Good morning everyone, so this morning we will be talking about more rather we will begin our conversation about neutrality, that conversation will last over the course of several lecture, so it will wrap up other countries neutralize, but this morning we are gonna focus on what neutrality looks like an event for the americans, especially in the first half of the war, so the thing that i want you to understand the most and this is really vital because its a very different understanding of neutrality that we have today neutrality at the beginning of the war did not mean an activity, it did not mean passive 80, and im certainly did not mean impartiality, so if it doesnt mean those things and what on earth does neutrality mean, the definition of neutrality differs with each country, some like belgium will say that they never gave their neutrality, they were invaded, right but they always remained officially neutral so they were aggrieved against as a neutral country, others like switzerland will say we are neutral and to prove it dylan, im gonna hold her wall and kia on a your wallet, that is how it neutral. In the case of the United States neutrality will for the most part mean that they will do business with whoever and the very willingness to do business with both germans or rather the central powers and the allies is proof of their neutrality so lot of people are surprised to learn that at the beginning of the war the u. S. Traded with maintained diplomatic relations with all of the belligerent nations. Now some of those relationships were strange to be sure, one of my favorite examples is the one of both the first and last Ottoman Empire ambassador appointed to the United States, alfred a polish turk and he is appointed to d. C. And he is given one instruction and do you know from my work earlier this semester that konstantin opal is a contested zone, so they tell him go to the states and all you have to do is be charming, all you have to do is have fabulous parties, the fabulous guest and by all means avoid any social or political tensions, he was never a very good at heating simple extra instructions gets to d. C. Right about the time that news of crisis is happening in the Ottoman Empire, armenians another christians are being attacked and so the American Press is really pointing out that this is a problem. Well the ottomans felt that was in very neutral, that was pretty georgie and so he so irritates Woodrow Wilson that would throw wilson has his privileges as an ambassador revoked, how timely, you dont behave, use your office, but on his way out he knew exactly how to annoy americans, but the african American Press said, they pressed on americas cancers slot that is they said how dare you americans who claim to be a neutral judge me ottomans who treat our minorities this way, given how you treat your, so until you stop segregation you have no business telling us about being violent or how to control our minorities. In order to ensure having lost his ambassador ship that he left Woodrow Wilson in this. Trying to make them understand how they were we, morally superior, so what we see in the case of the United States is that the question of race will already be part of this attic to war. The germans will do the same and it will return. So in the United States when we get from the very beginning of the war are a lot of the same kinds of concerns that had been weighing heavily on european empire that we have been talking about, so what were some of those concerns . That there would be, that their own countries were full of dissidents who could set the place a blaze by pointing out the officers in american society, so hence our picture, what are we looking at, women protesting in front of the white house, demanding the right to void about, pointing out how american democracy is not perfect in again who are they more so as a neutral state to go around the world telling other people what is right and whats wrong, what are other dissidents groups that we have in the country . Well just like in europe we have workers who are galvanizing around their right to a safe working space, fair living wage, safe reasonable working hours, this is still a time where we work six and a half days a week and a half day that we are off the bosses supervising us at church in our various halls, our ethnic calls. Today on hazard a guess at how other groups who might be a problem. , . Specifically what kind of minorities . African americans are a problem, and how are they a problem . For one thing, they continue to say we want our civil rights we want the right to vote, we are in fact americans we pay taxes, we own land. We want the right to go to school wherever we actually qualify. African american women are also wanting very much to have a vote. We, the most pressing problem for African Americans, a certainly lynching, and other forms of racial violence. So, African Americans will say we want this to end. Indeed, it must and immediately. Because every incidents of racialized violence, and they were money, and they took on different shapes, every one of those incidents places us to precariously close to how the kaiser, and other europeans treat their colonial populations. So, these various groups, we have prohibitionists poignant how immigrants are problem, there is simply too many of them, we have to have rules, we have to borders, we have to have walls, we have to have medical screenings to keep these undesirables from pouring in to continue coming and bringing with them their drinking habits, and there we are religions. Right . Catholics. Italians. Irish. Conveniently forgetting that plenty of germans, and french, and british, are also catholics. But this idea that the colder and that is the United States is having its own kind of bubbling up of problems, native americans who are demanding citizenship. They do not have it at this time. Right . What these are worrisome enough that americans should focus on themselves in order to control that population, lest what happens over there, also ends up happening over here. Will democracy be enough to prevent what happens over there . From also happening over here . One of the things you are often taught high school that is just plain wrong, is the idea that americans are isolationist. They are not the period between, at the least, the 1890s and certainly still through the 1920s, that window is one in which americans actually spread out from the United States in pretty spectacular ways. So, some talked about an american imperialism being born right, and certainly an imperial vision if not yet its full manifestation so from the 1890s, the u. S. Has now reached into hawaii, reached into cuba, reached into puerto rico, and most significantly, reach into the philippines. All the way into asia. Well it isnt that americans are isolationists, they very much want to get into your house, they just dont want you to come into theres. That is not then isolationism, we want to change other people, we just dont want them to have any say as to get who we are. In that period, in those early years of the war, we talked about this a few weeks ago, americans have their attention completely trained on the americas. So, what is happening, we talked about what is happening on the canadian border, well, canadians are getting ready to celebrate the war of 1812 and 1814. That is where the activity is happening on the borders. Will they go toe to toe with quebecois . Who is going to pipe up the bans the loudest and show they are the place that matters more, that they thrive, then in 1812 through 1814 and again in 1914, and again, americas attention is completely trained on the mexican border. Why there . Since at least 1910, truly earlier, team ten mexico had been undergoing several revolutions and those revolutions had only intensified in nature and grown closer to the american border. The source of the tension in many instances where americans who mexicans felt were too much of a presence in mexico, on too much of the land, control too much of the capital, and controlled and owned too much of an industry, industrial footprint, in mexico. So, in part, it is a very complicated set of revolutions, it is not just one. But nonetheless, that internal set of conflicts in mexico is working its way closest to the american border. Hence, once again, being very concerned about american safety, american protectionism, with respect to what comes through that border. But we know, is that people also came through that southern border. The idea that essential american migration pattern is really contemporary, mrs. What was happening 100 plus years ago. The border was quite porous, its certainly like a foul, opening closed, pending on American Labor needs. Right . So people are very surprised to find out that at around this time, a quarter of the workforce in chicago Meatpacking Industries are mexicans. If you went skiing colorado at this time, the ski patrol were mexico ons, and mexican americans. We have continued this myth that somehow it is somehow a population that is a new wave, when in fact, there has been a pretty constant stream, one that americans have welcomed and vilified depending on political and economical expediency. That border was a tremendous concern in 1914. The concern there is also framed around that eugenics language that we talked about, that social darkness language that we talked about. Immigrants bring disease. Disease is as much political, and in your mind, ideas like communism, and autocracy, and socialism. And cathal system, but they also bring nowadays. Part of the way that we make ourselves feel safer, its to scream for these things. To tell ourselves that they are more inherent to one set of people, and not another. That is the way we are spending our energy in 1914. Why is that southern border in the caribbean so important . I just want to take a slight step back here to talk about those problems and constituencies, here, women in the public spaces felt that this was such an egregious act, such an incendiary act to put on your hat put on your full support, girl, and leave the house to protest. Because it would be an embarrassment to you, to your family, and possibly land you in jail, this was not the time to mince words, so you will know the language at the top of this banner, kaiser wilson. Wilson who spent much of his career curating the notion that he was, he functioned from a higher moral stance and even his own country could meet, my favorite quote about wilsons 14 points comes from the french Prime Minister at the end of the war and he says after wilsons gets up and he goes through all 14 of his points and his vision for world peace, he says even god only had ten. This is the picture of African Americans marching down fifth avenue in new york and their banner reads, the first blood for america, for american independence was spilled by addis, so reminding the nation that African Americans have been part militarily part of defending this country at every turn and so how can we continue to have laws that limit their Citizenship Rights . Laws that limit where they can go . Where they can go to school . Who they can marry, etc, its fundamentally not independent. So for much of the world this political cartoon really captures, it here is uncle sam selling stuff and europe has a very long Shopping List and basically they are asking, how is my credit . How much can i borrow from you in order to keep fighting. So if you were to ask a german, a british person what are the americans doing in 1914 they would say fanning their pockets. And do not ever forget that the fattening of those pockets comes at the cost of european lives, that american greed and willingness in particular to sell to anyone could ultimately result in the collapse of european empires more so than europeans killing themselves. So to come back to the question that tom asked many weeks ago, how is it that the germans are always pinned at the bad guys . We can see as early as 1914 we are starting to vilified the roles of even some neutrals, in this case the u. S. In this political cartoon we see an image of food, apples in that barrel and its important to remember that 1914 was a real boom in time for the american economy, like most countries when the war first began there was a retraction, and people were concerned, they spend a little less, you dont have easy access to all the sources you would normally want to purchase, right, the Stock Exchange exchange was closed in new york just like it had closed in vienna, london, paris, and berlin. But once but december people start coming out of their kates caves again the americans realize that this war is amazing for the economy, if nothing else while the europeans are fighting each other they cant produce things and that countries that produced the best for the most of things, germany, is especially unable to do so because it is fighting on many fronts. We talked about the example of harmonicas in christmas of 1914, the holidays are coming and we need, things those things are chocolate, toys for children, clothing, remember most of the armies had not prepared for winter, the war spilling into winter, so now the americans are the ones who can sell all their cotton, sell all of their wheat, sell their corn and sell one of the first ways we see americans taking money has to do with horses and mules, there is a robust trade and american horses, cattle and mules, from the upper northwest through the midwest through kansas its economy goes through the roof because it has huge stock yards were all these trained springing in horses can then be sorted, screened for illness and then put on fastmoving change then across to philadelphia, new york and boston, why are we moving so many forces . Who needs them at the front, british in particular, and the average lifespan of the horse is about to, weeks thats a lucky horse at the front, so they are dying more quickly than we can get them over there and the germans will say they have a robust Propaganda Campaign saying you are responsible for killing my son, because the horse that you are sending, over and the one youre making scores of money on, that horse is being used to pull artillery, if cavalry, even though it wasnt doing much, for food, right . So horses are vital vital in terms of how horses imagine themselves but all the Different Things that they can do in the war zone and the people were shipping the most number of horses and at the same time saying they are neutral are the americans. Because americans have a healthy transportation system, railway, sports, deports, people are also sending the forces out from argentina, brazil, uruguay, they are coming down from canada, we are selling to germany on occasion but those forces have to make a pass the british agenda. We are selling two germans, absolutely, when the germans float that sub that i told you about, the one that makes its way to philly spends two weeks being celebrated, that goes back completely full of products and germans will see that trip, the successful nature of that trip as a continued partnership with american commerce. Why with the germans think the u. S. Potentially a good partner, well for one thing, there were a lot of germans here, we talked about that. About 25 of the population, were either first generation or Second Generation german americans, the largest urban population of germans outside of berlin is in new york. Most cities on the east coast will have sound version of a german town. So germany at the very least would say, well my cousin is not gonna let them go nuts and go after us so quickly. We have a chance we just have to convince them, besides the irish dont care about the british, the irish will also join us. French canadians hate the british, we can get that started up there too. So we have a pretty good chance of winning a media war if you will. Public sentiment and for a time that seems to work, it worked because in part the germans were winning but the moment the war starts it becomes at the very least a little more dangerous being german in america. We see an iowa an attempt to pass an english only bill making english the official language of iowa when the United States has no official language, english is not the official language of the United States and in some parts of the United States like pennsylvania they could just as well have made german be the official language, some parts of eastern ohio, so all of a sudden being seen, speaking in german, singing german songs those become suspect behaviors, so now remember the suspicions that we have four people who are not like us, who may be racially defective colonial lee defective that muscle could easily be rerouted to a new cause so what we see in 1914 is that it becomes downright dangerous being chairman, being suspected of being german and doing, conserving, celebrating things, however broadly german. My favorite example of this is actually this set of images, so we get reports in the United States and moscow of people going out on the streets with the baseball bats pounding on the streets representing the skies, they had to homicidal dioxins, i dont know how they couldve killed that many animals but they really did, so that little tiny thing becomes an emblem of all that is wrong with germans, even their animals are murderous, so having a way to improve your position naughty, club it, its no longer sauerkraut, you are having freedom cabbage, americans love reap landing food, its not french fries its how much fries, so american having a stein thats what they are called, they are public stein crashing gatherings where you show the you are making real your distance from your ancestors by publicly crashing that. If you are german that means a lot, it stays within the family for generations, they represent your military background, so this public rejection of german is important, and as with all things with this war children always have a role, so the little boy pointing a gun at a dog and notice the shadow behind it, its not cruelty its patriotism, that goes all the way back this determined robert craig or was found to be suspect because he was allegedly speaking german in public, i believe it was in illinois and he had responded entirely to solely to the call to enlist and worst of all had raised the derelict question of why are we doing this again . His peers lost their minds, beat him up, tarred and feathered him and then lynched him, now lynching is not a practice uniquely reserved for African Americans, it is a practice that is also being seen against latinos in the u. S. , union workers, people who were gay or suspected of being gay, not conforming in whatever way is suspect behavior, now that we see that germans are being swept up and dealt with in a manner that we normally by this point reserved for African Americans, tells us a lot about the level of vitriol that we get in the United States, especially with respect to whoever we see as worry seemly different than us. And raising any kind of question about the work, whats happening again . Where is the fighting happening . Why are we getting involved . All of those things would brand to a suspect citizen, and likely one who needs careful policing, so here is a fabulous another picture of how used children to give them a role but also use them to shame adults into action, so to hell with the kaiser, when you are three what else can you curse but if its for the nation, so her little sign says, america forever. So im going to step back a little here, this is really important because as part of the discussion about american isolationism or one of the ways that American People communicated, not wanting to get involved in other peoples fight was to say that we are the creators, we are the protectors of others we are not fighters, we are mothers, we are so strong we dont have to prove it said wilson a few years later and this idea that law and protectors of people of color, certainly amplified with the spanish american war but the u. S. Never really bother to asked the people they were allegedly protecting, they wouldve had a different answer or response that we see romanticized here, so it is this virginal girl being protected by suspect lee brown. What we have to remember is during the war, especially its first three years using the destruction of war to broaden their imperial footprint, so between this time the u. S. Requires a bevy of countries here in the country and if it doesnt take control outright it certainly has its to factor control things to its military, like Great Britain, like germany the American Navy becomes the way that americans flex their muscles, although the american way navy is not big its a distance third, i think it might be seventh, nonetheless americans think of themselves as having a navy that makes people afraid and that out to make people afraid and at least in the caribbean it does, so the United States will purchase the danish islands and with a 25 Million Dollar check but an and to denmark as an empire, so you could buy out and empire, so the Virgin Islands that some of you may have enjoyed thus far or will in your point and lives used to be part of denmark and the u. S. Purchase it and by saying and arent makes a case for that expansion not a pure imperialist act they say the names another neutral country will be very good at keeping the germans at bay in europe. If they fold we are going to have a german state just off the coast of florida, that is not okay, where they can park their warships and from that base launched towards the panama can now in the bottom left hand corner. Its not quite on this map but it would just be below nicaragua. Right, so you will recall that i mentioned a couple of weeks ago the germans had moved to warships into north america, one was parked where . Near, no, not the east coast, the one ship so one ship is parked, white base were, right off the coast, of puerto rico, the republic of haiti. And the other ship, its off the coast of california. And in each instance, there is a german warship, on either side of the panama canals, the americans have spent a ton of money, a ton of time, and a ton of scientific effort, to make their, the french have been trying, they could not pull it off, the americans arrived, were gonna finish this. In 1940 youll recall, just where its starting, its americans are preparing to celebrate the grand opening of the panama can now, and could not. The darn fighting of the map, is taking away the attention from the American Engineering marvel, that is the path of mcconnell, and the americans then said that, in opening this canal, and shortening the trade routes mostly to asia, we also made ourselves by ourselves we mean it was so much more enticing for the german its, only a matter of time, before they come over and pals. Because their washes can make it, theyre gonna come to the caribbeans, theyre gonna say, they are here to stop a local conflict, on one of the islands, theyre gonna say theyre here because one of the islands, especially haiti not only an island, but also part of an island, haiti owns them all of these money, so they have no choice, they have to come in and protect their financial interests and the u. S. Is not a way, not know how. The caribbean, is our lake, set the United States. And thankfully, we have a navy, and were rains, who can, much more quickly than the europeans, set foot on this region, and take control of islands with deep ports deports matter because, large warships need deports to come into. There is one other, there are multiple empires in the caribbean, the european empires president in the caribbean, but the biggest one, would be the Great Britain, you got jamaica, any number of the smaller islands on your right. The smaller antilles thats what theyre called. Weve got important foothold at the northern part of the south america on, youre right. And trinidad, and to being, on the lower right hand corner, theres especially important, as petro states. So britain, does not like the idea that the americans are lost all of a sudden going around, claiming for themselves, some of the biggest islands of the caribbeans and say, were just gonna hold it, while you guys keep fighting it, dont worry about it, were just gonna build some building, some military bases, gordon the change the laws but dont worry about it. Were not looking at jamaica, in the meantime Great Britain says hey canada, as our many me on the side of the appliances, discussed canada in britain, get down there. Defend our properties, show some muscle flow the boulder out there. So the canadians, sent a military footprint, in bermuda, in jamaica they, they say, to also be there, as the defensive line. So the u. S. Does not use what floor one, as distraction to scoop up the entire caribbean. And one of the argument the canadians will make, for being in the region is, they will say, we are some audience state, also need our own deep south, the way we prove where a modern state, and therefore should have a little more autonomy, in the British Empire is to have our own people of color, that we can control, we can civilized, so jamaica will do that work, we can show our ability to control ourselves by showing how we control others, ideal when those others are of color, and the considered effective, in all the others waste we have been talking about in this master. So, the caribbean becomes this top of the space of the top four not only for the United States but, very much the United States, and the empires, that are fighting on the other side, though either at some point be friends or foes with. And were still selling, them in either instance, so its a much more complicated set of events happening here, and where the United States is focusing, and makes even more sense for the german to have sent their warships into the caribbeans, because they can say, well if everybody is fighting over the islands we should get hours as well, where he had to make sure the americans dont take the whole thing. So what we get, in those first couple of years of the wall, it is very important reminder that, United States, is part officially, and unofficially, of this colonial race around the world. The stuff of our lectures for the next two weeks, right . So the u. S. , their military, he has the guys that are filled with experience before the world war one breaks out, are in the philippines to guide the paltrow, and the summer sun to the caribbean, some in the American Cities to crush union, to crash protesting African Americans to, crush protesting women. Any other, filling the blank, constituency. So they have colonial experience, not unlike the french, and the british soldiers that we talked about, their office a core, they got their experience, controlling colonial people in africa and in asia, etc, one of things always surprised students, is that the head of american army, general portion, well for some years late in the philippines, as they try to cross the Independence Movement there, and he, during the time in the philippines, would dedicate himself to becoming an expert on islamic, because the moral people, who fought the most against the americans, who the americans would say, the most difficult to pacify, with language we used to refer to colonial expansions and other parts of the world, there are muslims, if americans are going to be good colonial controls, in need to understand these lamb. So, haunt, one of the people going into world war one, experts on islam, is from mutual United States. Most of the officers, going into battle, in world war one, on the american side, would have fought in the philippines, and the certainly have fought in mexico, will have, spent some time in the caribbean, those are in the caribbean, theyre the most frustrated thing, feel theyre missing out on something thats more exciting elsewhere, theyre just doing this with the local folks. So they will understand what its like to stand, between war infections. So so, the defense of the defense of all of these activities in the United States, this concern about a domestic set of tension, and international set of tension, will look like this, in the case of the United States, we will immediately start to nullify our neighbor. Right . I have to say, that has not disappeared, it really has not. If you are in my neighborhood, i am in a grocery store, im talking to my kids, in and other language, week it looks. And i am quite certain, that the fact that language is are french or german, mean theyre a little less, i am certain, not quite certain, i am absolutely certain, that if i am speaking a rhythmic, the looks will be different, they certainly will be longer right . So this idea, this lynching, we still have, and a reminder, of how much people are from elsewhere have not gone away, it intensified precisely because the moment we are talking about, and its somewhat legitimize that reflects you have to, because that neighbor of yours, who speaks english with no accident, also speaks german with no accident. So how can you know . Right . We so we have a ratio of german culture, this is when people start angela sizing, in this part of the country, its gotten the scandinavian icing, if there is such a word, people in minnesota are, always by, we are scandinavian, were not enough scanned union immigrants, who are also all male, never have female children to account for this. What happens is a lot of people, become swedish becomes norwegian because it is no longer safe to be german. Its so hunts haunts, pecans hump son, right . So we just ourselves so we distance ourselves from the culture we hide those german songs we sing at home, and at school many schools have, Public Performance of the german vacation of the lives in their schools, children are asked to do, this is probably one of my favorite pictures, the campaign, children around america are again, theyre doing their parts, and that is, to go around to collecting, despite the barrels, and they say, reduce the pitch pit, grinding them into powder, and then can be used in gas masks to filter deploys and. So children and women, who before, had been a problem, if theyre out pickings for their suffrage, or have their communities go drive, thats a place where women should not be, in cinder out of the house now they can at least put into work into war efforts, now its respectable, its your collecting food, youre doing your part of the patriotic at. Its all around america, all around the country, people were also told, initially, they were collecting these, so they can send them to the allies, they could throw them at germans, as if thats gonna do the job right . But again, give children a job of collecting something, and they throw themselves into the job, this to me is a great image of, how, everyone else saw americans, as having to face, to size, on when and, theyre all for peace on earth, in actuality, without much effort, they would also sell you, pedal, war, and the sales, etc. So, back to the things that we do domestically, we also have a peculiar inversion or rebirth of the clan because of the war. The clan is not the worst of the white supremacist organizations operating at this time. For one thing there are a lot of them, someone say that its kind of like hollywood, great, you have 50 were to look at Time Magazine in 1921 clansmen were not ashamed to hide their face, so ashamed they would hide their faces, they would walk around very publicly with their whatever flaps thrown back because the war tells us that in this worry about other people hiding amongst us the klan gets rebranded or sanitized as the defenders, the domestic crusaders, they are looking out for all those problem populations. So this campaign 100 americanism, they are the ones that will always be 100 percent american, they are the ones who will find those that are not and in so doing adopting this kind of campaign they play some critical distance between themselves and the kinds of violence that have been getting a lot of bad publicity for the United States. That in some instances, not nearly enough got some americans thinking, is this really who we want to . Be stories about people who kill other citizens en masse tend to come from autocratic places like russia and the Ottoman Empire. A and domestically part of how we kept an eye on our population and kept things stable so that we could stay neutral was to increase dramatically the amount of policing that we do of normal american citizens, its okay now because we are looking for spies, we are looking for ways that determines will infiltrate american society, poison are wells, ruin our crops, dump anything, to undermine, us pay our neighbors on the south to go to war with us. So one of the things that we see is an uptake and the police saying up again those populations that we talked about initially, this is especially true for African Americans theyll say the germans are swarming, urban spaces where African Americans live in whispering in their ears that they should riot against segregation, now many have not had a problem with this, there is no reason they would protest except for foreigners good ideas in their minds, author cinnamon that you guys all know had as early as 1914 been getting into the minds of African Americans. The minds of latino americans, and so we explain away the continue to demand for fair civil rights by women, pick a constituency and youve got it. They explain it away as the work of our enemies. I forget what a historian said, ineffective utica will do is work of a, german if the chairman becomes the bogeyman for all things baguette this period, thats even before we get the story of even before we get any number of the you know explosion in new jersey, new jersey, new york they are so close to each other at that point. Actually in light of been york but its stopped in new jersey, two sides of the same coin. So this is a period then of high paranoia and where do we see that already in europe just before june of 1914 and the decision to shoot the archduke. So conditions are not in fact that different, but some of the things that keep both from big up are not necessarily a deep election to isolation, we are going out all over the place, right . But in part that Atlantic Ocean is a cushion that we bank on. Making sure that we keep the caribbean like three of those european presence is another way that we then put up those borders, put up those barriers and we lean on the navy to keep those other ships out of the way. So this is why we are going to have an intensification of immigration laws, this is why, it is not enough to say we dont want catholics to come, we have to actually look at catholics really closely. Inspect them thoroughly to ensure that they arent also concealing other ways of being defectives. So people are always surprised at the amount of time that border inspectors will once we get those new laws how much they will spend, measuring the distance between your eyes, the size of your years, the curvature of a mans, the length of their legs, their limbs, etc, because we are always looking out for something that can ultimately take this out from the inside, internationally we will and, there what did a look like, they spent the first part of the war trying to sell the notion that the americans are peacemakers, right, they are broker so on occasion when the germans are saying maybe we should and this fight before it gets any worse they reach out to the pope and would rules him to broker a peace, this i remind you as they continue to sell on both sides, the u. S. Will be the nation that patrols or polices bases overseas especially where americans exist, the caribbean, the philippines. A number 1914 mexico and wear with the second place speed the philippines. Mission, spit they are nonetheless outdoor, they will call for more borders, they will call for more ways of keeping people out where we had few of those waves before, and in so doing they will spend a lot of times counting accusations that the United States is not all that different and certainly not better than europeans if only one needs only to look at americans and African Americans or the violence that an atrocities that were reported back from mexico, so sam, those opposed to americans joining the war will say, im not that concerned about making belgian safe but im very much invested in making georgia safe, maybe making new mexico say, may be, all go to war for that, but i dont actually and im not sure how, whats happening to belgium of all places, one of the worst countries at the time. So thats a reason i should stop making my money, stop expanding into the caribbean raising cotton, so we need a compelling reason to stop the tremendous economic boom that we are experiencing, especially in those first 18 months of the war, im sorry to tell, you im sorry to give the lied to what your High School Teachers told you but the lucy tanya was not region recent enough. And by this point i think they brought up that the battle of tenant burgle own had roughly how many . 250,000. On the other side, but in a, week roughly in a week, ten days, so when we have, that number there, that number on the western front, we are about to have that kind of number, in the middle east. A couple of thousand, you know, almost 2000 people, dying at sea, woodbury have made the news. Had it happen to anybody else, in but the americans. But the british understood that by 1915, logic didnt work morals didnt work. It appears to saving your ancestors the british did not work, so maybe having the americans bleed a little bit, it might work. Has Eric Clarkson has a book, its all right, its the best seller, you know im glad i read, as a historian, theres a slightly, slightly different way to do things, one of things he allege in the book, is that churchill has claimed, that what we needed to get the americans off the sidelines, was a proper calamity, he argues that, the british new, the germans, had not only, everybody knew, germans have warned the americans not to get on the ship. The americans did so anyways. But larsen claims churchill knew exactly where the setup was, and said nothing, because it was a small cost to pay, to lose 2005 to get the americans finally involved, and the still did not. So on that final note, i shall land, on thursday, well talk about, what neutrality was like, for the other european countries, you might want to come in with, knowing what the countries are, have their names listed on your notes, because we have to move quickly through that, and that will be on the midterm. Any questions, before we go . About, the lecture, not mechanics with the class, now we have time to move around a few. Like its so weird, you guys are so quiet, im not used to this, but thank you for making that easier. Yes were coming. Down so how was it so easy for the u. S. To do business with the germans, and the british and french, wouldnt they have like, blockade, the goods going into germany . Especially not, certainly by 1915, because language, of block it, would not work for the british either, you see what i mean . Because the british need to get the goods just as much, they cannot say, hey neutral argentina, you cannot sell to the germans and which is argentina theyre shutting down your ships to. Youre losing money to because the ships that, they just sunk, and all the horses you so to the americans, youre not seeing that money. So its really our british pockets, is a protection of all of, you not just british interests. A lot of product float on neutral ships, like, the norwegian, and sweden ships, and germans will say, it is not fertilizer, it is just a bird poop, i need it for my garden. In actuality, it can be used for any number of things, good question. Were back over here. My question is, were we just buying time to pick size . With our new actuality, or was it a matter, of we saw, benefits, to us to, stay new job, and then why did we eventually pick aside . Absolutely, excellent questions, there is a substantial population in the United States, their pacifist, do not want to be in war, with canada, or with germany, that voice, demonized and american, unpatriotic, its is nonetheless power for, and the voice is diverse, and it means german americans can be part of the voice, even though there are not a deeply embedded in the pacifism itself, because they know its their brothers theyre family members in. Theyre so going into war, a violation of this line, did not apply to the americans, you see what i mean . By the same time, americans are trying to promote this moral stands about war and, the people in europe say, i call bush. It which is,. So thats what they do thats what they do. Theyre not any better than us. Lets ask filipinos what they think, lets ask mexicans, and african american, lets ask a woman. So you can decide, that youre selling to both sides, but call it for what it is, its good for your economy, it is not because you have a moral stance about making sure, the central powers can fight as very embattled, as the british, if that would truly the case, there will be not such a huge disparity, between who you sell, and what you sell to each side. So, we will talk about, what ultimately tips the americans into the battle, like next month, but it comes back to the economy. So there is a question over here, and over here, and then we have, time we probably, i might have time for just one more question, because we do need to get out of the room. Can you talk a little bit about, this american volunteers, before the u. S. Got involved . Good question, are not american, served in the war, in other countries, before the u. S. Goes into war formally in the 1917. And some were americans that were already living in europe for some time. So they were fighting for that honor that weve been talking about, ideals, plenty plenty plenty more, simply walked over the canadian border, and signed up, they wore tall enough had enough teeth, and signed off, because that one dollar a day, wage, was a correction to unemployment, especially near the great lakes area. Many African Americans and in fact, 30 to 40 , of the black soldiers in canada, they were African Americans, theyre like im not afraid of the kaiser, or the western front, but i am very much afraid off the house, the lynching policy that came through my, thao and i moving to canada anyways, i will prove to you, i have a fantastic, i am a fantastic good citizen, by fighting in your army from the beginning. Once the u. S. Joined the war in 1970, and try to get those other people to come back and fight on the american side, and some say, no thank you. But yes, americans did fight in all the other camps, including for germany, and for austria hungry, because they were there or, day were from there. Okay. Thank you very much thank you very much folks, have a good rest of the day, i will see you on thursday. Again hes going tv along