its a great program. Also, the center for political thought and leadership. Another stellar program. If this lecture intrigues you, you should check out our center. We are doing some big things. And finally, if you are interested in learning more about yours truly hard. There we are. Www. Professor barth. Com. You can read about me on the website. A generation of politicians has passed. Alexander hamilton guys in a dual in 1804. James madison, picture there on the right, retired from politics and dies in 1836. John adams and Thomas Jefferson die on the same day, july 4th, 1826. 50 years to the day of the signing of the declaration of independence. Pretty incredible. You cant make Something Like that up. But america is changing. A market revolution is sweeping the young republic. Mass commercialization. Profit making. New opportunities for investment. Inventions, entrepreneurship, a burst in the population. Look at that population explosion. From 1 million in 1750 to 13 million by 1830. This is a young population with an average age of about 17 years old. Aggressive, energetic, highly individualistic, oftentimes reckless. A burgeoning population. Factories at sprouted up all across the north, especially new england. They are producing textiles and other manufactured goods. Outside of the cities, outside of new england, and agricultural boone. In ohio, in pennsylvania, we exports are off the charts. In the south, a new plant called cotton. Creates that soft durable textile and is spreading throughout the south and intrenching that slave system deeper and deeper in the south. Cotton takes off. If youre going to have textiles, if youre going to have cotton, if youre going to have wheat, you need transportation. So we have roads being built. Turnpikes connecting real markets to waterways and to atlantic port cities. Steamboats by the 1820s and 1830s, tracking down the mississippi river. Canals built all across the country, the most famous being the erie canal, completed in 1825 and connecting the hudson river to like erie. What an accomplishment that is. If you have canals, if you have plantations and factories, you need credit. Here too we have lots and lots of credit. Banks spreading up all across the United States. From three ranks in 1792 several hundred banks by the way 1820s. Thanks are chartered by the states. They stay within that particular states foundry. But sitting on top of those statements is the mother bank, right . The chief bank. The central bank. The bank of the United States. This is the second bank of the United States, because as you recall from earlier in the semester, there was a first bank of the United States. 1791. Alexander hamilton pushes through congress a bank of the United States. This bank, a private bank with stockholders and dividends. This bank, hamilton says, will benefit not only financial, private financial interests, but will benefit the country. The public. How will it benefit the public . Because the treasury, the u. S. Treasury, will deposit money in the bank. Money coming in from taxes one. And the treasury can also borrow money from the bank. This bank has a 20year charter, but it has lots of opponents. You remember the chief opponent, Thomas Jefferson hates the bank. The bank, jefferson believes, is an institution that imperils american liberty by elevating to power a wealthy financial elite. And unproductive elite. Jefferson opposes it. Jefferson comes to power in 1800. So does his party. That first bank, the charter expires in 1811 and when youre later a war erupts with britain. That is a very expensive war. The National Government finds itself in a tremendous fiscal straits. So after the worst finished five years later, the democratic republicans, the party of jefferson, charter a second bank of the United States. This second bank, much like the first, also will have a 20 year charter. This charger will run out in 1836. And presumably, congress and the president in good faith will renew the charter. So there you have it. There are bumps along the road after the bank is chartered. You will recall from the last lecture the panic of 1819 explodes. This massive bubble in western land speculation. The bubble cost largely by the bank and all of this new bank currency. It creates a bubble and then it bursts. But the country recovers from the panic of 1819 fairly quickly. So the second bank of United States survived that panic and it goes into the 1820s with very little opposition. Most americans by the mid 1820s have come to accept the bank, the market revolution is fully underway. But its not just the economy that is changing. It is the political arena that is changing. Two new political parties. The democrats and whigs bucking heads. Who are these whigs and democrats . Representing new england for the whigs, we have Daniel Webster. Hes a lawyer from massachusetts. One of the most brilliant orators in u. S. Congressional history. Quite an impressive figure when. We also have, in massachusetts, john quincy adams. Son of the second president of the United States, john adams. He too is a whig. Well most famously, we have henry clay. Hailing from the state of kentucky. Clay ends up running for president five times. He just cant get in. He cant seem to do it. But nonetheless, henry clay is one of the most important political figures in american history. What does clay do . Well, clay has a program. A system, an american system. That american system is threefold. Henry clay says he first, we need to have protective tariffs on american manufacturing. And sure enough, when henry clay become secretary of state under president john quincy adams, adams signs into law a new tariff. The tariff of 1828. Raising the tariffs from 25 to 45 . That is one heck of a tariff, 45 . Why do they do that . To protect american manufacturers and textile goods. Clay also says we need federally funded internal improvements. You think federal dollars to finance the building of roads, canals, bridges and so forth. And then finally, clay says we need to recharge that bank of the United States. Unlike jefferson, or unlike hamilton, excuse me, however, clay frames his defense of the bank of the United States in common man reiterate. Hamilton said, the bank is good for financial interests. Clay says the bank is good for farmers. The bank is good for mechanics, for manufacturers. The bank is good for the country as a whole. We need to recharge or this bank and there is the whig party platform. The whigs support utilizing the powers of the federal government to stimulate Economic Activity and they adopt a broad interpretation of the constitution. The federal government, the whigs say, the government does have the right to engage in this activity. Most of the whigs are going to come from new england because of the tariff, those factors are in new england. But they also come from the west. This is what distinguished clay to hamilton. Quite hopes his improvements will get western votes. But they have opposition, the Democratic Party. The democrats oppose the american system. The democrats adopt a strict interpretation of the constitution. It is a very limited view of the federal government powers. The democrats appeal to farmers, wealthy plantation owners in the south, but also to common ordinary people. To wage earners, working class laborers and laborers in places like new york. New york is definitely a hotbed for democratic activity. We new york, we have martin van buren. He is a democrat and later president of the United States. He later leaves the Democratic Party and joins the anti slavery free soil party. We will get to that in a future lecture. Representing the south for the democrats, we have another legendary figure. John calhoun. Calhoun is a rapid defender of slavery. He is also a rabbit opponent of the tariffed. He hates the tariff so much, in fact, that calhoun calls the tariff of 1828 the tariff of abominations. This 45 tariff, calhoun says, discriminate against this up. And sure enough, in 1828, calhoun authors in secret, because hes Vice President of the United States at the same time, just to give you an idea of how muddy the political world is back then. Calhoun authors in secret nsa advocating notification. The idea that the states can nullify or make null and void any federal law that they deem unconstitutional. South carolina does not know fight this tariff, yet, but it puts the idea in their head. From the west, we have Andrew Jackson. Andrew jackson. There he is. The man. Probably the most colorful president in United States history. I say probably, i think we can state almost objectively that he is the most colorful president in u. S. History. A giant of a figure. Tall, standing at six foot one. That is very tall for that day and age. Six foot one, skinny, bushy eyebrows, hair brushed high above. A very large forehead with piercing blue eyes. Look at those eyes. Jackson was a hot tempered man. He was a bit stubborn and oftentimes bull headed. He had strong convictions and when he was opposed to something, he stood up to that system. He had a few nicknames as well in fact. He went by the name ole hickory old hickory. Tough as old hickory wood. The second nickname, you wont believe this, sharp knife. Who has a nickname like sharp knife . Andrew jackson has a name like chuck knight. So what is Andrew Jacksons story . He was born in 1767 in north carolina. He was born and his parents died at an early age. So he wasnt orphan raised with no parental restraints. As a young boy, he got into brawls and fights. He wasnt all that interested in learning or reading. Jackson was nine years old at the time of the american revolution. You will see young andy there in the middle. At age 13, he joined a militia as a messenger. At one point, he ran into a british officer. The british officer told young andy, clean my boots. Young andy said im not cleaning your boots. The officer took his sword and slashed young andy and leaving a permanent scar on his left hand. As well as the left side of his head. Jackson went on to help found the state of tennessee. He got married in 1806. Someone insulted his wife, he found the man to a dual and shot him. The only president in United States history whoever killed a man. Andrew jackson joins the military. He joins the military and fights the creek indians in 1814. He fights the seminal indians in 1817. And then in 1815, he earns his fame through the battle of new orleans. This spectacular victory against the british. Even though, as you remember, the war was already over. That does not seem to matter because this elevates and rejection to celebrity status. That is indeed what Andrew Jackson is. A celebrity. He has some political experience, he served two years in the u. S. Senate, but thats it. Jackson was also very wealthy. He has this plantation, the hermitage. It starts out 1804. Jackson has nine slaves. By the 18 thirties, jackson has well over 100 slaves and slaves are very expensive. Most Common People cannot afford any at all. Jackson has over 100. He is a very very wealthy man. He is very well to do. Well, jackson enters the senate in 1823. In 1824, he runs for the presidency. A fourway race between jackson, adams, William Crawford and henry clay. Jackson winds the popular vote, 42 . Jackson also wins the most electoral votes, but jackson does not win a majority of electoral votes. So the contest goes to the house of representatives. Henry clay is speaker of the house. And we cannot stand Andrew Jackson. His rival in the west. Henry clay strikes a deal with john quincy adams. He says i will get the votes you need and you house of representatives if you make me secretary of state. The deal is made, adams winds in the house of representatives. Clay is raised to secretary of state. Andrew jackson is furious with this rigged election and corrupt bargain. He vows to have his revenge in four years. Showing off, he does in 1828. Its a two man contest between jackson and adams. Jackson winds in a landslide. Look at that electoral map. Quite an impressive victory. A landslide victory. How does he do it . The answer is very simple. Democracy. What jackson benefits you from universal mail suffrage. We call this period jacksonlee and democracy. Property qualifications for all three men in the United States are eliminated. No property required to vote. Double the number of voters in 1828 and you saw anything 24. Jackson uses this to his advantage and wages a Political Campaign but utilizes a form of politics we call populism. Populism. Populism is a political term that has come up quite a bit in the last few years. What is populism . Well, populism is not an ideology per se. You can find populism on the left. You can find populism on the right. Populism is a style of politics. A style of politics that speaks to the interests, to the hopes, to the fears of common ordinary people. Populists tend to pit the people versus the elites. The people versus the establishment. Populace tend to warrant of nefarious forces in positions of power. Whether those positions of power are in government or in the corporate world. Nefarious forces. And the cherry on top is, populists often benefit from charismatic personalities. Very often with populism, you will see populists emerge who uses the sheer force of personality to rally people around him and introduce that charisma to attack what he claims, at least in his defense, to attack corrupt entrenched interests. That is a populism is. Andrew jackson is a populist. Andrew jackson inaugurated into the presidency in 1829. And of his presidency, he throws a party. He opens up the white house lawn to the public. Hundreds of people from around the country pour in to the white house lawn. Shopkeepers, wage earners, common ordinary everyday americans. Sleeping on hotel room floors and hallways. They pack in on the white house lawn. A spiked punch bowl and whisk is being passed around. Its one heck of a party and jackson is stoked. The people are ready for a jackson administration. As you can imagine, these guys dont like him one bit. They look at what is going on. This discussed them. Can you imagine what Daniel Webster would think of Something Like this . He will not like it too much. Jackson is ready. Is the country ready projects and . This is a real question. What is this man going to do . There is no telling. Hes a loose cannon, right . Whats going to happen. Henry clay says, all right, we lost that election. Thats fine. Im going to push through my american system. He begins with internal improvements. Clay says, we need a road. Weve got all these farmers from my home state of kentucky. We need a road that stretches from lexington, kentucky to maids fill, kentucky. Right along the ohio river. I want to use federal dollars to build that road. The bill goes on arrives on jacksons desk after applies to congress. Jackson response and vetoes the bill. One of the first famous vetoes in president ial history. Clay is very upset. This is just the beginning though. All right, clay says, he vetoed my internal improvements bill. Lets try another plank of the american system. Lets try a new tariff. The tariff of 1832. This is a strange tariff because it seems to contradict plays program. The tariff of 1832 lowers the tariff from 45 to 35 . Why does clay do this . Well you will recall that tariff of abominations in 1828. South carolina and other states in the south are very angry about this. Clay fears that 45 is pushing it too much. Lets lower it a little bit. High enough still, but just a little bit in order to soften some of the opposition. The bill arrives on Andrew Jacksons desk. President jackson signed the bill. He signed the bill. It all sounds good. Well, South Carolina is not so pleased with this bill. South carolina nullifies the tariff of 1832. Why would they do this . It lowered the tariff. South carolina says not enough. Not enough. This tariff is on constitutional. We have a right to declare this tariff null and void. If you do not respect our nullification of this bill, of this tariff, we will secede from the United States. Unbelievable. What is going to happen . What is Andrew Jackson going to do . Calhouns and democrat. Well, jackson gets word of this and jackson could not be more furious with john calhoun. For jackson, this is an affront to his authority as president. Jackson signed the bill. Jackson says, quote, to say that any state may at pleasure secede from the union is to say that the United States is not a nation. Jackson asks congress to pass a force bill. This bill will permit the president to send 50,000 u. S. Troops into South Carolina. Jackson prepares the u. S. Navy. The u. S. Navy now off the coast of South Carolina. Jackson is ready to invade the state of South Carolina. What is going to happen . The notification crisis. We are on the brink of civil war over a tariff, who wouldve thought . Henry clay at the last moment, is desperate and passes a compromised tariff. In the midst of this crisis, a compromised tariff that lowers the tariff gradually over a tenyear period. By the end of ten years, and stages, the tariff will only be 25 . Between this compromise tariffs. In between jacksons forest bill, South Carolina backs off and accepts the tariff. Calhoun does not like jackson. He probably did not