And go home to my lord and be free oh, freedom oh, freedom oh, freedom and we wont be afraid ill be buried in my grave and go home to my lord and be free all right freedom, Freedom Freedom come and i want to go home freedom, Freedom Freedom come and i want to go home oh, freedom, my lord oh, freedom, my lord oh, freedom, my lord i will be free we shall overcome i will be free we shall overcome those young people singing the anthem of the American Revolution of 1963 were freedom riders. They were part of the pattern developed in this revolution, patterned by events instead of events forming a pattern. It involved a federal boycott, involve the use of federal troops, killed and been killed, we are about to see them all. As we see them, we will also see the growing participation of young whites in the battle. They have taken part in increasing numbers, particularly in sitting demonstrations. It was a tactic employed by new grow College Students in greensboro, north carolina. On february 1, 1960, a group of freshman from greensboros allnegro agricultural college, they were asked to leave, but they just sat on studying their textbooks. The police came and took them off to jail. The lunch counter was closed, but the rebellious child flourished. A few days later, the sit and had taken from root at the university of tennessee. It was to become more than just a hopeful stirring in the collective negro breast. The sons of segregation hung all over the city, a constant provocation. The attitude of the segregationminded whites could not have been stated more blatantly. Im sorry. Im management. You cannot be served here. I went to the south, and on this particular night, they were having a roleplay, and in some of the scenes, we almost cried. [indiscernible shouting and jeering] with such training as this that bolstered their dedication, the sit movement became one of the negroes most effective weapons. The pattern left its mark on the entire south. In jackson, mississippi, this year, a sitting group of whites as well as negroes faced violence. One negro student was dragged from his stool and removed. [indiscernible shouting] move on, move on, move on the sitters, white and negro, spattered with catsup and mustard, were carted off to jail. Every society based on slavery lived in fear of slave insurrections, and they occurred. Spartacus led one. 18 centuries later, nat turner led one. Both died for their efforts. The potential is there and hangs as ominously over the nation today as ever at home on the plantation yesterday. A major stronghold of the black muslims, for more on that story, here is bob. According to the muslims, the white man is the devil, the source of all people. He hates black men, and black men should hate him in return. He also teaches his followers that christianity has failed black men. The American Government has failed black men. The muslim solution a separate black faith. Right after world war i, a negro leader named Marcus Garvey organized a Campaign Based on the same principles. One of the men who opposed the movement recalls conditions that led hundreds of thousands of negroes to join the garvey parade. They had come out of the war where they had fought and died and come into the southern communities where they met a violence of racial discrimination. Many soldiers were the victims of police brutality. Some were lynched. Therefore, there was widespread frustration and discord and discontent among negroes. Garvey came along with his doctrine of back to africa, and he painted glowing pictures of what negroes could do, where they to migrate to africa. How they could build Great Enterprises and things of that sort, and this copy interest and imagination of the negroes. Many of them flocked into the garvey movement. The black muslims say theres been little change in the racial picture since garveys days. At a recent rally, the number one spokesman, malcolm x, said their main changes have been brought about not by whites, not by integration groups, but by elijah muhammad. The question is how does muhammad go about helping negroes . You find a negro drunk, he doesnt know the truth. Negroes get drunk because they see white people get drunk. They Smoke Cigarettes because they see white people Smoke Cigarettes. They want to be like the white man, so they copy his immorality. Then muhammad comes along and teaches black people the glory of blacks. He tries to display high moral qualities rather than the low moral qualities. It is feared by some whites that the muslims advocate violence, but thats not exactly the case. They say they dont believe in starting a fight, but if white men defeat them, they will not turn the other cheek. It is the implied threat of increasing muslim power that makes some whites more willing to negotiate with the socalled moderate groups. To that extent, the black muslims are making a major contribution to the drive for equal rights. There are several organizations emphasizing several methods of attack and at times competing for leadership of the revolution. The National Association for the advancement of colored people, born when the sentry was 10 years old, took what it called a renewed struggle for civil and political liberty into the courts. Southern christian leadership conference, born of a bus boycott in comer, alabama, nearly half a century later, took its battle to the streets. As the movement has mushroomed, its methods have merged and led to largescale demonstrations that include children against a spectrum of targets. The tactic is called a Massive Campaign of direct access. Sometimes the campaign strands its limited policy of nonviolence, and sometimes it exacts from its leaders the highest price death. It happened in jackson, mississippi. After midnight on june 12, medgar evers stepped into his car on his driveway. He was silhouetted against the carport light behind him. A shot from a highpowered rifle shatters the nighttime silence. He fell, fatally wounded. He was 37. He had been secretary of the naacp mississippi for nine difficult years. Lets let the merchants down on capitol street feel the economic pinch. Dont shop for anything on capitol street. I had one merchant call me and he said, i want you to know that i talked to my National Office today, and they want me to tell you that we dont need nigger business. These are stores that help support the White Citizens Council, a council dedicated to keeping you and i secondclass citizens. Let us not trade at these stores. Lets urge our friends, relatives, neighbors not to trade at these stores. Finally, we will be demonstrating here until freedom comes to negroes here in jackson, mississippi. [applause] in late may, they opened a fullscale action committee. The movement lacked mass support from the citys 50,000 negroes. Sitting demonstrators at a lunch counter were doused with mustard and ketchup the first day. Jackson police use this violence as justification for arrests during later demonstrations. They clubbed demonstrators and heres a variety of tactics designed to break their spirit. Negro prison buses were often used to carry the protesters. Teenagers were loaded into garbage trucks and taken to a compound set up at the state fair ground. The city had converted fair buildings into temporary prisons before. The executive secretary of the naacp joined evers on a picket line one saturday afternoon. They were promptly arrested. Then evers was murdered. The fatal bullet was fired from a vacant lot across the street from evers home, crashing through his body through the window of his home. Evers had considered himself a soldier for the cause of human rights and said he was ready to die for that cause. He died a soldiers death. As a veteran of world war ii, he was buried in Arlington National cemetery. The killing set off a new wave of mass demonstrations. The following saturday, thousands of mourners, including civil rights leaders from all over the country, marched in the funeral procession. After a peaceful march, the tension rising since evers murder reached the point of explosion. A crowd of negroes charged widely down main streets. Negroes threw rocks and valuables at police. More Serious Violence was averted when a civil rights attorney walked in and calmed the crowd. Three days later, the mayor signed an order ending the demonstrations. This is not a matter of the white people in the city of jackson winning or the negroes in the city of jackson winning. It is a matter of two races living sidebyside, working out a peaceful solution to every problem that is presented. Young militants were not at all pleased. The city began to hire negroes policeman and School Crossing guards for negro districts. It was in effect a jim crow settlement that did not crack jacksons racial barriers. An intense investigation into the murder led eventually to a 42yearold fertilizer salesman from greenwood. The hard core segregationist was charged with evers murder. The Jackson Movement is now concentrating on a Voter Registration drive and the boycott of white businessmen. Standing against them where the segregationists, who have the best organized force in the city and in the state. They are dedicated to maintaining mississippis monolithic social and political structure. The voices of moderation are stifled here, even afraid. The danger is that between the new negro determination and the old white resistance lies enormous potential for violent conflict. Wj simmons evaluated the revolution for this report. I thank you. Progress on the revolution has increased at a geometric rate in the last two months, particularly since the negro leaders in the south have displaced white liberals in charge of the power movement. This grew out of politics and was adopted by the negro leaders at a summit last thanksgiving where the entire Negro Movement in the United States was identified with the movement for african nationalism in africa. This is a development of extreme significance, i think, because it opens up the possibility for nonwhite domination of the United States through three means. One, through the mechanism of the united nations. Two, through the kennedy administrations increasing tendencies of our national sovereignty, and three, through mass integration, which is favored by colored elements in our country. Under segregation, there was no such disturbance as this, and this is not entirely unreasonable because these people have found through the encouragement of the president and attorney general that it pays to get out in the streets and demonstrate and carry on, and i would predict that if the civil rights bills pass, that would mean further, more violent demonstrations. The whole thing is and its a great pity that this entire Integration Movement is based on false legal grounds. The grounds being the socalled Supreme Court school decision. In a similar case, uncontroverted, undisputed testimony decided it was entirely wrong. The outcome of all this i think is to hasten a showdown as to if the United States will remain a predominantly white nation or if it will become increasingly africanized. Murder, the willful and wanton destruction of human life, has been rare in this revolution, but threats against life have been numberless, and the negro who knows the history of this country cannot dismiss that lightly. 3819 negroes were lynched in america during which Time Congress has steadfastly refused to pass an antilynching law. We have not now. A white man who freely acknowledged a history of Mental Illness set out to walk from chattanooga, tennessee, to jackson, mississippi, where he hoped to persuade the government to alter his racial stance. He made it to alabama where a white man shot him dead. Simpson is free on bond after being charged with the murder. In june, a negro killed a white man in lexington, north carolina. The victim died on the way to the hospital. A 24yearold auto mechanic, who, like hundreds of others in lexington that june night, had been caught up in an emotional storm. Rioting had broken out at the edge of the white and negro sections, apparently stemming from attempts of a small negro group to enter restaurants. 500 whites faced the negro. Faced 100 negroes. Lines surged, rocks were hurled and shots fired from the negro side. Fred leach fell to the street. Another man was wounded but not seriously. Eventually, three of the negroes, 18 to 21 years of age, were charged with the killing. They will stand trial in october. Link apparently was only an innocent bystander. The mob had developed an additional weapon in the battle federal intervention. It was that that placed racial tensions on the front page of every newspaper in the capital. The reporter was and is herbert cavanaugh. Little rock was an unlikely place for a federal state showdown tied to segregation. There had already been some desegregation in the states and the governor was not considered a man devoted to desegregation, but circumstances got out of control and Central High School became the pivot in this federalstate struggle. I remember the night of september 24, 1957, when the first battledragged army troops arrived on this street. It was a scene income principle incomprehensible to the 50 or so townspeople looking on. One man turned to a companion and said, you wont get many people to full around with those guys, which fronted the response, yeah, but its a hell of a way to run a school which prompted the response. President eisenhower sent in the troops of the 101st airborne. The mob reacted in bitter violence on learning nine negroes had entered the school as students. A couple of weeks earlier, state militia had barred the negroes from the school. The nine negroes went in but were asked to leave three hours later in a move to soothe the mob. Troops of the 101st airborne, a perimeter was established around the school, beyond which we could not go. It was, i remember, quiet. Im not sure most of us had yet absorbed historic scope of this moment. At 9 25, with a military escort party still in a strange quiet, six negro girls, three negro boys went inside. An hour later after a few onlookers ignored requests to move on, troops dispersed them. One was struck, another nicked by a bayonet. The next night, a broadcast of the condemnation of what he considered a military occupation. We are now in occupied territory. Evidence of the naked force of the federal government is here apparent in the bayonet in the backs of schoolgirls. And in the bloody face of a worker who was bayoneted and then felled by the butt of a rifle at the hands of the United States and its 101st air force division. There are now 36 negroes going to Central High School, altogether 126 going to school in little rock on a disaggregated basis. Desegregated basis. This is a little less than 2 of all negro students. Elsewhere, there has been voluntary desegregation of Department Stores in the city. Plans are under way for restaurants. The City Auditorium and parks have been desegregated. The Swimming Pool has not. The events of september 1957 generated considerable resentment in the south against such use of federal power. Later, however, a somewhat different view, particularly among the business interests in the south, who noted the reluctance of new businesses to move into arkansas because of the racial strife. Otherwise, the mystery still remains why did it happen here . All that we have so far seen, the fleet of riots, dissidents, violent and nonviolent political action, are methods in the struggle, but another struggle has raised among negroes and whites on the validity of these methods. Those close to him said he was trying to atone for having said that the the most celebrated of all negro students fell from grace when he actively criticized young negro leaders as puerile and undisciplined. He urged self improvement. A negro can aspire to raise himself out of the ghetto. In los angeles, california, an orthodontist seems to have made it. With his wife and two children, he has lived and worked in this segregated world for seven years, but even here, there is still that subtle, barely discernible, yet essential difference between the worlds of the white and the negro. Coming to los angeles, i decided that i would not segregate myself, that i would seek an office in an area open to any person who would seek my services. The most prominent area appeared to be welsh boulevard, and this wilshire boulevard, and this was the only place where i look for office space. I contacted the landlord, who said he would be happy to rent to me, but that he thought he should check with the other tenants to see if there were any objections to my presence. Obviously, there were none, so i opened a practice there. We looked at apartments and would have taken a couple, but it was obvious they were not open to us, so that we moved here and shortly thereafter, a residence became available for sale, which is where we now reside. I did not want anyone, caucasian or negro, to feel that i had come into the area to develop a caucasian practice. Being without prejudice myself, my office is open to anyone seeking my services. However, i made no special effort to cultivate any of the dentists in the area, which may or may not have been a mistake, so that as it stands now, my practice is predominantly negro. I enjoy living in this neighborhood in los angeles for several reasons. I have a girlfriend who lives not too far away from me, whom i met on the Tennis Courts when we were going over to one of the playgrounds for tennis instruction. This has been several years ago, and from this, we have developed a very close friendship. She happens to be a caucasian. This is incidental. Theres the meaning of true friendship, two people who have much in common. I find myself enjoying friends for friends sake. Race has nothing to do with this. Many tim