This was germany, a beautiful country. A historic country. A prosperous country a modern country. The german people, a clean and tidy people. An educated people. A musical people. An industrys people. These people look all right. The mailman. The farmer, the cup, they are pretty much looking for his back home. Holding down jobs, raising families, enjoying life. They certainly look like the kind of people we can understand. Or can we . A quiet decent people who prepared 20 years to bring war into the world. A religious people who burned churches, persecute the faithful. A kindly people who accept blood purchase, concentration camps. A gentle people who tortured, starved, exterminate. These were men, they died in german concentration camps. These two were men. They didnt quite die. These bones were men, women and terminate children sent to be exterminated in a german camp. This is a scientifically designed gas chamber. This is a furnace. These, the childrens toys, carefully collected for the use of german children. These made by german guards. Objects of art made of human skin. music these were polls murdered by the germans. These were italians murdered by the germans before they left rome. These were belgians murdered by the germans. These were americans, defenseless prisoners of war murdered by the germans. These are some of the reasons why the german farmer, the german mailman and the german cop cant be quite like the people back home. Thats why we got to look a little deeper into the german character. The character of the people who plunged the world into a war. And each time claiming they were a victim. That is the puzzle weve got to solve if we are to save our children from the third war. The puzzle of that clean, industrious people. Fond of kids, fond of music, of tyranny, fond of aggressive and, fond of gas chambers. What gave the germans that character . What makes them think, act, feel this way . Taylor would have answered, german blood. Too many of our friends and neighbors have had german blood. That same blood we have seen in great americans. music for what makes them american is not any precious sort of blood, but the tradition we inherited. His tradition, not blood, that patterns the way we think, act and feel. Our ancestors came here to escape tyranny. Thats part of the american tradition. Thats why no american can believe in any government that is not of the people, by the people and for the people. They came to be able to pray in any way they wanted or in any church they wanted. Thats why freedom of religion is part of our institution. In school we learned none of us are any better than any other american, or any of us in the world. There is no privileged few that all men have equal rights. Best are to edition we were brought up in. Thats the tradition we were brought up in. At home, at school and at our jobs. That is the tradition that made us what we are. Now, what is the tradition that has made this man . How does it differ from ours . Thats what we have to find out. These were ideal german types. Lets call one of them carl schmidt. A member of the master race who goose stepped his way across an entire continent. His father did the same goosestep and followed the same road of conquest. And the grandfather of carl schmitt did the same goosestep entered the same path of aggression. The same goosestep, the same will of aggression, the same lust for conquest. He was known as the kaiser. Your grandfather remembers bismarck. Your fathers generation was threatened. In your grandfathers day the nazis and the prussians. Three different names for three different generations of germans attempting to put their will on others by force. Three generations following a tradition so different from ours. Lets go back even further and see how this tradition began. 150 years ago there was no single country. Instead, a loose conglomeration of 300 little states without a common history, religion or literature. In america we were living under the democratic cost to we enjoy today. The british could look back on hundreds of years of parliamentary government. The french had made their revolution in the name of liberty, equality, fraternity. But 300 Little German states were still property and ruled without the consent of their people. Not one had a constitution, not one had a parliament, not one had freedom of speech or of the press or of assembly. Instead, a rigidly organized medieval society, with all power centralized in the hands of a few lords. A prime example was prussia, the most aggressive of the german state. Where the military cast of land owners ruled their peasants with iron discipline. To perpetuate this futile militaristic society, the prussians established a rigid code of law, administered by a host of state officials, answering only to him. This was the perfect system to prevent any rise of liberty among the subject area and it was also the perfect system to make possible ruthless aggression i begin by taking i shall find scholars afterward to demonstrate my perfect right. music first he invaded prussias brother country without a declaration of war. [gunshots] the result, victory. For seven years he fought singlehanded against austria, russia, sweden and france. Thus creating throughout the other german states the myth that they were invincible. In 1786, frederick died but fredericks stream of conquest lived on. Nurtured and developed by the prussian militarist, was a guard at each war is only one campaign in an unending war for prussian supremacy in europe. To this end, the organizer and the strategist established the prussian general staff. The theorist set down their gospel in his famous book. Just as prussian the core of germany so germany can be the core of the future german empire of the west. The book became the bible of the prussian military. Conquered should be left with nothing of their eyes. Even as the militarists were plopping, a waves swept over europe. In ordinary men begin to fight for themselves and demand what had long been accepted in america, england and france. A constitution. The king of prussia answered, never must a scrap of paper come between me and my country. A constitution, a scrap of paper. Some citizens determined on liberty went to the barricades. The machinery of the prussian state went into action. The revolt died. The will to liberty was not Strong Enough within the people to defy the voice of authority. One result of which the love of liberty began to leave prussia. In the next 30 years, 2 million of them came to find freedom in the United States alone. While their cousins remain behind, were molded into ruthless ready to follow blindly the will of the leader. And leader arose. Otto von bismarck, appointed Prime Minister of prussia in 1862. A clever man, a shrewd man, but devoted to the prussian dream of conquest and a master of the prussian method of achieving. The Great Questions of the day will not be decided by resolutions of majorities, but by blood and iron and to go with it, ruthless discipline at home. As soon as anybody can show me that it is sound policy, i shall be equally satisfied to see our troops fire at the french, russians or the english. Two years after bismarck became Prime Minister he provoked a war against denmark. The result, victory. Two years later, against austria. The result, another victory. Four years later the great test against france. An amazed world stood by as prussia, until then a minor power, dared to challenge the strongest nation in europe. The result, another victory. This was the moment of triumph that changed the history of the world. The prussian dream of conquest was no longer a dream. The german princess saw the prussian Eagle Soaring triumphant in the european sky. Now they clammered on the bandwagon and united them to prussian leadership to join the german empire. And in the hall of mirrors in versailes and the heart of defeat, bismarck sides prussian king crowned german emperor. Absolute monarch of a new emperor. Founded on blood, iron and conquest. Its simple, victorious. Emblem of victory. Not the liberty bell, not the magna carta, not any symbol of freedom, but victoria, the symbol of conquest. Thus, prussia had created germany. And the myth of russian superiority had become the myth of the master race. And if the carl schmitt of that generation had any worries about the liberties that had been denied, they were now forgotten. In this moment of triumph, just to be a german was enough. In the newly created reich industry flourished as never before. The merchant fleet grew larger every day. German harbors were jammed with commerce. And german stomachs filled with beer and sausage. Germany had achieved unity, become rich, no other country threatened her. The world hoped for a peaceful, good neighbor. But the world had forgotten the prussian inheritance. A tradition not of peace and friendship, but of war and conquest. [gunshots] [singing] and by now, carl schmitt of the Second Generation. The father of the carl schmitt we had to fight was arrogantly singing germany, germany overall. As he probably watched his father lamb becoming the most aggressively nationalistic country in the world. Industry was carefully controlled to accord with the policies of the great general. But in the new right, bismarck added a fourth pillar to the structure of a warlike state. Fredericks militarist, landowners, and state officials had been joined by the big industrials. A gigantic Railroad System was laid out, more according to strategic war plans than the necessities of peacetime trade. One of the largest navies was constructed. The army was built up to staggering proportions. And the german officer the personification of the envision. In german colleges, the sport of german use was not football, but the deadly jewel. The scar was the badge of honor. The more scars the handsomer. Did they not for the mans palace in arms. And competitively watching all stood the great general staff. Still directed by the prussians. Securing their knowledge that their power and knowledge was indisputable. Germany was geared for war. All it needed was a new leader to give the word. And again, that leader was at hand. William the second. The kaiser that your father knew. Not a shrewd cynic like bismarck, but in arrogant , yet a leader in the german tradition. We germans like to bear arms and we like war. What did Carl Schmitts fathers say to all this . [chanting] a german spark is always ignited the fire. Soon everything will be a flame. [chanting] through one International Crisis after the other, the kaiser rattled his sword, loudly demanding germanys place in the sun. In vain, other powers proposed international agreement, but disarmament did not suit the plans of the german military, landowners, state officials, or industrialists. They wanted their own way and their own way made more. War was inevitable. music [explosion] how did the Second Generation react to the prospect of a world war . Berlin took on the air of a carnival. Blindly, joyfully the people cheered the kaiser, eager to follow the leader under a new conquest. Thus in august of 1914, carl schmitt of the Second Generation, indoctrinated with 150 years of prussian tradition, marched off to set the world aflame. Had he not been taught . Did he not believe that whatever germany demands is right . Even when he marched through belgium, dismissing a solemn neutrality path as the scrap of paper. Even when german scientist developed poison gas in violation of international agreements, which germany had solemnly signed. Even when, in violation of all the agreed codes of war, german uboats had unarmed merchant ships without warning. Thus what his father had done to france, to denmark, to austria, the secondgeneration carl schmitt attempted to do to the world. Our own president wilson said i was for a little while, unable to believe that things would be done by any government, that had subscribed to the human practices of civilized nations. music but then when we realized we were directly threatened, when every protest was ignored, and germany carried dont war into our own waters, did we feel compelled to fight. music [singing] music [shouting] [gunshots] [explosion] finally, under the combined attack of the allies, the german army started to crumble, to fall back, to run from battle. Germany was at the mercy of the allies. General von ludendorff, the german chief of staff and dictator was forced to send a secret message to the berlin government. The author of peace must be transmitted immediately. The army cannot wait another 48 hours. The allies could ramp the or fight on to unconditional surrender. The wartime french leader urged that the allies should march triumphant into berlin. Our own general persian said, complete victory can only be obtained like continuing the war until we force unconditional surrendering. But the world would not listen. So was the thought of peace that the armistice was granted. We celebrate. Not only because the war was over, the because it seemed we put an end to german militarism forever. Hadnt the german army been beaten . Hadnt the german plan for conquest failed . [ head of the kaiser right to holland. And seek refuge in sweden. Wasnt germany now in the public, apparently like our own, facing a liberty and equality . Didnt that prove carl schmitt had rid himself of the old german tradition . Thats what your father thought he celebrated in 1918. Lets see what really happened. When defeat was imminent, the men who caused the war stepped conveniently into the background, leading the leaving the week opposition parties to take over. That is how germany became a republic. It had elected representatives all the appearances of democracy. The but need the surface the old german system when on as before. The state officials of the kaisers empire over the state officials of the new republic. The industrialists of the empire around the industries of the republic. Even the same teachers presided over the same classrooms, preaching the same gospel of nationalism and german racial superiority. And above all, the general staff of the empire continued to function, even though secretly. Old germany still lived and carl schmitt too had never really change. In the first place he never believed that his army had been defeated. During the four years of the war he was told only of an unending string of victory. News of defeat had been kept from him. When the fighting ceased, was in his Glorious Army still on soil. Germany itself still uninvaded. And because germany was granted an armistice instead of being forced to unconditional surrender. Carl schmitt never saw soldiers marching through his cabins, instead, the german army home again after the armistice. Like the army of frederick the great, like bismarcks army. Why then did germany sign an armistice, carl schmitt asked himself . Why when youre in a half later was he called the shame treaty of their site . I was germany, in his judgment and undefeated germany, excepting the penalties of defeat . Carl schmitt was looking for a scapegoat. He found one. The one the german war leaders always planned that he should find. Carl schmitt never blamed the men who had caused the war. Instead, he blamed the men who would assign the piece. The illfated german republic met a bunch of traders that had stabbed the fatherland in the back. The general staff, the great landowners, the industrialists, state officials smiled content. Not only had they escaped blame themselves, but they smeared the idea of democracy and germany. It was a blow from which it would never recover. Carl schmitt would go back to the old tradition. The tradition of frederick and bismarck and the kaiser. The tradition of militarism and war. But wasnt the versailles treaty designed to prevent carl schmitt starting another war . They agreed to limit their army to 100,000 men to hand over their fleet, to demilitarized mainland and postal fortification. They found themselves never again to build an airforce or submarine, and to force a treaty. A loan sector for five years. There was the league of nations designed to prevent germany or any other country from starting a war of aggression. Yet only 20 years later, the Carl Schmitts of our generation were on their way again for another try and smashing the world into submission. music how was carl schmitt unable to rearm so quickly . Germany faced hard times. But in germany, careful manipulation made its results much worse for the millions of Carl Schmitts. Making them rich and canceled the huge debt of the landowners. It broke carl schmitt. Then came the depression. That cost him his job. So hunter was added to his resentment and bitterness. This was the moment for which the holy quartet now the militarists, the landowners, state officials, the industrialists emerged from their self taught obscurity. Their plans were ready. Now they went to work. What is the cause of your troubles . The treaty of versailles. Who signed the treaty act . The democrats. And why are you starving . To pay for reparations. Who started the war so the crown prince and the french . Who lost the war . The democrats, the communists, the traders. Carl schmitt listened, he was hearing the story he wanted to hear. Victim of a vast conspiracy he told himself. The world was against him and once again he was being taught to hate. Once again he was looking for revenge. And revenge was possible because the world allowed him to tear up the versailles treaty, clause by clause. Instead of enforcing it, we americans refused to sign it and withdrew our army of occupation after only nine months. The british, even though germany was consistently violating, pulled out after five years. The french made one final attempt to enforce the treaty and marched into the. But this made them so unpopular in a world drenched with heartbreaking propaganda. Now, lets see what would have happened had the treaty been enforced. Without a general staff, germany could not have planned world war ii. From a demilitarized land, she could not have attacked france. Without an air force with an army of 100,000 she could not attack the soviet union. Without submarines, she could not have threaten our own atlantic lifeline. The treaty of versailles was not important. As for the league of nations, we refused to join it. So once again, the germans began to march. Not in the open at first, but on the skys drill field. Or as the socalled technical exhilarated course, formed to help cases strike. Vigilante groups claiming to protect the citizens against communism. Or in school, simply under the name of but always under the supervision of army officers. The old german tradition was on its way back. But to the victorious allies, the german leaders sang a different tune. Peace, friendship and a piteous cry for help. Germanys fate is the fate of the world, visit your beautiful country myself. The situation t