Transcripts For CSPAN3 The Civil War Civil War Origins Of Fr

Now, i will start off with a word of warning. When i compiled all the information i wanted to share with you all this evening the first time i went through it and timed it i spoke for an hour and a half. So i hope yall are comfortable. We might be here for a while. Last year when josie was compiling this topics for this year she called me into her Office One Day and pitched me this idea as she mentioned and she ended up when i told her i probably did know somebody interested in this topic and she said when i think about it theres only one person that comes immediately to mind, and i said im so touched. Those are exactly the type of characters every girl longs to be associated with so before you can really start looking at the outlaw gangs civil war spun off you kind of have to take a flip back and see kind of understand the guerilla warfare that was going on during the during the civil war to kind of understand how that same mindset continued on after the war and kind of manifested itself in the wild west. So irregular warfare in the civil war you have those somewhat associated with the organized military. And cavalry raiders kind of in the border land area, kentucky and everything were probably the most closely associated. And then you had partisan rangers who were free to and independent enough to act on their own, but they still kind of answered to the organized military. They kind of had the blessing of the government. And john mosby would fall under those. Those were kind of the more civilized version of irregular warfare. Under that you had guerilla warfare, and really that was all across the south. And when i say guerilla warfare i mean when i say guerilla warfare i mean that its more people taking up arms for themselves and just kind of fighting. Now some of them may have done it because they were in a kill or be killed situation. Others just kind of used the chaos of the war as an opportunity to do whatever the heck they wanted to. Just kind of like, you know what, cool, nobodys here to stop me so im going to go and take this from you or maybe i never liked you. Im just going to go shoot you and be done with you. So theres a lot of that going on, and theres some that did fight with a political cause in mind. They didnt want to join the organized army because that would mean leaving home. In their minds they were fighting for a political cause. They were just kind of doing it on their own. So all of those fell into the category of guerilla warfare. While you did see that all across the south it was mostly concentrated in a couple of areas. You see it in the Mountain Area here, appalachia, western virginia on down into georgia. And then you also saw it in the ozark mountains in this area, missouri to arkansas. And it was really prevalent and concentrated here on the frontier, missouri, kansas, where it had existed even before the war, obviously. And, again, that was just if you research the topic its just an absolute mess and it really was a freeforall. And some of those ways that they fought continued on until after the war. But before you could understand what it morphed into after the war you have to understand this mindset actually existed even before the war. When the british army in the revolutionary war landed in South Carolina and started marching north to virginia they encountered guerilla fighter after guerilla wafighter. And the most wellknown of thosewise be the swamp fox. And then on the frontier you had bleeding kansas. Youve got the whole fight over the settlements making the states between kansas and missouri and the fight over should they be a slave state or not and people like john brown who just kill people who disagree with him because he can. A lot of this you can see even before the war. That created a culture that was filled with endemic violence and retch buttive justice where individuals were the guardians of their own interest and selfsovereignty kept the ord. Because of that thats the mindset of the culture theyre coming from. And the war really presented an opportunity for that concept to multiply unrestrained. Law and order started breaking down. So suddenly whats already there is bubbling up to the surface. Additionally you now have a bunch of weapons in circulation that were manufactured for the war, and so its a lot easier to really get your hand on a weapon or multiple weapons. So all of that went into it as well. Now a historian, he actually wrote a book about something a little bit later than what were discussing tonight but he noted shock value always has a larger shelf life than tedious detail. And that is really true about guerilla warfare during the war and outlaw stories after the war because these stories were so violent and just kind of shocking to people that they were passed down from generation to generation. And many of them grew legendary. And eventually local amateur historians would be the ones to capture these accounts. But they just captured and did very little to actually verify its hard to find fact from fiction. In arkansas in stone county theres a legend about the hess brothers who they say robbed a u. S. Manipulate and made their way to stone county. When their bodies were examined there was no gold on them. So theres a legend in stone county somewhere in those hills all this gold robbed was hidden. Legend says it is. And so, again, it can be kind of hard sometimes to know what exactly is true and what exactly isnt. In appalachia after the war ferguson was probably the most known guerilla during the war. He fought with some of the organized troops but he was really cruel and really murdered more than simply fighting in war. And after the war he became only one of two former confederates who were executed for war crimes. But he, however, was definitely not the only person fighting the guerilla warfare in that area. I actually wrote a 150page master thesis on the guerilla warfare in western virginia during the civil war. And so if you need some reading material feel free to google my name and guerilla warfare. And you need to fall asleep at night start reading it and guaranteed to put you right to sleep or your money back. Now whats interesting to me if you start reading about appalachia in the late 19th century, 20th century especially the moonshining that went on then its interesting some of those stories that you read about moonshiners fighting the Law Enforcement officers sounds eerily like the guerillas fighting the soldiers during the war. So it seems to me this mindset that took place during the war started manifesting itself or showed again at least once the moonshiners really got going and were trying to be clamped down. Another thing that happened after the war is many family feuds got started during the war. So many bushwackers in that area had operated in the town where they were from and their descendants were feared and known. Richard curry and ham were two who studied appalachia and the guerilla warfare there and they concluded theres no doubt it intensified the spirit of lawlessness, intolerance and vindictiveness that personified the region. Across the south, you also have vigilante groups springing up after the war, and the same mindset that gave rise to do what you need to do now suddenly became manifested in vigilante groups like the red shirts or the klan, and those vigilante groups became the paramilitary wing of the democratic party, and the democrats would use them for widespread systematic violence if they felt an immediate threat to their grasp of power. Once they regained the power following when reconstruction kind of fizzled out and the republicans lost the political power there in the south. And in arkansas, especially, the guerilla warfare had been pretty brutal, and it kind of spilled over into post war politics, and that was also very clearly into race relations. And it kind of culminated in the 1888 election, which was one of the most corrupt in arkansas history. John clayton, who you can see here on the screen, was the republican candidate for the second congressional district, and he ended up losing the election by 846 votes out of over 34,000 cast. Now, you can say, oh, thats just terrible luck, but it was more than luck. And plumerville, in conway county, as the votes were being gathered in the ballot box, four masked and armed white men broke into the voting precinct and stole the ballot box at gunpoint. That area of town was the predominantly africanamerican area and most of those votes would have been for clayton and probably would have been enough to push him over and win the general election. Well, clayton hired the Pinkerton Detective agency from chicago to investigate this. In that town, there was a Deputy Sheriff named oliver bentley, and he had a brother who threatened to talk to the pinkertons. Now, this would have been very awkward for Deputy Bentley considering it was probably him who stole the ballot box and his brother would have known that, so bentley killed his brother and invented a story saying, oh, theres an accidental discharge of the gun. A pretty bad accident when someone is shot five times. So the death, however, was officially ruled an accident. So clayton decided to go to plumerville himself to investigate, even though he was warned, its probably dangerous for you there. He went anyway. On january 29th, he was seated at a table in a boarding house, getting ready to write a letter to his children when someone shot him through a window with a shotgun. It was described as it hit him so squarely that his brains were burst about the room and blew his head off is what was said. It was more than likely either Deputy Bentley or bob pate, who was a local saloon owner who did the killing. Now, fortunately enough for them, bentley was the one who headed the investigation of the murder, and bob pate was on the coroners journey. Unsurprisingly, they concluded peyton had been murdered, quote, at the hands of unknown persons. There was a man who lived out in california who had been bitter enemies with clayton, they think he might have traveled and killed him. That sounds good. Unfortunately, he was so old at this point, he was crippled and confined to his bed. They also stated they had received a letter from someone in london who had hinted toward the fact that jack the ripper is the one who traveled from london and made this murder. To add insult to injury, the lady who ran the boarding house where clayton was murdered presented claytons family with a bill for the damages her boarding house sustained because she said his blood stained her carpet, and she took a loss on that. So republicans really were not given any sympathy whatsoever in arkansas. Interestingly enough, clayton was later declared the winner of the election, so they had to do another election because the seat was left vacant. And his assassin was never found. Deputy bentley later became the justice of the peace and presided over a trial, in which they put a man on trial for the murder from minnesota, by that point, the man had been dead for two years and bentley found him guilty and said case cloets sed. They didnt look into it any further. Thats one story of how this idea of we can just take matters into our own hands manifested itself in arkansas. In arkansas, where it was really tied to organized politics, out west, it was more of the man who made their own law or they disregarded the laws that were in place. And Michael Fellman is a historian who wrote inside war, which is really the definitive work on guerilla war fare in the civil war, and he concluded most rural White Missourians lost a great deal during the war. Male kin, property, security, decent communal relations, all Building Blocks of a normal life. They had to lie and cheat and bear false witness just to survive. So how do you pack up from that and move on once the war is over . Its just, its not easy. There were some people who tried. There were others who had lost everything and they ended up moving away. A great many missourians moved to texas immediately after the civil war ended. Then there were those who didnt even try. They just decided to take the law into their own hands, keep doing what they had been doing. Scom and many of those who went that route had fought under one of two men during the war. William quantrel was known for the massacre in kansas where he and his men slaughtered innoc i was a union backed town. He and his ben killed Union Soldiers and unionists without distinction. They did not distinguish between civilian or combat. They just kind of killed anybody who they wanted to. He himself was killed before the war ended, but his band did not disband. The other one was bloody bill anderson. He was one of the most brutal guerillas of the war. He actually started as a lieutenant under quantrel, but he concluded he wasnt vicious enough so he broke off and had his own group. Following the war, many of andersons men banded together with quantrels men and they kept their own groups. One of those men was Archie Clement who was known as andersons head devil or head demon. He was a small man, only 5 feet tall, only 130 pounds, so he was known as little archie, but he was ferocious and he likes to scalp his victims. He was only 17 years old when he became a lieutenant in andersons company, and after andersons death, he took control of the band. He had no interest in surrendering, and he began robbing banks. In fact, he joined the james gang, which well get to later, and help edthem on the first robbery, and as well as frank and jesse james are well known, authorities just suspected clements and didnt turn their attention to the James Brothers until a while later. At the election of 1866, clement took a gang of 100 members of quantrel and andersons former gangs and attacked the town of lexington, missouri, on election day and managed to intimidate the town enough that the Republican Party was defeated in the general election. When the Missouri State militia came to counter them, clements faded into the hills, which is the same type of strategy that was used in guerilla warfare all the time in the war. On december 13th of that year, for some reason, clements decided it would be funny, a big joke, to try to enlist his own men in the Missouri State militia. He goes back into lexington, and the head of the militia allowed them to come in because they didnt want to start the fight in the city streets. He signed up his men and peacefully leaves, but then he circles back and goes to the city hotel where hes having a drink, and the militia heard he was there, so they sent men to arrest him for robbery. He starts a gun fight. He got on his horse, but he was shot off his horse and mortally wounded. When the soldiers approached him, he was still trying to cock his rifle with his mouth. A soldier approached him, youre dying, what do you want me to do. He said i have done what i always said i would do, die before i surrender. You have quantrels group who didnt disperse. They were denied the general amnesty given to the Confederate Army after the war ended. Many of the gang stayed together for means of force and protection, and some like frank and jesse james took this as an excuse to become criminals and bank robbers. You have the James Brothers up there on the left, frank is on the left and jesse is to the right of him. The james younger gang became probably the most notorious in American History, and members of that gang came and went. But the james and younger brothers remained the Central Power structure of that gang. Frank and jesse had a very normal childhood. Their parents met at a revival in kentucky. Their father later became a baptist minister in missouri, and frank was the oldest child. Their next child died as an infant, and then jesse was born, and then they had a younger sister. When she was an infant and jesse was 3, their father was invited to go to california with a wagon train that was leaving from that area of men who wanted to go to california to look for gold. And they invited their father to go along as the chaplain. He accepted. But he never made it home. He contracted a fever in california and died of chlorcho. Dr. Samuel taught both boys how to ride and shoot horses. As a child, frank was said to be withdrawn who had a great interest in his fathers sizable library, and jesse was known to be generous, noble hearted, and, and they had a normal life. There was nothing that made you guess what they would later become. Frank really desired higher education. He was looking forward to going to college. When he turned 18, the civil war broke out. He enlisted in the Missouri State guard, which is a confederate unit because he supported the confederacy. He fought with that guard, a couple battles, then he returned to home, either due to injury or illness. While he was home, he was arrested by the local militia who were Union Sympathizers and they refused to let him go until he signed an oath of allegiance. That meant he could no laumger fight in the organized forces of the confederacy. He joined quantrels men. Three months after the raid, Union Soldiers invaded the samuel family farm and wanted to know information about quantrels location. They questioned jesse who was 15 at thime. He refused to tell him anything, so they horse whipped him and took dr. Samuel and strung him up and hung him from a tree in the backyard. The doctor actually survived the ordeal, but the whole experience left jesse very embittered, very angry, and so he joined andersons Guerilla Forces the next year when he was 16 years old. After the war, jesse actually tried to ride into lexington, kansas, with a white flag to surrender, but the Union Soldiers shot at him. They wounded him, so he went to nebraska for a little while while he recovered before he was able to come back. Interestingly enough, those who knew him at that time described him as reliable man who was dressing well, reading his bible, and regularly attending church. They say he never swore or took the lords name in vain, but he preferred when he was angry to make his own words up. His favorite was dingus, which his brother frank nicknamed him because he thought it was so funny. Jesse was forced into a life of crime, so after the war, he turned to outlawing. Then you have the youngereou Office One Day<\/a> and pitched me this idea as she mentioned and she ended up when i told her i probably did know somebody interested in this topic and she said when i think about it theres only one person that comes immediately to mind, and i said im so touched. Those are exactly the type of characters every girl longs to be associated with so before you can really start looking at the outlaw gangs civil war spun off you kind of have to take a flip back and see kind of understand the guerilla warfare that was going on during the during the civil war to kind of understand how that same mindset continued on after the war and kind of manifested itself in the wild west. So irregular warfare in the civil war you have those somewhat associated with the organized military. And cavalry raiders kind of in the border land area, kentucky and everything were probably the most closely associated. And then you had partisan rangers who were free to and independent enough to act on their own, but they still kind of answered to the organized military. They kind of had the blessing of the government. And john mosby would fall under those. Those were kind of the more civilized version of irregular warfare. Under that you had guerilla warfare, and really that was all across the south. And when i say guerilla warfare i mean when i say guerilla warfare i mean that its more people taking up arms for themselves and just kind of fighting. Now some of them may have done it because they were in a kill or be killed situation. Others just kind of used the chaos of the war as an opportunity to do whatever the heck they wanted to. Just kind of like, you know what, cool, nobodys here to stop me so im going to go and take this from you or maybe i never liked you. Im just going to go shoot you and be done with you. So theres a lot of that going on, and theres some that did fight with a political cause in mind. They didnt want to join the organized army because that would mean leaving home. In their minds they were fighting for a political cause. They were just kind of doing it on their own. So all of those fell into the category of guerilla warfare. While you did see that all across the south it was mostly concentrated in a couple of areas. You see it in the Mountain Area<\/a> here, appalachia, western virginia on down into georgia. And then you also saw it in the ozark mountains in this area, missouri to arkansas. And it was really prevalent and concentrated here on the frontier, missouri, kansas, where it had existed even before the war, obviously. And, again, that was just if you research the topic its just an absolute mess and it really was a freeforall. And some of those ways that they fought continued on until after the war. But before you could understand what it morphed into after the war you have to understand this mindset actually existed even before the war. When the british army in the revolutionary war landed in South Carolina<\/a> and started marching north to virginia they encountered guerilla fighter after guerilla wafighter. And the most wellknown of thosewise be the swamp fox. And then on the frontier you had bleeding kansas. Youve got the whole fight over the settlements making the states between kansas and missouri and the fight over should they be a slave state or not and people like john brown who just kill people who disagree with him because he can. A lot of this you can see even before the war. That created a culture that was filled with endemic violence and retch buttive justice where individuals were the guardians of their own interest and selfsovereignty kept the ord. Because of that thats the mindset of the culture theyre coming from. And the war really presented an opportunity for that concept to multiply unrestrained. Law and order started breaking down. So suddenly whats already there is bubbling up to the surface. Additionally you now have a bunch of weapons in circulation that were manufactured for the war, and so its a lot easier to really get your hand on a weapon or multiple weapons. So all of that went into it as well. Now a historian, he actually wrote a book about something a little bit later than what were discussing tonight but he noted shock value always has a larger shelf life than tedious detail. And that is really true about guerilla warfare during the war and outlaw stories after the war because these stories were so violent and just kind of shocking to people that they were passed down from generation to generation. And many of them grew legendary. And eventually local amateur historians would be the ones to capture these accounts. But they just captured and did very little to actually verify its hard to find fact from fiction. In arkansas in stone county theres a legend about the hess brothers who they say robbed a u. S. Manipulate and made their way to stone county. When their bodies were examined there was no gold on them. So theres a legend in stone county somewhere in those hills all this gold robbed was hidden. Legend says it is. And so, again, it can be kind of hard sometimes to know what exactly is true and what exactly isnt. In appalachia after the war ferguson was probably the most known guerilla during the war. He fought with some of the organized troops but he was really cruel and really murdered more than simply fighting in war. And after the war he became only one of two former confederates who were executed for war crimes. But he, however, was definitely not the only person fighting the guerilla warfare in that area. I actually wrote a 150page master thesis on the guerilla warfare in western virginia during the civil war. And so if you need some reading material feel free to google my name and guerilla warfare. And you need to fall asleep at night start reading it and guaranteed to put you right to sleep or your money back. Now whats interesting to me if you start reading about appalachia in the late 19th century, 20th century especially the moonshining that went on then its interesting some of those stories that you read about moonshiners fighting the Law Enforcement<\/a> officers sounds eerily like the guerillas fighting the soldiers during the war. So it seems to me this mindset that took place during the war started manifesting itself or showed again at least once the moonshiners really got going and were trying to be clamped down. Another thing that happened after the war is many family feuds got started during the war. So many bushwackers in that area had operated in the town where they were from and their descendants were feared and known. Richard curry and ham were two who studied appalachia and the guerilla warfare there and they concluded theres no doubt it intensified the spirit of lawlessness, intolerance and vindictiveness that personified the region. Across the south, you also have vigilante groups springing up after the war, and the same mindset that gave rise to do what you need to do now suddenly became manifested in vigilante groups like the red shirts or the klan, and those vigilante groups became the paramilitary wing of the democratic party, and the democrats would use them for widespread systematic violence if they felt an immediate threat to their grasp of power. Once they regained the power following when reconstruction kind of fizzled out and the republicans lost the political power there in the south. And in arkansas, especially, the guerilla warfare had been pretty brutal, and it kind of spilled over into post war politics, and that was also very clearly into race relations. And it kind of culminated in the 1888 election, which was one of the most corrupt in arkansas history. John clayton, who you can see here on the screen, was the republican candidate for the second congressional district, and he ended up losing the election by 846 votes out of over 34,000 cast. Now, you can say, oh, thats just terrible luck, but it was more than luck. And plumerville, in conway county, as the votes were being gathered in the ballot box, four masked and armed white men broke into the voting precinct and stole the ballot box at gunpoint. That area of town was the predominantly africanamerican area and most of those votes would have been for clayton and probably would have been enough to push him over and win the general election. Well, clayton hired the Pinkerton Detective<\/a> agency from chicago to investigate this. In that town, there was a Deputy Sheriff<\/a> named oliver bentley, and he had a brother who threatened to talk to the pinkertons. Now, this would have been very awkward for Deputy Bentley<\/a> considering it was probably him who stole the ballot box and his brother would have known that, so bentley killed his brother and invented a story saying, oh, theres an accidental discharge of the gun. A pretty bad accident when someone is shot five times. So the death, however, was officially ruled an accident. So clayton decided to go to plumerville himself to investigate, even though he was warned, its probably dangerous for you there. He went anyway. On january 29th, he was seated at a table in a boarding house, getting ready to write a letter to his children when someone shot him through a window with a shotgun. It was described as it hit him so squarely that his brains were burst about the room and blew his head off is what was said. It was more than likely either Deputy Bentley<\/a> or bob pate, who was a local saloon owner who did the killing. Now, fortunately enough for them, bentley was the one who headed the investigation of the murder, and bob pate was on the coroners journey. Unsurprisingly, they concluded peyton had been murdered, quote, at the hands of unknown persons. There was a man who lived out in california who had been bitter enemies with clayton, they think he might have traveled and killed him. That sounds good. Unfortunately, he was so old at this point, he was crippled and confined to his bed. They also stated they had received a letter from someone in london who had hinted toward the fact that jack the ripper is the one who traveled from london and made this murder. To add insult to injury, the lady who ran the boarding house where clayton was murdered presented claytons family with a bill for the damages her boarding house sustained because she said his blood stained her carpet, and she took a loss on that. So republicans really were not given any sympathy whatsoever in arkansas. Interestingly enough, clayton was later declared the winner of the election, so they had to do another election because the seat was left vacant. And his assassin was never found. Deputy bentley later became the justice of the peace and presided over a trial, in which they put a man on trial for the murder from minnesota, by that point, the man had been dead for two years and bentley found him guilty and said case cloets sed. They didnt look into it any further. Thats one story of how this idea of we can just take matters into our own hands manifested itself in arkansas. In arkansas, where it was really tied to organized politics, out west, it was more of the man who made their own law or they disregarded the laws that were in place. And Michael Fellman<\/a> is a historian who wrote inside war, which is really the definitive work on guerilla war fare in the civil war, and he concluded most rural White Missourians<\/a> lost a great deal during the war. Male kin, property, security, decent communal relations, all Building Blocks<\/a> of a normal life. They had to lie and cheat and bear false witness just to survive. So how do you pack up from that and move on once the war is over . Its just, its not easy. There were some people who tried. There were others who had lost everything and they ended up moving away. A great many missourians moved to texas immediately after the civil war ended. Then there were those who didnt even try. They just decided to take the law into their own hands, keep doing what they had been doing. Scom and many of those who went that route had fought under one of two men during the war. William quantrel was known for the massacre in kansas where he and his men slaughtered innoc i was a union backed town. He and his ben killed Union Soldiers<\/a> and unionists without distinction. They did not distinguish between civilian or combat. They just kind of killed anybody who they wanted to. He himself was killed before the war ended, but his band did not disband. The other one was bloody bill anderson. He was one of the most brutal guerillas of the war. He actually started as a lieutenant under quantrel, but he concluded he wasnt vicious enough so he broke off and had his own group. Following the war, many of andersons men banded together with quantrels men and they kept their own groups. One of those men was Archie Clement<\/a> who was known as andersons head devil or head demon. He was a small man, only 5 feet tall, only 130 pounds, so he was known as little archie, but he was ferocious and he likes to scalp his victims. He was only 17 years old when he became a lieutenant in andersons company, and after andersons death, he took control of the band. He had no interest in surrendering, and he began robbing banks. In fact, he joined the james gang, which well get to later, and help edthem on the first robbery, and as well as frank and jesse james are well known, authorities just suspected clements and didnt turn their attention to the James Brothers<\/a> until a while later. At the election of 1866, clement took a gang of 100 members of quantrel and andersons former gangs and attacked the town of lexington, missouri, on election day and managed to intimidate the town enough that the Republican Party<\/a> was defeated in the general election. When the Missouri State<\/a> militia came to counter them, clements faded into the hills, which is the same type of strategy that was used in guerilla warfare all the time in the war. On december 13th of that year, for some reason, clements decided it would be funny, a big joke, to try to enlist his own men in the Missouri State<\/a> militia. He goes back into lexington, and the head of the militia allowed them to come in because they didnt want to start the fight in the city streets. He signed up his men and peacefully leaves, but then he circles back and goes to the city hotel where hes having a drink, and the militia heard he was there, so they sent men to arrest him for robbery. He starts a gun fight. He got on his horse, but he was shot off his horse and mortally wounded. When the soldiers approached him, he was still trying to cock his rifle with his mouth. A soldier approached him, youre dying, what do you want me to do. He said i have done what i always said i would do, die before i surrender. You have quantrels group who didnt disperse. They were denied the general amnesty given to the Confederate Army<\/a> after the war ended. Many of the gang stayed together for means of force and protection, and some like frank and jesse james took this as an excuse to become criminals and bank robbers. You have the James Brothers<\/a> up there on the left, frank is on the left and jesse is to the right of him. The james younger gang became probably the most notorious in American History<\/a>, and members of that gang came and went. But the james and younger brothers remained the Central Power<\/a> structure of that gang. Frank and jesse had a very normal childhood. Their parents met at a revival in kentucky. Their father later became a baptist minister in missouri, and frank was the oldest child. Their next child died as an infant, and then jesse was born, and then they had a younger sister. When she was an infant and jesse was 3, their father was invited to go to california with a wagon train that was leaving from that area of men who wanted to go to california to look for gold. And they invited their father to go along as the chaplain. He accepted. But he never made it home. He contracted a fever in california and died of chlorcho. Dr. Samuel taught both boys how to ride and shoot horses. As a child, frank was said to be withdrawn who had a great interest in his fathers sizable library, and jesse was known to be generous, noble hearted, and, and they had a normal life. There was nothing that made you guess what they would later become. Frank really desired higher education. He was looking forward to going to college. When he turned 18, the civil war broke out. He enlisted in the Missouri State<\/a> guard, which is a confederate unit because he supported the confederacy. He fought with that guard, a couple battles, then he returned to home, either due to injury or illness. While he was home, he was arrested by the local militia who were Union Sympathizers<\/a> and they refused to let him go until he signed an oath of allegiance. That meant he could no laumger fight in the organized forces of the confederacy. He joined quantrels men. Three months after the raid, Union Soldiers<\/a> invaded the samuel family farm and wanted to know information about quantrels location. They questioned jesse who was 15 at thime. He refused to tell him anything, so they horse whipped him and took dr. Samuel and strung him up and hung him from a tree in the backyard. The doctor actually survived the ordeal, but the whole experience left jesse very embittered, very angry, and so he joined andersons Guerilla Forces<\/a> the next year when he was 16 years old. After the war, jesse actually tried to ride into lexington, kansas, with a white flag to surrender, but the Union Soldiers<\/a> shot at him. They wounded him, so he went to nebraska for a little while while he recovered before he was able to come back. Interestingly enough, those who knew him at that time described him as reliable man who was dressing well, reading his bible, and regularly attending church. They say he never swore or took the lords name in vain, but he preferred when he was angry to make his own words up. His favorite was dingus, which his brother frank nicknamed him because he thought it was so funny. Jesse was forced into a life of crime, so after the war, he turned to outlawing. Then you have the youngereou James Brothers<\/a> and claimed to take revenge against yankee capitalist banks and railroads. His brother jim was a bushwh bushwhacker the entire war, and he had a number of jobs including the deputy county sheriff. By 1873, he had joined his brother as part of the james gang. And bob younger was the youngest brother. He was child 13 out of 14. He was too young to fight with quantrel which means he was at home and witnessed firsthand his father killed by Union Soldiers<\/a> and his home burned to the ground. As soon as his brother cole joined the union brothers, he joined as well. The First Bank Robbery<\/a> occurred on february 13th of 1866. They robbed the clay county savings and made off with 60,000 in cash and bonds. It was by far their most lucrative bank robbery of their career. This robbery was the first daylight peace time Armed Robbery<\/a> in u. S. History. Now, during their escape, gunfire erupted and an innocent 17yearold bystander was killed. And this actually kind of set a precedence for the james younger game because innocent bystanders were often killed during their bank robberies. Soon, however, they tired of robbing only banks. Part of that was that banks had started to install time lock vaults so it was a lot harder to rob them, so they began turning their focus on railroads and stagecoaches as well. Because those carried large shipments of money. Their first train heist was july 21st of 1873, when they robbed the chicago rock island and Pacific Railroad<\/a> while it was traveling in iowa. Five members of the gang pulled some track up and when the train hit that, it derailed and overturned. And the locomotive engineer was killed in that. Now, it is said that the james younger game lived by the horse and died by the horse. Those who fought with quantrel in the war learned the importance of having a good horse. Jesse especially developed into a good horseman. He believed the best mounted man often won because it allowed them to easily outmaneuver and outrun anyone who was pursuing him. William cody, or buffalo bill, allegedly told authorities, quote, thats why the James Brothers<\/a> are making fools of you. They ride superior horses. Jesse actually imported many of his from kentucky because he wanted thoroughbred horses. They had great stamina, and they were very well schooled. So they remained calm even if even if gunfire broke out. One of his favorite horses, actually, his favorite horse, name was stonewall. Named for stonewall jackson, and he took a picture with it in 1875. The only picture of jesse james with a horse that exists. And 1874, both jesse and frank got married, and they retired from the life, their outlaw life for a while. Lived near nashville, tennessee, and jesse became a respected citizen of the area and got involved in horse racing and rode in many of the races. However, theres no National Network<\/a> at the time, so catching the outlaws proved to be a very hard task sns they were so hard to track. The missouri governor had hired the Pinkerton Detective<\/a> agency to look for them. And the pinkertons are pretty upset they had not been able to arrest even a Single Member<\/a> of the gang, so even though the gang had kind of stopped, they continued hunting for them. And they thought they had tracked jesse and frank to the home of their mother and stepfather, the James Brothers<\/a>, however, were not there. The pinkertons did not know that. They surrounded the cabin. They tossed in an explosive device. They claim it was only a smoke bomb, but those inside the cabin saw something smoking so they tossed into the fire. The device exploded, the killed their half brother and blew the arm off their mother. She had to have it amputated, her arm was so mangled. This made the James Brothers<\/a> absolutely livid. They took revenge on the neighbor who had allowed the pinkertons to stay on their farm and kind of spy out the james farm. And this also made them return to outlawrie fulltime. They continued to rob all sorts of things. Now, the demise of the james younger gang occurred at north field Minnesota Bank<\/a> robbery. They attempted to rob this bank on september 7th of 1876. Jesse and frank james with bob younger went inside the bank while cole and jim younger stayed outside with three other members of the gang. Bill chadwell, crown miller, and charlie pits. They stood guard outside. Those inside of the bank demanded the vault be opens. The clerk refused so they shot him and killed the man. However, that turned out to be their demise because that gunshot alerted the citizens of the town there was a bank robbery going on, so they all rushed and took up their arms and started shooting at the outlaws outside of the bank. Miller and chadwell were killed, and cole younger was wounded. He was hit in the thigh. By this point, frank and jesse and bob younger had fled from the bank and bob, as he was running, was shot in the elbow. So the gang took off. They were pursued by posses, and they eventually split up. The younger brothers and Charlie Pitts<\/a> went one direction, the James Brothers<\/a> went the other direction. The posse ended up catching the younger brothers near mudelia, minnesota, on september 21st, thats over 400 miles away from where they robbed the bank. A gun fight erupted and Charlie Pitts<\/a> was killed and all three of the younger brothers were wounded. Finally, they surundered. The three men who were killed in the robbery, clel miller, was only 14 years old when he joined andersons band during the civil war. His only time in combat was in actually the skirmish where anderson was killed. He was captured, but he was not killed due to his young age. He was sent to prison. His father claimed the family had always supported the prison and was able to get him out of prison, he joined the james gang and was involved in 11 robberies. The reason he joined, he was accused of being part of a robbery which he claimed he wasnt, and he was acquitted on t but he later said, quote, he might as well just join them because his reputation had been ruined by the trial. And then there was bill chadwell from minnesota. He was the one who had suggested the gang go up to minnesota to rob the banks because he said he could easily get the men in and out of the state. He clearly had miscalculated. And the final one was Charlie Pitts<\/a> whose real name was sam wells. He had been a childhood friend of the James Brothers<\/a>. He was 28 years old when he was killed. He was married and had two children. During the shootout, cole younger later said he told charlie he could surrender when it was evident that couldnt escape, but charlie replied, ill not go, i can die as well as you can, and he said as soon as he said that, he was shot through the heart. So the younger brothers were tried and found guilty of murder. And sentenced to 25 years in state prison. Bob younger died in prison in 1889. Jim was pardoned in 1901, but the next year, he committed suicide. And the reason he did that was he had fallen in love with a newspaper writer named alice miller, but his parole terms had been so strict, he was not permitted to marry. Cole was also pardoned ip1901 and he lived until 1916. He received an official pardon in 1963, at which point he reunited with frank james. After that, he went on the lecture sirked, preaching the evils of climb. He published an autobiography, where he portrayed himself as a confederate avenger. And he was known as a churchgoer because he converted and became a christian and died quietly in his sleep. The arrest of the younger brothers signaled the end of the james younger game. During their 15year crime spree, the gang had committed 26 holdups and made off with more than 200,000 and killed at least 17 men. Now, meanwhile, the James Brothers<\/a> had escaped, made their way back to missouri where they moved on back to nashville, tennessee, and lived peaceably for the next few years. Jesse started up a new gang, grew restless, and they committed robberies throughout missouri, kentucky, iowa, arkansas, kansas, and even into west virginia. The governor of missouri eventually had stepped outside of the law and put together a large reward to try to stop this. He couldnt use state funds for that reward, and so he actually got the Railroad Companies<\/a> to put up the money. Since it would help benefit them to catch jesse james. And the reward was large enough it made one of the gang members turn traitor. When jesse was 34 years old, his wife, hes there on the right, his wife pleaded with him to live a more normal life. And he agreed that sounded good. First, he wanted to commit one last robbery, because he said that would permit him to retire and live the life of a gentleman farmer after he got this money. He began planning it with bob and charles ford. Bob ford is here on the right. On april 3rd, 1882, they were in jesses cabin planning this robbery when jesse noticed that a needlework on the wall was crooked. He pulled a chair over and stood on the chair to straighten it, and he heard a cloocking of a pistol. As he turned his head, bob shot him. The bullet entered right below his right ear. He was killed instantly. His wyche and children were in the next room. They came rushing into the room. Bob fled immediately. Charles stuck around for a minute or two trying to convince him that the pistol had gone off accidentally, and he eventually turned and ran as well. Now, interestingly enough, the picture thats here in the middle shows bob ford and jesse james together. Last october, a woman came forward and said that her grandmother had this was a Family Picture<\/a> they were handing down, and she claims that this was a real picture. Somebody from the Houston Police<\/a> department who does all of their facial recognition analyzation took a look and concluded this was a legitimate photo. A couple James Brothers<\/a> historians dont really like the idea of robert ford and jesse james being in a picture together and theyre claiming its a fraud. Theres a lot of uproar over whether or not this is a real picture, and its going on right now. Its kind of interesting. I wanted to show that to you all. After rob ford murdered jesse james, the ford brothers expected to be treated as heroes, but instead, they got public abuse because it seemed like such a cowardly way to kill jesse james. They killed him for two reasons. The first one was the 10,000 reward. That sounded pretty good to them. The second one was bob ford had actually been accused of murder, and governor of missouri agreed he would pardon him from that murder if he would kill jesse james. He took him up on that offer. Ford was charged with the murder of jesse, but true to his word, the governor pardons him of both murders. The brothers only got a fraction of the reward money. Frank retired. He tired of the outlaw life. The public offered such universal sympathy that even though frank underwent several long trials, he was acquitted of all crimes so he returned to the james farm and worked as a horse trainer and lived to be 72 where he died of natural causes. The James Brothers<\/a> most outspoken defender was the one who allowed hem to have such a long career and to be remembered as they are. This is virginiaborn newspaper editor john newman edwards. He was general shelbys adjunct during the war, and after the war, he helped found the kansas city times. And served as its editor. He wrote colorful and fiery editorials to persuade exconfederates to return to politics. The confederates had been banished from Holding Office<\/a> at the end of the war, and he was trying to reverse that. He used his newspaper to provide alibis and excuses for the James Brothers<\/a>. He made them out to be symbols of exconfederates striking back against perceived corruption, oppression, and criminality of the republican rule in missouri, and he kind of created a folk hero status for them. When jesse was killed in 1882, edwards wrote a flattering obituary, and he was actually the one who arranged for frank james to be able to surrender to the governor and kind of he didnt know he would be fully acquitted without too much backlash there. His flattering treatment of jesse james undoubtedly formed the basis of the heroic legend thats still associated with the outlaw. Part reads, no one among all of the hired cowards hard on the hunt for blood money dared face this wonderful outlaw. One even against 20 until he had disarmed himself and turned his back to his assassin, the first and only time in a career which has passed from the realms of an almost fabulous romance into that of history. We call him outlaw, and he was, but fate made him so. And later, he continued, when the war closed, jesse james had no home. Prescribed, hunted, shot, driven away from among his people, a price put upon his head. What else could the man do with such a nature except what he did do. He had to live. It was his country. The graves of his kindred were there. He refused to be banished from his birthrite, and when he hunted, he hunted his hunters. This is an editorial in a newspaper. It kind of shows you how times have changed. This claim, though, that the James Brothers<\/a> were forced to become an outlaw, to me, it doesnt really hold water. There are numerous examples of those who fought in the war under quantrel even who chose not to become an outlaw after the war. One was allen parmer. He joined the gang when he was 15 and was wounded five times during the war. After the war, he attended bryant and stratens Business College<\/a> in st. Louis. He married in 1970, susan james, the younger sister of frank and jesse, and they had four children. He was a farmer and raiser, and he dabbled in business a bit. But if you think someone had to become an outlaw, it would be someone who fought with quan quantrel, but he died of a heart attack, so he lived a life on the right side of the law following the war. There was also captain william greg who also fought under quantrel, he became a prominent farmer and sheriff of jackson county, missouri. He did write a manuscript on jesse james and served as a pallbearer for john and cole younger, but for the rest of his life, he was a lawabiding citizen. Were they forced to become one . I would call that into question a little bit. Some of the other outlaws, though, who became famous at the time, jim cummings clark, who i think has an interesting story. The encyclopedia of western gun fighters list his occupations as thief, soldier, laborer, and law officer. Because why not . When he was 17, he stole a mule from his stepfather and fled to texas, where he and a friend sold the mule, stole 1400 from a rancher, and returned to missouri. He became a trusted lieutenant for quantrel, but he returned to a life of thievery and wandering. Off and on, he joined the james gang. He moved to telluride, colorado, where he found work digging a pipeline into town. He then secured an point as a city marshal and enforced the law by clubbing ruffians with his fist. He was rumored to continue his criminal activities from time to time, and butch casedy and his band robbed, and clark agreed for part of the loot, he would conveniently be out of town when they tried to rob the bank. This was never proven, but he was fired nonetheless, and he began promptly uttering threats to kill members of the city council. He remained in that town until he was shot to death in august 7th of 1895. He had been walking down main street and was shot in the back. No real investigation ever took place. The killer was never discovered. Rumor said that several prominent businessmen wanted him gone, and therefore, he was gone. That was that. And was this really the man who fought under quantrel and did raids with frank and jesse james. Everybody thought it was except for frank james. He said the man couldnt be jim cummings. One, he was too smart to become a city marshal, and too, you see, jim was one of those men who wont let anybody shoot him. So there you have it. Arthur mccoy was another outlaw. He became known as the wild irishman under joe shelby. He had been born in ireland. When he came to america, he went to california as a 49er in the gold field, and in december of 1885, he married louisa gibson, the youngest daughter of a well to do st. Louis family. They had two sons, one who died during the war, and a daughter elizabeth in 1861. Now, after the war, his life and his career get a little bit more hazy. He was supposedly a member of the james younger gang. Although he was a city boy, so it didnt really fit the mantra of some of the other members, but he did know john jarrett, who served as a captain under shelby and had a james connection. Thats probably who made the connection there. He was believed to have been one of those involved in the killing of a pinkerton agent who was investigating the jameses, and one who participated in numerous robberies to the first half of the 1870s. He and his wife in the 1870s had a farm in missouri, and two more sons were born in the beginning of that decade to the family. According to family history, though, arthur didnt like farming so he went to texas to see about getting into cattle and living there potentially. Legend now takes over where history has ended. And legends say he was arrested for stage robbery near austin, texas. But by 1874, 1875, he had effectively vanished. Nobody really knows what happened to him. By 1880, his wife had listed herself as a widow. Presumably, he died at that point. The only reason i bring him up is to point out that not all outlaws had been guerilla fighters because mccoy was a city boy a family man, and fought in the organized forces during the war. Yet, he was a drifter, and so that kind of personality with the James Brothers<\/a> had started kind of just really appealed to him. And so he turned to that type of life after the war. And then there was belle star, one ferocious woman. She was born myra may Belle Shirley<\/a> in 1848, and her nicknames were the outlaw queen or the bandit queen. Her family supported the confederacy. She had been educated at a Girls Academy<\/a> and trained to be a pianist, and appeared to be on her way to a respectable middle class life. But her brother had taught her to use guns and ride horses and many believe she joined him on raids during the war, bud died in 1864, and by that point, her fathers business as an innkeeper was ruined. Its at that point that her life trajectory went from being a respectable middle class woman to one who associated with outlaws if wasnt an outlaw herself. She married jim reed, and they had two children. Now, jim reed had grown up in missouri and knew the surlys. He had joined quantrels raiders and fled to texas following the war where he and belle got married. By the time of pearls birth, he had become in the tom star gang. He became a wanted man when he allegedly murdered somebody so he fled with his family to california. Shortly after eddys birth, they returned to missouri, and jim reed rode off and on with the james younger gang and the tom star gang. In april of 1874, he robbed the Austin San Antonio<\/a> stage, and incidentally enough, belle was named as an accessory on the indictment, but there was no evidence against her, so they dropped the charge. Jim, however, was on the run, and a Deputy Sheriff<\/a> cornered him and killed him in paris, texas, in august of 1874. Belle sent her children to live with their grandparents, and again, legend is taking over here where we have no history, but its traditionally believed that she herself was on the run from the law, and she drifted into oklahoma indian territory where she began to lead her own band of cattle and horse thieves. And therefore, we have the belle star gang. It was at this point she married sam star, who was a cherokee, and he was actually tom stars son, the gang her first husband had ridden with. They married in 1880, although legend says it might have only been a common law marriage, as had been her first marriage to jim reed, so who knows. They lived on cherokee land and built a house where they would harbor outlaws often. In 1883, both belle and sam were convicted of stealing horses and they both spent nine months in jail in detroit. Belle was now known as a felon and she kind of dressed the part. She wore gold earrings and a mans hat with feathers, and velvet skirts, and she rode a mare named venus. She was arrested twice more but never convicted for lack of evidence. And in 1886, sam was killed in a gun fight with an old enemy. And she remarried for the third time to a man named bill july, who was also a cherokee. Bill july was 15 years younger than her and she started calling him july star. I dont know if he officially took that name, but thats what she called him. He, shortly after they were married, was summoned to ft. Smith, arkansas, because he had been accused of stealing a horse. She accompanied him part of the way and decided to turn back. On her way home as she was outside of ft. Smith on february 3rd, she was just shy of her 43rd birthday, she was shot in the back by two shotgun blasts. By this point in her life, she had many enemies, including her two children. Bill july believes it was a man named edgar watson who rented land for him, and he was a fugitive and he was wanted for murder, and when belle found out, she kicked him out of the house. Watson was arrested on the suspicion that he murdered her, but there was no winces so its still a mystery as to who killed belle star. A couple more i wanted to highlight are the farrington brothers. Hillary and levi. They had both been confederate guerillas before the war, and like the James Brothers<\/a>, they decided robbing banks seemed to be a good post war occupation. So they also robbed trains. And they robbed the mobile and Ohio Railroad<\/a> and union city, tennessee, in 1870. While the pinkertons were hot on their tail, and Hillary Farrington<\/a> actually shot William Pinkerton<\/a> in the side when the detective had him cornered on a kentucky farm. Pinkerton, however, was not killed. He managed to subdue hillary and cuff him. The next day, hillary grabbed lose and grabbed pinkertons shotgun. The gun discharged and grazed pinkertons skull, but again did not kill him. Hillary wrench edwrenched it fre delivered an upper cut that sent hillary over the railing. He landed on the paddle wheel and i bet you can guess what happened next. He was chopped to pieces. His brother, meantime, had been captured in illinois. He had been returned to union city, tennessee, for the trial. However, there were many angry people in the town that this had happened, and while he was in prison awaiting the trial, a mob formed, broke into the prison, and took him out and lynched him. These are some of the most notorious of the wild west gangs. Outlaw gangs had existed before the war. Those who liked to operate beyond the boundaries of the war were attracted to that area. However, those who fought in the civil war that we covered and looked at set a precedence for many who came later that really created the wild west stories that we hear about. Im just going to briefly highlight a couple of them. The Doolin Dalton<\/a> gang was in operation for a year. The dalton brothers had been u. S. Deputy marshals in arkansas, but then they turned to a life of crime because they discovered robbing trains and banks was actually an easier way to make a living than living on the right side of the law. However, the gang attempted a robbery in coffeyville, kansas, in october of 1892, and the gang members who were all involved in that robbery were all killed after which this picture was taken as kind of proof that they were killed. Now, there are some members of the gang who werent there. And so including a man named bill doolin. He took the remaining members and for three years that gang robbed banks, stagecoaches, and trains in arkansas, oklahoma, and kansas. Doolin was well liked by many people, so it was those people who actually helped him and his gang evade the law. The gang was dissolved when bill was tracked down and killed in 1896. Then there is kid curry, whose real name was Harvey Alexander<\/a> logan. He was known as the wildest in Butch Cassidys<\/a> outlaw gang known as the wild bunch. That gang also included the sundance kid, will carver, and many others. Some of them included kid curry posed for a photo in 1901, which i have put on the screen for you. Funnily enough, the pinkertons learned about the photo, got a copy of it, and put it on wanted posters all across america. Probably a bad idea to havepo s posed for this photo. Kid curry was wanted on warrants for 15 murders but it was generally believed he murdered twice as many. And pinkerton called him the most vicious outlaw in america and said, quote, he has not one single redeeming feature. He is the only criminal i know of who doesnt have one good point. Which one is he . Im not sure. Good question. I tried to find the identities, but i just kept running into lists that all gave me different information, so im not positive, and are did not spend enough time looking into it to truly be able to answer that question. Then there was cherokee bill. Whose real name was crawford goldsby. He was responsible for the murders of seven men. And he and his gang terrorized the inindian territory for two years. He was only 18 when he began his life of out lawry, and his group robbed banks, stagecoaches, and stores and were willing to shoot just about anybody who got in their way. He was caught in 1895. He was taken to ft. Smith, arkansas, but on trial for three days but the trial was predetermined. The result was sentenced to ha. He was scheduled to be hung at 11 00, but that was delayed because his sister wanted to see him one more time and her train was not due in until 1 00 p. M. He replied, i game here to die and not make a speech, and thats what he did. Then theres henry star, his uncle was the notorious sam star, who was married to belle. Henry was not at all fond of belle. He found her to be crude and reprehensible, and he would quickly inform anybody who asked about the relationship that she was his aunt by marriage only. You know you have to be a pretty interesting woman to be reviled by an outlaw like that. He spent 32 years in crime. He claims to have robbed more banks than the james younger gang and the doolin gang put together. He robbed his last in a car. Allegedly, he robbed 21 banks in his career and made off with nearly 80,000 all on his own. Now, the the legend has really romanticized many outlaws, especially the James Brothers<\/a>. Through originally dime novels and editorials like we heard earlier. And then later, i think, through tv shows and movies. Its really how most people in the public know about these men. And a lot of them have become these Robin Hood Type<\/a> figures. Versus the evil lawman, and although we heard about quite a few i call them pretty evil lawmen, its interesting thats the typical way that wild west outlaws have been characterized. So i want to leave you with this thought. The encyclopedia of western gun fighters noted that though the history of these old west gangs is often romanticized, it should not be forgotten they were in fact nothing more than thugs. So, i want to thank you again for coming out this evening. We have a new minutes for some questions and answers if anybody needs to slip out, feel free to do so while we do that. If anybody has questions, i would be happy to answer them. [ applause ] youre watching American History<\/a> tv, every weekend on cspan3, explore our nations past. Cspan3, created by americas Cable Television<\/a> companies as a Public Service<\/a> and brought to you today by your television provider. Week nights this months, were featuring American History<\/a> tv programs as a preview of whats available every weekend on cspan3. Tonight, a look at hiroshima, nagasaki, and the end of world war ii. August 9th marked 75 years since the u. S. Dropped a second atomic bomb on japan, devastating the city of nagasaki days after the first attack on hiroshima. We examine president Harry Trumans<\/a> decision to use the new weapon and the legacy of these atomic attacks. Guests include richard frank, author of downfall, the end of the Imperial Japanese<\/a> empire and peter coznik, director of american universitys Nuclear Studies<\/a> institute. Watch tonight beginning at 8 00 p. M. Eastern. American history tv, this week and every weekend on cspan3. American history tv, on cspan3. Exploring the people and events that tell the american story. Every weekend. Coming up this weekend, saturday, at 10 00 a. M. Eastern, on american artifacts, library of congress curator Beverly Brannan<\/a> on life in the 1930s and 40s through color photographs. And sunday at 4 00 p. M. Eastern, on reel america, three films on the 1976 elections produced by the u. S. Information agency for an international audience. Then, at 8 00 p. M. Eastern, on the presidency, acceptance speeches from five president ial nominees, harry truman, adlai stevenson, dwight eisenhower, john kennedy, and richard nixon. Exploring the american story. Watch American History<\/a> tv this weekend on cspan3. Cspan has unfiltered coverage of congress, the white house, the supreme court, and Public Policy<\/a> events. You can watch all of cspans Public Affairs<\/a> programming on television, online, or listen on our free radio app. And be part of the National Conversation<\/a> through cspans daily washington journal program, or through our social media feeds. Cspan, created by americas Cable Television<\/a> companies as a Public Service<\/a> and brought to you today by your television provider. American history tv continues now with historian Harold Holzer<\/a> and valerie paley, chief historian at the New York Historical<\/a> society. They looked at artifacts featured in their joint publication, the civil war in 50 objects. In this program, they discuss a pike ordered by abolitionist john brown and a model","publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"archive.org","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","width":"800","height":"600","url":"\/\/ia903208.us.archive.org\/14\/items\/CSPAN3_20200814_144000_The_Civil_War_Civil_War_Origins_of_Frontier_Outlaws\/CSPAN3_20200814_144000_The_Civil_War_Civil_War_Origins_of_Frontier_Outlaws.thumbs\/CSPAN3_20200814_144000_The_Civil_War_Civil_War_Origins_of_Frontier_Outlaws_000001.jpg"}},"autauthor":{"@type":"Organization"},"author":{"sameAs":"archive.org","name":"archive.org"}}],"coverageEndTime":"20240716T12:35:10+00:00"}