pennsylvania, and award winning author, coauthor and editor of 20 civil war books, and more than 40 related articles. most of which are relevant to the civil war photography. he is the vice president at the center for civil war photography, he has been a license battlefield guide for 25 years. he has been shown in numerous productions shown on television. he worked full-time as the chief historian of the american battlefield trust. without any further introduction, i present to you, my friend garry adelman. >> hello everyone. it is an easy doing the whole civil war in such a whole period of time. i'm committed to getting this done, i'm already wasting time so good look for those of you that like to take notes. >> okay. the seeds of the civil war are sewn in the constitution, and soon after, where slaves were partly a person, sometimes they're not a person, so you really see north and south starting to look at each other differently. southerners look to the north, and although they speak the same language, they worship the same god and everything like that, you still see increasingly, southerners looking north and seen greedy people that only care about money and business, and the south -- northern are looking south and seeing people who are cruel and lazy sleigh voters and what not. really, this is a war of perception as much as anything else. they did not trust each other. they started looking at each other indifferent. wait even among those out, for northern or through looked south and sought south slaves, it's not that way. no it's not that south was bad, northam's great, most people in the country, north and south are racist by our definition out. it's not like people in the north wanted african americans gathering enjoining armies and everything like, that so it's important to note, even among the south you see where slave holding portions are in the south. the darker territories and to be where the highest contribution as, you can see where someone in southern missouri is critical differently than somebody in south carolina. we have a series of things throughout the 19th century that are really going to bring these things to a real head. a series of conferences, starting with the missouri compromise and 1820. you're going to have not turner's rebellion coming up in virginia, you're going to have a war with mexico and mexico is in the southern part of the united states now, or to the south, and you start seeing people saying, such a war of conquest, it must be seen as a war against freedom, against humanity, against the union. in the southern perspective, people are saying, hey, let's let the states decide. this is the united states of america, let's let the states decide on the future of slave holding in these particular territories. the stuff bubble up for a good 30 years, until the compromise of 1850 when we will have to union gaining control of the senate, because i have more free states than slip states, but in exchange, the south got a fugitive slave law. they got some that's relieved and then there was uncle tom's cap, and the best selling book of the time. and when abraham lincoln met the author she said, to you the little lady who started this war? people from kansas supporting sleigh folding, people coming down from new england carrying what's called the pitchers bibles. they were actually guns and a little war breaks automobiles known as leading, the kansas. if violence erupting in the halls of congress, i love it when every day you're going to have some sort of a planted saying, we are more divided than we ever been. are you sure? i've been quite in the country break apart yet. people might feel like it's sometimes. you have people applauding on either side. you have john brown's famous raid in october 59. he's going to lead a slave instruction that failed spectacularly. you have u.s. colonel robert easily brought down the doors of some of his marines, and jeff stewart there as well, busting in, killing a lot of john brown's accomplishes, and wounding. he will be brought to justice and west virginia, than virginia at the time, and he goes to the gals as a martyr. i, john brown, and quite certain that the guilty crimes of the crimes cannot be parts away except the blood. you have the dred scott position. all these things are happening in the 19th century, bringing us closer and closer to accomplish between north and south. the judge got decision the supreme court saying that the black man has no rights as a white man, and then you have the election of 1860. the democratic party splits, the republican to take the election and abraham lincoln as seen as being hostile to slavery. whatever he said about what he said or would not do and you have the southern states and succeeding in december 1860. it's going to be a success and want to wear more southern states are going to be succeeding and that is out 1861 is beginning. it's not looking good for the future of the united states. this democratic experiment is coming to a head at this point. can this work? can people self governed? can a conglomeration of state work? when jefferson davis is being inaugurated, he's a little skeptical about being able to avoid war, if we cannot avoid war, we may at least expect that we have engaged. and washington, it's more controversial. washington is seen as a southern city. think about. it's surrounded by slave states, and ireland, and virginia. you have plainclothes officers walking through, people thinking abraham lincoln will never be inaugurated. putting up a cannons and and around the capital, he said that if anybody disrupts the proceedings i'm going to last that person, and fire him out of the window of the capital. he says, should that person be a legislator from his native state, he said he will maneuver the grounds of arlington with this remains. abraham lincoln will be inaugurated on that, day and that's when it gets one of his most famous speeches, where he's trying to keep the union together. yes this great moment of question about civil war, is on your hands, my to satisfy countryman, not in line. you can have not know war without being the aggressor, but he's hopeful about. it the mr. chords of memory, stretching from every patriot grave. will swell the course of the union went out by the better angels of our nature. famous for its indeed. it did not last because, as you know, the south is beginning to get ready for war, they know war is coming. they seem to be more ready than the north and they're starting to gather and pensacola, florida, in georgia, and south carolina, and they were ready when things came to a head at fort center and charleston harbor, when the union would capitulates, the flag will come, down replaced by confederate flag, lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers and seven more southern states secede. really important. were talking about virginia north carolina, and tennessee at that. point they cannot abide by having invading armies coming through their territory. this is how the states looked at this time. and abraham lincoln spent office early, effort trying to keep these yellow states, the border states, slave states that remained in the union, he did everything you, can legal or otherwise to keep those states in the union. and that is a nonviolent, imagine of kentucky at left the union? lincoln himself said it, to lose to kentucky is just the same as we lose the whole game. he succeeded in all of those at this time, threatening about whether not troops would reach washington eventually they did. it took a long time for union troops to get there, to get to a hostile part of maryland then or now, and get to washington and see what happened. there was nothing to do for a, while troops are in every corner of washington d.c., they're spread out to baltimore, there into parts of virginia at this point, and they're selling, and writing letters home, doing acrobatics encamp and whatnot, and then it would get real. delighting 61, the first great land battle, the civil war, and the bloodiest battle and all of american history after the that time, with 4500 casualties fighting along and above this stone bridge and many other places, you can go back to these places not because they preserved as a battlefield, which is pretty cool, and good at. i know a lot of people in this room do that sort of stuff, and now in the west, things are favoring the south as well. they call it masses and then you're going to have the confederate successful at west. at the battle of wilson's great in august of 1861 and hollows like, this the army will be defeated by the confederate and the union is losing east in the west at this point but they will come back. the confederate will win, right near elise burke, virginia but you see the army making incursions airport royal and the big plan of encircling the credit fancy, blocking them. the great planets being put into effect and before long it's going to be harder for confederate to receive supplies, things they need for war and to exist as a nation, it's going to get very tough as it goes on an hour on two 1862. were a lot more will happen the union move in the west, they moved fast and everything favors the union, they don't have enough soldiers, about the reverse act as the main arteries of invasion for the north. they have a good time of. it the union winds and kentucky, and ordering can saw, and then captures fort henry and donaldson, was result in the fall of the first capital at nashville, tennessee, and that will open up all sorts of opportunities. they've captured 100 square miles of territory,. people are noticing it's far from washington a new york where these papers are coming out where people are paying attention, sold at that for one. second and the, east something that gets a lot of news it's a great battle of the iron cloud, where you have this new ironclad warship that hung low to the ground and look at the water line, and it is incredible, and immediately made all other naval ships, all but obsolete and change warfare for every, naval warfare at least, they will fight to withdraw and no longer is the virginians the most fear thing in the world. because the union captured nashville they will start to move down to war in memphis tennessee. they can go towards mississippi, a great important rail line there and you can see, the union moving all the way down because the captured nashville over there, and they can start to move all the way towards mississippi. confederate last back where they will push the union all the way to the, brink all the way into the tennessee river here, but the union barely hold on. they get it back together, they get some reinforcement, that you may have may not need it, last back at the confederate and all of a sudden, you have five five times the bloodiest battle and all of american history at this point. 23,000 casualties or, so a terrible day, but the union ended up winning. criticize for suffering so, much there's a lot more to come. in the meantime, the union has had its hopes on holding the pacific ocean. the confederate won the reverse, and and 1860, two the confederate are going to be denied a specific, court even a confederate leading south care for. nina further on the issue of stonewall at the battle of masses and 1861 now doing his magic in the valley when he is all over the place between where these little stars are, he's all the way up. here if you want to drive from windsor to gala, ticks three hours by car. imagine doing this with what he called his foot calgary. he's up there, he's down there, he's across the way, a masterful campaign. operating with a small army in the midst of three other armies, stonewall jackson could operate independently, and he does. he keeps all those union armies there in the spring of 1860 to. in the meantime, george mcaleenan, a large army, at the army of the pacific really good for morale and bringing him down to this place. for tomorrow the oldest on foot in america you could take your loser friend and put him in the same spot today, and this will not be televised is it and you will have a meeting union force assembling this whole force assembles thing credits and through subterfuge through three or tricks through a general but, the confederate will give up your county, move on, move at wind work, for sean closer to richmond, the confederate capital, and we're going to have a fierce battle, a terrible battle called seven clients, or fair oaks, and here is the battle fought. that slows down the union for a while, but the most consequential thing of that battle in the last days of made, the 1st of june of 1862, that the confederate commander will be put out of the action, resulting in jefferson davis putting in his third most ranking general, johnson for, the robert e. lee. everyone thought to be cautious, he's not going to do anything well, as we now know he, will become the most important confederate thing of any sort about the civil war and soon after he is put in the lashes out after writing around and creating intelligence he's going to lose at beaver dam and win at the mill at savage stations in glendale but notice what is happening here. just eight miles out of richmond and is lashing out and here's mike loan after seven days. 20 miles away from richmond, or even though the union won at the battle, the yankees are caring robert e. lee has pushed them back, to the point that he can just leave. he feels that you can move someone jackson up really fast, will find a terrible battle called cedar mountain to, confederate almost lose actually, the yankees make a tough push but, ultimately, the confederate will hold on and show some fresh. photojournalism is being born at my front in 1860, two and virginia and capturing all sorts of incredible things at this point. they continued on with a skeletal force and reinforced, what they will do the same thing except four times more, 18,000 casualties and make it to two washington d.c., where george mcclelland reinstalled and washington d.c. and will fight at battles. harpers ferry will recapitulate, a tough fight and is a little bit emboldened because he has found special orders one 91 that show that the army was dangerously divided at this point. okay, that was all one sentence. i should take a little break. the confederate will hang out, but of course they'll come to the terrible battle of anti them, worldly a terrible fight in this cornfield will 10,000 casualties will fight around there. they'll push the confederate and add and to them. the confederate are pushed to the very, limit their last reinforcement shows up, pushes the union soldiers back and robert only can then claim to a slight tactical victory, but that's not the big picture, the big picture is not even just the union army but abraham lincoln, who sees is as enough of a victory to forecast his emancipation proclamation. both freeing the slaves in areas they did they did not control and keeping england and france out of the civil war. who's going to fight against a nation trying to free the slaves. it will work pretty well as a result. in the meantime, the union have been in control of courts to take aback with no success. they fail, in the rural area, because they also move into kentucky on two separate things. they install their own governor, but even that governor speech is interrupted by not a good sign. they come to blows and terry, fill a beautiful battlefield if you ever get a chance to go there, and even though the confederate when most of the day there outnumbered, and that seems to be their specialty, winning at the beginning and leaving after he won. that will eventually found the confederates of kentucky for the rest of the board, effectively, and will fall back further back into tennessee with nothing to show for. it a lot of these battles i'm talking about are really spread, out right, so you see how they spread out, here but there's a bit clump over here? that clump and the right top part of your screen it's called the, east that is what we call it now, that's what people called it, then that's the east. and everything else is the west. that's right, if you go southeast from the east, you're in the west, try to figure that one out, somehow, coastal north carolina is in the west because they were seen at the western arms. this is the way people really saw at, this is how the media sought and the self people still today see it, as an east and then there's not the east. it's really unfair, people during the civil war, but abraham lincoln said we captured all the territory and robert e. lee when the one victory outside of richmond, it's like it never, happened 100,000 square miles, a bunch of victories equals one that's how it is and still people that work in civil war and historic parts on the western theater can't figure this out. last gettysburg scene it's more important than the pittsburgh,.? ? porn nomenclature to understanding the civil war. to bring them that are of frederick but, they're missing, one thing on two bridges to get them across at the confederate before they can get there and force. this is a terrible bloodletting, where you will have 18,000 casualties, something like three quarters arguing casualties, as lincoln said, between frederik burke and another union lost, it is only the fight at the last day of the, year spilling into the new year and middle tennessee, in a place called stones river where brag was winning and then he pulled back, that's what he does at stones river, that link could breathe a slight sigh of relief, to the union if the confederate are winning on all fronts, but the yankees have claimed one victory at the beginning of 1863. >> now is 1863 don, it's today actually, the emancipation proclamation goes into effect, the united states can have black soldiers and their unions and that work will begin right around that, term and they are facing each other on 1000 fronts at this point, it's been shown from virginia looking towards frederik, ferguson incredible photo of the union photographer is taking a picture of confederates actually in the field, practically unique, you don't have anything like this. confederate supposing for a union camera, incredible. as head of frederick birdie of another union commander, this is the fifth one, joe hooker, coming up with a great planets very well executed where he managed to get his army all the way around robert really into his rare. is armies about twice as large, he can have the strong army here and get into drawing really into battle there, were hooker said he will either fly or attack. this is a battle called chancellorsville, it's an extraordinary late daring and blaming opponent, against all maximums of war, and you know what happens, he's going to end with an incredible charge of flanking maneuver around the union army and, even though the union captures the road at fox park, that still doesn't matter. it turns on these forces, and went to a great battle but loses his most trusted lieutenant stonewall jackson at this point he was wounded by his own men, maybe get sick at the time but we will be the five of his greatest independent commander at that point. now after chancellorsville, robert e. lee is feeling good, and has one more chance to this, he's the same guy that walked up to virginia, walked to see the mountain, walked to masses, walked to empty them, when all the way back and walked up here again they'll be a tabled blow battle over robert e. lee will calculate if you can win a major battle on earth and soil, fans in the peace movement in the, north he doesn't have to when, he only has to destroy the union will to fight and you will have really wanting to take the war away from virginia for a while, to relieve troops of coming from other places, some pressure and other places as well so as he moves north says it rattle and then some travel reaction, and uphill, another ballot win chester and then they're going to come to grips outside of town here right where we are right around here somewhere if, i had to guess on the first day where the union will retreat back through town to this hill you see, and the hell next to it as well, another day where the union will hope to defend devils than, the wheat field, the peach orchard, around top that you see right here. the union is going to bloody itself and the confederate on the roads farm, not far from there. on the other day you, have fighting on the east cemetery and the next day, it's local sodden on who. and it would've been the bloodiest battle of the civil war, but what more terrible day to go and the confederate are advancing across this famous field, now known as the field up hiccups charges the unions will defeat the confederate, captured more battle flags than they captured in the entire war up until that combine. the confederate escape back into virginia, lee is not easy to back the 50,000 soldiers and there's a whole bunch of that people left behind, you talking about 10,000 dead another 41,000 captured and missing as well, by far americas bloodiest war on our soil and some of the dead laid out and enough time to report 37 footers of them on the battlefield, many of them on boulders, voters that you can still see today when you go, i'll show you one more view of this you can actually see the individual cracks in the rocks, this is the work of william who located all these places in the 19 sixties and seventies. gettysburg is not having it in a vacuum, here grand has been tried and settles on a plan in april of 1863, where he's going to run the going vote to pittsburgh, marches army and across the mississippi river and he's going to fight a series of battles, not quite straight but rather going and relieving a threat on his rear, in mississippi and after fighting in jackson, move and find a champion hill, for trying to capture vicksburg by storm after 40, seven days that it will fall to the union, the largest confederate mass surrender until the end of the civil war, and astounding victory for the union, coupled with a victory that happens a week later at louisiana, another see just lifted and now the union has an unbroken line, the and icon the plan has taken shape, the confederate is not only are having trouble getting things into their ports but they don't control the mississippi river. it isn't just cut it into, i mean the confederate have no way to cross the mississippi river with their men, with their slaves, with their beef, with a lot of where are they supposed to get this stuff? they chose florida, which is not as well equipped as anything like this so was a stunning defeat for the confederate and by far more important gettysburg, i'm a gettysburg, i love this place, eyelashes will be scattered here but i don't know people call gettysburg as important. the civil war is happening in 1000 other places here's a photo of, texas you stop happening in san francisco bay, a place you might now called outrides, it's all over the place and you can cover them all. technology is taking massive leaks, new balloons happening right on the washington d.c., what we now call them all here, warships controlling harbors and all of a sudden the become the most powerful in the world. you see the ship on the right it's covered and smoke from having just fired, i believe that's uss iron side. in september of 1863. by that time some black units have been erased, these are the united states colored troops or the 54th massachusetts here storming ford wagner and americans can see that black troops can do the same think that white troops can, all go figure that, we did that and the american revolution but everyone forgotten all of a sudden you're going to have more than 200,000 african american navy an infantry army soldiers joined the union effort the confederate are such as it is an unbelievable tipping of the scale that abraham lincoln noted in his writing. >> in the same time, summer 1863 you have the bloodiest battle in the west, and the second most costly battle of the civil war at the battle up -- september 1863, where you're going to have for two days, brags army they're, holding on until the most fortuitous a sort of the entire civil war, with long streets pouring into a gap in the union army, that kept just been created by accident at that point. the union will fall back on a third of their army only, a staunch defence by george thomas, now known as the rock of, preventing a complete disaster to the union army at that point, falling back to tennessee, huddling under their defenses, the confederates pursue but precedes the union army at chapel nougat. but in the meantime, you have abraham lincoln, delivering his gettysburg, address not far from it all, laying out a new vision for the war, for the country, stick with me were going to see this thing through. he did it in such a masterful way, has to be considered his best or second best speech, and maybe one of all of american history, and in this happening during the time as well, a lot you draw your own conclusions, how did that get and there? >> that's my biggest laugh of the? day in the meantime, you have things aren't going well for the union in chat and you, get the men are starving, the beef that is arriving is so second and starved from making the 60 mile journey over really rough roads that it's known as beef drive down the hook, men are reduced to eating corn that was found along the road, right over the cordon came from? horses and cows have been marching on, a terrible situation,. the union comes up with a plan, ground shows up and takes a credit for, it it's called a cracker, line and then he calls his, normal,, right as he sending away his most capable commander, beginning his fourth, charging his metaphor bullet, it's just baffling and frustrating, it really to read about his actions here for the confederate, the union will capture, and capture look at, amounted anyone has ever seen that, you know how easy it is to capture, and then when german failed to capture him, thomas moves up missionary really captures them from the front. chad integral will fall in set the stage for 1864 the. years still isn't over james large tree tries and fails to take marshal tennessee to. more campaigns in the easy hardly ever hear about people east usually say gettysburg in any -- didn't do anything but ten months that's not a case. you're gonna have a bristol campaigning on october 1863 and another campaign in 1863 people don't talk about them because there wasn't much consequences you only get one slide. after the cover them all but i can john morgan, you get contra nathan all some getting all the way to hire some disrupting union lines incredible stories of this how that got me that guy surrender had that got me like tom allowed and 1864 came around and that's when things got real remember 1861 was the bloodiest year in american history and then he had 62 and 64 and then 64 will made the others look like a warm-up exercise union is much different than confederate union. there was apply, that they have generally flew the supplies of the need they have transportation facilities tenuous food right to union our minds, confederate are really having a hard time it is, their shrinking it's hard for the harvest -- this one of several hundred pictures taken brandy station a winter at the 63 64 in the meantime grant came up with a plan and confederate can't possibly carry unfortunately for grant first three completely failed if you ever heard of the red river campaign you know that's not gonna go out. you don't send -- it and expect that to work at the battle of new market you don't send benjamin butler to attack between richmond and peter were all those fail and the two main thrust gonna get off to a good start it's not just one army it is armies moving through atlanta and then unions largest enemy grant will travel with it and they are moving towards the confederate capital robert lee's army. those are two main moves in 1864, consequence and they start early may in 1864 here and incredible picture first day of the overland campaign the battle of the wilderness terrible thick of vow battle that reduced grants numbers and he can't use cannons and you can really deployed your troops and in that kind of wilderness terrible place you hear the stories after this all this but letting the union didn't do what he normally did grant is not that kind of soldier he didn't go back to washington histories which are cheering him on because he was gonna find an army. even after a bloodletting like that one did in achieve victory. eventually defied will move on even worse than that here's a photo taken and the fighting went on for about ten days this is i'm not kidding you, have confederate on this side of the trends and then you had union from the other side of the trench for 18 hours. 18 hours if you've ever been either in the fight for 30 seconds you know how painful that is. 18 hours. if you have a chance read about spots elena terrible bloodletting that you can -- i be managed to hold on again and managed to after all these the third heaviest casualty all wouldn't and wilderness and spots of a new were getting low back to fred respect you have one set of hospitals and you can see some of these wounded soldiers and if you zoom in on them you can see what is clearly with a man like frederik spurred members i believe accompanied the first mission sharpshooters these are native americans fighting for the union you cannot get into this this which is happening friday you know, you have native americans famously, fighting for the confederacy, fighting on both sides throughout the war. if various tribes aligning with the side i think will do them the most good at the end, you don't want to favor the, loser you're going to be in real, trouble at the end of this thing and it's a fascinating story to read about what's going on and missouri and chances throughout these times about that union and confederate troops trying to align with the native american tribes. i suggest you look into it if you, can and in the meantime, there is main advancements being made in medicine, i mean, when you hear about the home front you hear about women as nurses, but of course women are performing a lot of rolls back at home working in factories and helping keep the farm doing all sorts of, things but nursing it's one of the most visible things that they did, and they were lucky to be doing it north and, south because there was incredible advantage being made, in the biggest myth of the civil war is -- there's a lot of lists of the civil war one. of the biggest myths is that, every amputation was made like in gone with the one, screaming through with no anastasia, when we know that more than 90% of all amputations burden with anastasia. let me just say that, if you were to go back, because it's tempting for us to think that if we were back then, we would know how to fight, better with what we would not fight and that's to put away because were much smarter than people back then, or better, yet we can't help it. where like that, and they were like that, the people before them, or, better yet, i wouldn't have done amputations in such conditions, okay, so don't go back in time, here i'm going to warn the surgeons, weight you've watched the saw, and say, why, i'm glad you asked because there's these little things and they're alive on, your you can't see them but, trust me, some of the market, and some of them are at, the veteran skin the wrong, place that stuff is going to happen they, lock you up, imagine going back in time and telling someone like something like that? flood on both sides they were official and preserving life and, in fact if, i after the battle of anti them on a four page piece of paper, jonathan letter met laid out what is entirely our trauma and i'm not one system, that is still used today, if you ever dialed nine one one, or have gone to a hospital, thank jonathan letter mentor for thinking of a few things, first of all, where the evidence is, going how they were to go what goes in the ambulance how many of those things go to the ambulance who's going to stop those things, who's in charge of the ambulance, who's in charge of the hospital, was hospital doing, who decides who actually does, the surgery who's doing the surgeries, and things like that. everything we do and trials and trauma was figure in the civil, war we actually forgot about it later, foreign countries who retrofit took it over, we got a back on them and that's a system we used to this day. of course, sometimes it did, not work that's going to be plenty of death and disease, still the number one killer in the civil war, we can actually look at the pictures of the debt outside of hospitals and learn a little bit about where they were temporarily entered before moving to national cemeteries. if you have enough money, you could involve your loved ones and send his remains home afterwards. there still lots of lightning, going on the overland campaign will continue, it's going to go on wherever the union with, forward they're going to have a new, base this one important royal, virginia, which is going to be the scene of a famous action with john look both, not long after that but they will move forward, eventually they'll continue to go around the left flank, all around the left flank, around these right flanks and here he is, incredibly sitting right in the middle of the overland campaign with general george gordon me, john holiday and everyone all around here, as the army passes by the church, incredible moment, there the next battle, where a grand will fall into the drop but is sick, we all get stomach troubles, and he had no one else to rely on and the trap is not strong here at north, and at new york old, mills thank you to any of the members of the american battlefield tries to help us preserve that land and all this, land all for this has been conveyed through the richmond national battlefield or at least has been to this point, you can go on one of the days it's open and go to this military road, you can see being built right there and stand with your friends in the exact same row today, really cool and, of course, to understand this stuff, and 49 or 63 or 90 minutes it's nothing like going to the actual spot. course after that terrible bad it's gonna be even worse when a cold harbor. this is a two week slugfest is not one or two hours the people it goes on for weeks whether confederates the elaborate trenches it's kind of foreshadowing of world war one we will go on go on until the end of the war that's a grant overland campaign for the missouri union confederate army will be in touch every single day. every single day for nine or ten months a cold harbor eventually of course the unit will sweep, check out the man minesweeper here. sweeping the james river here what will construct a bridge over the james river. that's just the needle spot over it. incredible engineering feat where the union will fall upon petersburg, virginia and lack of union well and union can timidity and confederate boldness face off. confederates hold peter scoring and while there until the army can arrive and they will settle into a lengthy chief wait until you see all that happens during that time. here's a photo of famous dictator gun brought to relieve the union of having to storm battles a petersburg. grant figured i don't know why i would do a prison exchange anymore. that's a complex issue to put it simply, if i have more soldiers on my enemy, why would i give my enemy soldiers the price of soldier's law. also has to do with what confederacy are doing two black soldiers at a time. charleston harbor and -- prison population grows it's a terrible situation north and south dying of exposure, with terrible exposure and freezing and in the north you choose. in the mean meantime sherman is moving on atlanta here. ross groggy face ridge and toward camisole mountains incredibly the confederate are still holding it. but sherman's army and so much bigger than just a few johnson in this campaign that no matter where johnson holds chairman the just threatens his rear. johnson has no choice but to try to retorts atlanta again and again. the one time he's trying to catch mobile bay. imagine being that -- you have to defend on all these different fronts you heard this story, down torpedoes for steve ahead we have massive union gunships protected behind gunboats hoping that torpedoes won't get. you want to down call that comes to the others failed. that the union ship started to encircle the ironclad tennessee. it will go down, the surrender eventually the boiler was hit and fort morgan will surrender a little bit later and confederacy of one few report. really they are reduced to just having port fisher in north carolina removed or soon after that. under any commander johnson was replaced and who will lash out of the union first like peach tree creek 700 casualties you almost destroys union army and uniqueness back and they lose their general fierce and and gain a foothold on atlanta at that point atlanta would fall on september 2nd 1864 lincoln disliked. he, and everybody else basically know that lincoln is likely to be reelected. the war is still stymie down, a lot of fall, richmond fallen. but now he's one key atlanta has fallen early september 1864. then you are going to have stalemate around petersburg to attach a significant portion of the -- going to chandelier valley but they're battle that save washington the ballet the battle, beautiful park to national park his well where the confederate will continue on from there get pushed back the battle for stephens the one battle fought in the district of columbia, along the u.s. would've fallen but -- i don't know what the 10,000 soldiers would've been able to do in washington that are non-issue because eventually, it would fall back and the chandelier valley -- one of the most industries commanders who had a real temper on him. he was gonna go after jewelers army in a terrible campaign chandelier campaign when the third battle of winter alone scene here will actually see much more casualty than the entire campaign by triple the union will follow up with another victory and then at cedar correctly, scene there, and after cedar, quick the army is basically destroy, the union has complete control of the channel about, a much of what military equipment and food, they have burned during this, time known as the burning, in addition to this, victory of the union also supported harrison what's they renamed for brought close, to richmond so, now atlanta has fallen, the unions relief pressuring the chandelier valley and for harrison it's, finally soldiers feel-good, echoed to abraham lincoln and the winds and a landslide. george macron, his opponent, is going to sue for fees at that point there's and a landslide as well, but the fighting is still going, on the terrible see that petersburg is still happening during all this time. in the meantime, you have john belt, hood he has just lost atlanta but he will strike out and try to get into the union interior, people captured nashville and then movies, even joined robert e. lee, and one that had a plan of workings, but he got split up here and lost an opportunity at spring hill to fight a terrible battle, the battle of franklin where his army is budget against the union halls, confederate forcing the union back the next day, that will result in the battle of nashville and nobody can figure out what he was trying to accomplish but being there, he's out number three to one and it's going to be a disaster for alleged, army basically destroying it at that point in december of 1864. by that, time william to come to a certain had left atlanta and he is marching to the, city may not have heard where he ended up, in savannah, georgia the last stronghold they had to get to go to the sea you can see the footprint of this as you were walking in the sand five to avoid the land mines, the capture port mccollister, and i really recommend you go, there but there's a lot of great historic sites around the site. the march the sea is great, photographers come and take a vote of, something you don't see much. clouds in the civil, war the type of photography at the time, the blue spectrum really did not capture clouds so they were burnt and separately off to these plates. so they are not false, germany gives it a to lincoln at a christmas present in law 1864 and then the and finally comes up, started to spoil, the and 1865 all, come on, the face each of petersburg its nine months long, just imagine trying to suffer through that, there's detritus all over the place in the meantime, sherman is not done. he's a march to the sea but he will keep, going he's marching and threatening to join in the best forces. and that in that, league would have no hope at, all he's going to paint towards charleston, go to columbia, trial symbol of accurate, columbia will burn, people still argue about who did, it was a yankees, look at that, i didn't think it was both. the capital, of the cradle of succession at the capitol of south carolina will burn and, the confederacy will be brought to battle with a scratch together force, outnumbered but they lashed out at the union and almost went on the first tee at the battle. but, eventually uses a little tell and the confederate school is the biggest battle ever fought in north carolina, this is march 1860, five and johnson concluded, saying i could do nothing but annoyed sherman, that's nothing i can do, i can not stop them, so eventually things are not looking good. robert really wants to break out from petersburg and give up petersburg and get to the open, field he fights a terrible battle at ford statement with 20,000 soldiers, his last great attack but the grand poll says the attack and realize he's much fifth and his other lines to do it to the union strike back at the white old road. and they will breakthrough confederate lines on april 2nd, 1865. lee will be forced to give up petersburg and flee to the west. 1865, so lively to the west he is trying to join justice on union and he suffered a terrible defeat at the battle, where he loses a third of his, army sees was happening he says, my god, has already been dissolved? a terrible situation, that lee will be brought and compelled to surrender. on april 9th, sitting 65 at the mcqueen house in virginia, and that's not the only surrender, joe johnson will surrender as well, william to consist, a much larger surrender and if asked any story, if you ever read about it. here is that a place in it's not the last one. the civil war effectively over upon what's left it terribly burned richmond just break district was fascinating to photographers april 4th 1865 the union we raises the flag over for some tour right when the war is ending this is a consequential month in april. a whole lot of things going on. on that same day you have the union and confederate soldier seemingly almost fraternizing and capitol square, richmond. i don't think they are getting along super well but i don't think there is a lot of animosity towards over they are ready to go home. but that same day abraham lincoln goes to the theater to see our the play our american cousin i think the story he is sitting inside with his chair john willick's move sneaks up through his door, through the door the door gets behind president shoes the president jumps on to the stage runs out the back door ever in lincoln will expire the next morning across the way in the petersen house and all of a sudden that privatization in capital square is over. nonetheless, you're gonna have matthew brady received permission from robert haley six days after that to stand and set for photographs on the back porch of its richmond home. incredibly the doors and still there you can go in if you have permission from the honor you still see that cracked in the door great state of preservation. it seems to be under a new honor that will take care of it, i hope. of course you want to go you might emulate robert really the greater matter right? you will stand you're gonna get you look and you will really fail. you are gonna look at le again go a few months later and it gets. worse open your eyes and then he stares into the distance. now what he is standing on and it gets worse. at least you can see the aging these pictures i've been trying for 20 years. let's bring in robert e. lee here in uniform. trying to see try to get lead to sit down. it looks pretty good with a civil war canada, put on the uniform yes! maybe then you can succeed a little bit and once you've done that, you get cocky you can pose with robert haley you sit down with him we can take selfies with him. you can make him stand next to you while you sit on his chair. but it takes 20 years to get all the pictures to do this. in the meantime it's world turned upside down you have confederate prisoners in their own prisoner and union prisoners outside. they are -- abraham lincoln sitting in jeff davis chair and jeff davis captured a union prison here at fort monroe. you can go and just off your loser friend and put him in the same spot and you can stand in the same spot today into a great job vacationing the museum. there they are still surrenders going on. in alabama, galveston texas and the last surrendered as the confederate ship will not surrender for a while, but the war is over. still you have a conspirators in the lincoln conspiracy in the lincoln assassination to there will be tried in that room right up there you can't quite see inside but that's where it is if you go there today. four of them will be hanged there the next. day they built a scaffold in just a few hours. it's a tennis court now but it is an army fort i hope sunday may be the one rebuild the skyfall that would be a little messed up but hopefully that will really remove the tennis court that's not being used anyway. and what's left? 620,000 that 700 5850 why not? it's like a -- two to 70 inches like a snow forecast i still used 620, 000, still plenty, to percent of the popular population at that time the south will suffer particularly heavily, in terms of human capital, some of the young men from the town are completely gone at this point. there are barriers everywhere, they're trying to examine them here, which is the african american labor is doing outside, and people would try to continue to find remain from the civil war, to this day. there was a body part found an monastic. this you can see this waterholes deal for the with water to this day, outside of the masses battlefield visitor center, and of course during this time, of the union are now going to march. they want, to do need and has been kept together! there's going to be tough time for people parade down pennsylvania avenue from the capital. they will be a reviewing stand in front of the white house, were finally people will see people -- learning about these trips for years, can look on and for two days as the troops passed, you can see scott hancock and charge of the ceremonies, but in the most incredible detail, the same photo off to the right, it is unbelievable. while you have troops marching by here, while you have veterans of the civil war and the reserve corps, wounded or incapacitated guarding that area, you have a lie parker, u.s. great looking right at you right at the end of the civil, war abraham lincoln is that at that point but he is watching his arms marching, by you can see and, what the secretary of war, at when stanton, president entered johnson, and george gordon, the victor gettysburg, secretary of the navy gideon wells, william tecumseh sherman whispering to someone, has ever been a photo with the secretaries of the navy of all of the armies, the president the grand commander of everyone in one photo? an unbelievable detail that set unknown until a zoomed into photo. this is not just me they can do this. this is a free photo at the library of congress, i encourage all to explore the photos of the civil war. then, the grand review is over, the wars over, and like i said, there's a lot of tough times i had. especially politically. the union had already passed and ratified the 13th amendment, then the attack on with the 14th, the 15th, of sacred is illegal, black people can vote, women still can vote but they're moving along with these amendments but it will take a long time for these things to actually be felt, and this the -- civil war soldiers making sense of it all the, form groups, they march in parades they form newspapers, they write blocks, they go to battlefields, and they erect monuments on those battlefield. and we can go back to the same battlefields today, where they dedicated that one in june of 1865 and see those same monuments today on those battlefields. here's one to a guy that died at gettysburg, not only can, you if you really work hard to find this one, this is not easy, if you have you're nodding, if you go out there about 40 minutes north of here, this is captain henry for you can go out with his bloodstained tactical manual which is actually bloodstained at that moment where he died, just an incredible moment to take the accounts and the battlefields and the artifacts from the civil war to increase our understanding, if you ever get the opportunity to hold some of those things, i suggest you do it. from the 19 thirties, months like the world what degeneration people are dying off, not that many civil war veterans left, they hold one yes reunion at gettysburg in 1938, about 2000 veterans and of gettysburg. their average age of 94, which in 1938 was extremely old. their average age is 94, in the people that plan the dedication at the event, this hot weekend were happy that they only died this weekend when they were coming to gettysburg to see the monument, these guys were old. here they are unveiling the monument, you can see a motion picture camera. i mean, these are civil war soldiers seeing a motion picture camera. there are planes flying overhead, remember there is already a world war fought, another one on the rise, in their tanks rumbling around, civil war soldiers saw color movies and it wasn't that long ago. up and coming to the anniversaries for 32 years, i've been to one fifth of the gettysburg anniversaries, it wasn't that long ago. about, you that people in this room, at least one or two, that may have met a civil war veteran, only missed one by nine years, or at least a possibility of doing so, i've met 100 people and shaking their hands have shaken the hands of civil war veterans and i think, as my job at american battlefield trust, and as a battlefield dry, dragging the path forward so you all, we all understand it wasn't that long ago. these people are just like us, and i like to keep that in. might of course, into the 19th forties, fifties, sixties, areas the promise of a civil war was being realized and, abroad were to, korea, they had not did nothing to make people be interested in battlefield and preservation and battlefield visitation was not exactly an all-time high. battlefield for being paved over in the 19 sixties, seventies, and into the eighties. to franklin battlefield all but lost, something reclaimed now. but, with a 125th anniversary in the late 19, eighties if reenactments, commemorations, you have the movie glory, you have taken burns series and you have the birth of a modern battlefield preservation movement and that, in that fashion, battlefields are being preserved again and a way that they weren't in the seventies, and it was only half the size that it is now. the trust has saved 1000 acres in gettysburg, working with the federal government so, we're losing 30 acres a day, i hope you will look at battlefield now that if you don't already, have animated maps, if you come across our animated map that says the entire civil war in 27 minutes and, you say i stole anything through, that i wrote the script, so it's still for me. thank you for coming out, i appreciate it! >> i don't remember what actually started but things got 15 minutes so before they get questions let me leave with a few parting shots here first of all soldiers would not stupid they were using the most modern tactics available to them at the time. more industrial north and more agricultural south was as real as it gets for robbie rain around this for every southern factory worker the north had an entire factory. try to fight against that if you. will the war in these consisted of only a few big moments, keep this in mind. they started run washington went down and ended up fighting run richmond, fought in 19, back and fought around gettysburg for a while and then slow down towards richmond and peter. specifically if. all of these battles in the east fitted in one of those movements that i just described. casualties is not killed 51,000 casualties gettysburg 50,000 dead in vietnam much different story. this is by far americas bloodiest conflict you can take all these french onion wars, in american revolution war with mexico 1812, world war i world war ii and korea and into vietnam with finally equal the casualties of the american civil war. most of the war books and productions are full of errors but the bring people to battlefield to get them interest and it is subject and and if that's the case i'm okay with. that of course guess bird battle field stories were made up to make money i'm not saying there's no such things as goes to go there for entertainment and by all means and of course people ask me after the goal store. lastly, honour is the most difficult of all 19th century concept to grasp. honest if you want to understand the past we are like them but are some differences and that's the one that honor provided society in a way that most people can understand today unless you're there was just remember we are just like them let me continue back to my original screen. so thank you and i will take. questions i told you have to wait for the mike it will be with the yellow shirt >> i will make it make it an easy. where >> do you have an opinion about harvest of that photograph? >> i don't have enough time to have, five photos, six photos taken by alexander garneau right after the battle of harrisburg. the only gettysburg photos known to show that in battlefields have been looking at them for 30 years, and a lot of people have as well in my opinion nobody knows where they are yet. they are 30 theories thrown out, and each one things that they are right in the arm and they don't like it when i say people steer is wrong but it don't like it when people series are wrong footed researchers for research is very complex and unlike other types of research 60% might say one thing had been and then once and this set another other say 60 right but it doesn't work that. what all it takes is one thing disqualify you theory forever it's very complex thing. if anyone wants to look into that i try to explain to this 1:24 videos just just type harvest that you will see it -- i'm a little snide once or twice he knows it gets my goat a little bit. what are we? got one at the back and maybe one more after. then >> what was lead to him before he was giving the army? it. incredible things actually. he was working for jeff davis he's he's driving a campaign that then go to al, jackson had trouble doing that is. while he selecting the main route, let's defend the jefferson davis highway which is what its goal now, round one let's make sure we can make -- he's laying out the key way to defend charleston savannah, the railroad keeping the union from incurring another -- he's acting as a man strategist and as an engineer to have to confederacy achieve its goals. that's the simplest where i can put it. it is absolutely incredible than a southern ten keep a road coming between savannah and charleston all the time and moving the troops back and forth and that's where you -- see what i would say is that he's a military advisers to jefferson davis but he is also accomplishing also the other piece that had a positive impact on the confederate army. last one for anybody? >> all right thank you very much i will be around here! thanks to the gettysburg heritage center. scott mingus

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