Geophysical association cohosted this event. Good evening. Im david ferriero. Its a thrill to welcome you here. Whether youre here in the room with us or participating through facebook or youtube. And a special welcome to our cspan audience. Im pleased you could join us for tonights Program Small steps and giant leaps how apollo 11 shaped our understanding of earth and beyond. Tonights program is presented in parer inship with the American Geophysical union. Its made possible in part by the National Archives foundation through the generous support of the boeing company. We thank them for our support. For the next four days we are commemorating the 50th anniversary of the historic flight of apollo 11 and the first moon landing. Tomorrow night, well screen the recent celebrated documentary apollo 11 draft frd newly discovered video and audio recordings here at the National Archives. Following the film, bill barry will moderate a discussion with director todd douglas miller, thomas peterson, the national ark vis daniel rooney. We will have episode six of the hbo series from the earth to the moon and at 3 00, the show moon walk 1 a 1970 nasa documentary. On saturday july 20th at 2 00, well screen the 2018 feature film first man starring ryan gosling as neil armstrong. Upstairs in the east rotunda gallery, be sure to see our special display of four documents that show the multitude of smaller steps and details that were necessary to the success of the apollo 11 mission. The records include the flight profile, the entire eight days of the mission, the plan for the hour that the lunar module landed on the moon, pages of moon landing transcript and a card that details the itinerary. The astronauts words were followed during the moon walk. Those documents will be on display through august 7th. To keep informed about these events throughout the year, check our website archives. Gov. Youll find information about other programs and activities. Another way to get more involved with the National Archives is to become a member of the National Archives foundation. The Foundation Supports all of our education and outreach activities. Now its my pleasure to turn the program over to christine mcentee, the executive director. Advances the understanding of earth and space through cooperation and research. She is the third executive director in agus 100year history. For over 25 years shes made her mark as an Association Leader and innovator. In 2011 she was chosen for americas top women mentoring leaders. And in 2012 she was featured in the 100 Women Leaders in s. T. E. M. Please welcome kristichristine mcentee. [ applause ] thank you david. On behalf of agu and our 100,000 scientists that reside in 130 countries around the world, welcome to tonights special event, small steps and giant leaps how apollo 11 shaped our understanding of earth and beyond. We support earth and space scientists and their collaborators so they can advance and communicate science and its power to ensure a sustainable future. Were proud to copresent this event this year in our s cincinna yall year. Despate the centuries worth of change, the ability of earth and Space Science to improve our society and the desire of scientists to provide that benefit to humanity has remained the same. As has the awe of discovery that all of us witnessed if we had a chance as i did as a 14yearold girl in a small town in western pennsylvania to watch the Lunar Landing on black and white tv. Earlier in the year, i was honored to interview geophysicists and nasa astronaut dr. Drew. During our conversation, he spoke about the resonance of the Apollo Mission for him personally and for humanity. He drove home the point that the lions share of the Research Done on the first Lunar Landing was geoscience including the collection of lunar samples, the deployment of scientific instruments, and the collection of core samples on the lunar surface. Geoscience, he said, will continue to play a pivotal role in the future lunar, or other planetary missions. He also spoke about how over the course of his 197 days in space on his latest mission he saw the changes that the earth is having in its climate, how floods affect our planet, and other geophysical phenomena are impacting the earths surface. He also experienced what a astronauts have dubbed the overview effect. Many astronauts see firsthand the fragility of our Global Environment and how we are approximate all protected and nourished by our planets thin atmosphere. From this point boundaries between nations disappear and the issues that separate people are viewed as less important. What does become clear is the need to create a more unified global society, one that works to protect the inhabitants of the Pale Blue Dot that we call our home. During times of uncertainty and change to the earths climate and the scientific enterprise, all of us, particularity the Scientific Community, must join together to address those concerns like all of us and those who were part of witnessing or being on the apollo 11 mission, we have to be creative, and passionate, committed, and determined. We must advance research and do so with the integrity and transparency that is the foundation of scientific discovery. I am now proud to introduce agus president dr. Robin bell. Robin has been a member of agu for more than 30 years and became president elect in 2017. She is a past president of our cryo sphere section and was elected agu fellow in 2007. She received her phd in geophysics from Columbia University. Since completing her doctorate, robin led research at the Lamont Doherty on ice sheets, tectonics, rivers, and midocean ridges. Please join me in welcoming dr. Robin bell. [ applause ] well, welcome. Im very excited. Anybody whos ever come within about ten feet of me realizes im a natural geek. And when i realized we were going to have this wonderful event, first i thought i could just i began to think where was i . Its one of my favorite questions to ask anybody. Where were you when the apollo 11 landed . I was on the coach couch was kind of the color. It was red. Everybody in the Little Community was jammed into the room because she had the only tv in the community. So, we had about 45 people jammed into the room. I decided i should actually look a little deeper than just the couch into what i consider sort of my lunar legacy. So, i began to poke around at my institution because it turns out lamont Columbia University had a lot to do with the geophysics of the Apollo Mission. I knew there was a gravity meter i had been tripping over my entire life. Its i shouldnt tell you. I went looking for it. I went first to the at atick of lamont hall, the same place they mapped the bottom of the ocean floor. I found apollo 11 slides and pictures but no gravity meter. So, i checked all the closets in the mansion. No gravity meter. Then i got really brave and went to the cellar of the oceanography building. There were jars of jelly fish in the cellar. I knew those were not from the moon. But i kept on looking. I finally opened the door and there it was. Under a net i dont know why it was under a net there was the mock gravity meter that they you can actually find pictures of astronauts training on it. It went on the back of the vehicle. But then i remember the so, thats on the table if you want to see it. I brought it down on amtrak. I think its the first time a lunar gravity meter has had a trip on an amtrak. But then i decided i wasnt going to give up because i remember that mark lineseth on my committee had conveyed one of these important lessons in science, you dont give up. He wanted to make heat measurements on the moon. When he first tried, something happened to the flight. It was apollo 13, okay . Apollo 14, the drill stuck. They only got one measurement. Apollo 16, its the first time there was a swear and apology from the astronauts back to the scientists. Something bad happened. It was a misstep. They tripped over a wire. But they stuck with it. By apollo 17 theyre on the moon and joking about how not to trip over the heat flow measurement. What i walked away with, dont give up. You can be really patient and get what you want. We wouldnt the the cellar again. This time i took colleagues. I didnt want to be down there with the jelly fish by myself. High up in some of the boxes we actually found the heat flow instruments. Its been wonderful. I also learned the stories of the measurements they made of how the velocity of moon rocks isnt that much different than the velocity of cheese, published in science magazine, 1970. So, it just shows that scientists can be very patient, recover from disasters, and have a sense of humor. So, i hope youre going to enjoy the program as much as im looking forward to tonight. Were going to learn a lot. Theres some amazing people back there were going to learn from. And in my role as president of agu, i realize now having watched the eyes of my cohorts when i went back to the trip to cellar number two, just how inspiring this work is to the next generation, just being able to hear the stories, hear where their parents were when the moon landing happened, actually just lights up their eyes and gets people inspired to work on science on this planet and on other planets. So, now im very pleased to introduce dr. Jim green whos nasas chief scientist. He received his phd in space physics from the university of iowa and worked at nasas Marshall Space Flight center. Before becoming nasas chief scientist, he was a director of the Planetary Science at nasa Head Quarters where he saw Missions Including the new horizons fly by of flpluto, and the juneau to jupiter, and the landing of the curiosity on mars. Were very lucky to have him as the moderator of the panel tonight. Join me in welcoming dr. Jim green. [ applause ] good evening. Wow im glad the rain didnt stop you from coming because were going to have an exciting time tonight. Were going to talk about apollo 11. Were going to talk about its legacy. Were going to talk about the science that we learned and how it sprung forward into discovering many more things about the moon and the origin and evolution of the solar system. This is going to be a really exciting time. Well also talk about the future of lunar exploration. So, without further ado, i want to mention a couple of important ink this i things. Everyone should have some cards. If you have cards in the audience, these are important because you can write questions down. Please write your questions. As they come up i find thats usually the best way to go hang on to them. And then what well at the end is we will pass them down to the end and go through as many as we can. Now, in addition to the audience thats here, we also have our remote viewers. So, for them, let me read on twitter what hash tag they should send their questions to. So, thats apolloqa an and agu100. So, for those online, please get ready. Get your questions. And then we will try to get to as many of them as possible. So, tonight were going to have a moderated panel. I am just delighted to have been asked to moderate the panel. We have some of the best planetary scientists in the world, okay . Those that have worked with even apollo 11 data and all the way to lro which is the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter which is there now. I would like to invite sonia tikoo on to the stage from stanford university. Sonia. Next is dr. Sean solomon. Sean is the director of Lamont Doherty earth observatory. Sean. We also have heather meyer. Now, heather is a postdoc fellow at the lunar and Planetary Institute in houston, texas. Heather. And last but not least, steven hauck. And steven is the professor and chair of earth, environmental, and Planetary Sciences at case western reserve university. Steven. So, were going to start out by talking about the legacy of apollo and what it meant to the country going back now 50 years. Were going back in the wayback machine. And out of this panel, two people actually observed the landing. That was sean, much more as a working scientist, and then as a Young High School student, jim green here. So, there are some fond memories im sure. So, im going to ask sean, take us back to that Lunar Landing. You know, what was the feeling of the Science Community at that time . What were they excited about . I hope some of you will remember the apollo 11 landing. I was a graduate student in geophysics at m. I. T. And the world had been following the Apollo Program and the leadup to it. So, we had the anniversary of the launch of apollo yesterday, apollo 11, i should say. And this saturday well have the anniversary of the landing. That evening, july 20th, 1969, Late Afternoon was the landing. And i would say that there were probably billions of people around the world who were watching that event all over the globe. And it brought humanity together to look at a technological achievement in a very apolitical way. It was a love of technology. Less than 8 years after president kennedy announced in his speech in houston in early 1961 challenging the country to go to the moon before the end of the decade, to send humans to the moon and bring them back safety, that we did that. And 1961 was such an early phase of the space program. The first humans had orbited the planet. It was only four years after sputnik. And yet within eight years, we could carry out apollo 11. Really extraordinary. It took an agency that had the backing of the country, had resources, and had really amazing engineers who figured out some very challenging problems. So, one of the things that the Scientific Community realized, what they were witnessing a remarkable event in history and a remarkable technical achievement. But scientifically the apollo 11 mission was enormously important to our perspective of how our planet fits into the solar system and what the early history of the solar system was like. And i cant understate the importance of the apollo 11 mission, in particular for bringing back lunar rocks, lunar soils, lunar core samples into the best earth laboratories where the most sophisticated instrumentation specifically for the Apollo Program were ready to look at the lunar samples. And we immediately learned that the moon is very ancient. We immediately learned that the moon is volcanic. And we learned through a great leap of logic that the bright areas of the moon were the product of an early stage in lunar history when the entire outer part of the planet was molten and the crust formed as a result of a cooling ocean. All that came from the apollo 11 mission. It led to understanding of the early history of the planetary system, the part of the system of our planet, that its not preserved in our rock record. So, im not sure i realized all that as a graduate student sitting in front of the television listening to walker kr kronkite. Were celebrating the 50th anniversary and i think a lot of people in the general public think of it as human exploration. But science was there from the beginning whch beginning. When i watched it, one of the startling things i saw was when neil walked out of the capsule before his famous lines, he looked around and saw how the lunar limb was sitting on the surface and how deep the legs might have been crushing into the regular. And there was some debates on how thick that might have been. Although we had landed on the moon by certain surveyors, you dont know if it was that deep. He was right off the bat talking about science. That was spectacular. What science experiments what did we put down on the moon for apollo 11 . Apollo 11 was the first of course of the landed spacecraft, and there were a total of 6 that landed successfully. And it wasnt the most ambitious by far in the experiments that are brought to the surface. But one of the opportunities provided by the Apollo Missions was the opportunity to do seismology. To study natural techtonic events. Using seismometers. Studying earthquakes all around the world and using the earthquake waves to learn about the interior structure of the earth. Scientists got together and sent a seismic system on apollo. For reasons of coast, for reasos of schedule, the very first seismic experiment didnt have enough power source. I only lasted three weeks. It produced signals that the best seismologist in the world could not understand. Really distinguished seismologists who had been working and thinking about it for years prior to the mission didnt know what they had in the way of the signals. They had taken them to the moon with the mind set they would see signals like you see on earth. They saw signals that look very different. That were full of High Frequency energy that didnt have distinct or rising phases and rang on for tens of minutes or an hour. It was said the moon rang like a bell. The aploel 11 signals nobody figured out what they were. It took apollo 12. The apollo 12 astronauts landed in different places. They took another system and left the moon again. The seismologists asked nasa for permission when the astronauts docked in the orbit and didnt need the assent vehicle anymore to send the vehicle back down to the moon where it would crash. It would crash and create seismic waves and crash at a known place at a known time. For the first time they had a seismic source. The characteristics of which they knew and produced seismograms like the ones they seen on aploollo 11. It was an ahha moment. It took cooperation of flight folks at nasa to recreate an vent so we could understand how different the moon is from t