America, sunday at 4 00 p. M. Eastern, only on American History tv. Next, from the society for of american formulation annual conference, 99 years after the 19th amendment. The audiencens in to discuss the influence women have had on Foreign Relations its obtaining the vote in 1920. Coming toou for this panel, 99 years after the 19th amendment. , and you to our panelists caitlin mystery and jason x 10, who put this panel together and where the cochairs of the Conference Program committee, and are responsible for the Wonderful Program we will be enjoying over the next few days. Thek you as well to cosponsors of this event, the coordinating council for women the history and American Studies Department at the George Washington university. Scientists tell us that women played a bigger role in the 2018 elections than they had in any other election in American History. A Record Number of women are running for office, taking up seats in congress, and heading out on the president ial campaign trail. The trends that led to this are clear. Women have long made up the majority of the electorate, more women than men have voted in every election since 1964. And its 1980, there has been an appreciable and rowing gender gap in how those votes are cast. Despite these trends, women continue to be underrepresented and in many cases severely underrepresented in positions of power and leadership. Even with a record shattering number of women who join congress after the 2018 midterms, women still comprise less than a quarter of voting members. Women of caller makeup almost a historic 9 of congress. Makeup 20 of the u. S. Population. As we grapple with the events of the current moment and the gender politics unfolding before us, and as we approach the centennial of womens average, it is like a fitting moment to reflect on the history of womens political participation and representation, as well as reflect on the consequences of disenfranchisement and underrepresentation, and in particular for our purposes, the consequences this has had on u. S. Foreign relations and american engagements for the world and how, as historians, we write about that history. We will try something for this ornt, which could go great fail spectacularly. We will find out. We will do a talk show format. I am not opera, there are no prizes under your seats, unfortunately, but i will introduce the panelists and ask them a couple of questions to get them started. Hopefully they will then engage with each other and ask each other questions, and we hope to have the audience involved, commenting, asking questions from early on in the session in order session. In order to facilitate this, we have what would you call them . Wrestlers . Runners . Wranglers. If you would like to get a question, they will come to you in the appropriate break in the conversation, and we will let you have the war. If you are going to participate, you should know cspan is recording this, if that factors in your participation. [laughter] to say if you are interested in this topic, it has just been decided that the 2020 institutear shaker will be on women in the world, so this might be the beginning of a conversation that can continue. Also, when we are finished with this, join us for a reception right out there on the secondfloor lobby area, so we can continue the conversation there as well. Let me introduce our panelists. Have keisha blain, an associate professor of history at the university of pit bird and editor in chief of the north star. She currently serves as president of the africanamerican intellectual his three society. Her Research Interests include black internationalism, politics, and global feminism. Blain is the author of the awardwinning book set the world on fire black nationalist women and the global struggle thefreedom, which is from university of Pennsylvania Press last year in 2018. She is also the coauthor of a number of other important works, including the charlestown syllabus, readings on race, racism, and racial violence. She is currently working on a book tentatively entitled east united with best, black women, japan, and visions of afroasian solidarity, also under contract with the university of Pennsylvania Press. Next we have the professor of history at m. I. T. In the Foreign Editor for modern American History. He is the author of the prizewinning book uncle sam wants you world war i and the making of the modern american citizen, which came out with oxford, and the hotly anticipated and seriously bound by war how the United States and philippines build the first specifics century. He is also cocurator of the volunteers, americans during for one, a Public History Initiative commemorating the centennial of the first world war, and he has done a number of other Public History Initiatives, including appearing on the history detectives and who do you think you are. Are inearch interests the history of citizenship, war, and the military in modern u. S. Has three. Next we have joann marilyns, of professor of history and american studies at yale university. She is also the president of the organization for american historians and director of the Yale Research initiative on the history of sexuality areas or interests are 20thcentury u. S. History, general sexuality, and local poverty. She is the author of women from chicago press, and a history of transsexuality in the united data from harvard university. She is also finishing a book manuscript right now on the 1970s and 1980s, ted tentatively titled a war on global poverty, the u. S. Development and the politics of gender. Last but not least, we have the professor at the university of california irvine. She is the outgoing chair of the asian American Studies Department and the incoming director of the university of californias humanities center. I am tired from reading these biographies. I cannot even imagine doing all this work. She is the author of several she coedits a book press, entering the transpacific world, diaspora, empire, and race, as well as the women and social movements in the united dates online resource for u. S. Womens history. She is currently working on a of theal biography, first women of color u. S. Congressional representative and the cosponsor of title ix. She is doing that book in gwendolynion with ming. Please welcome these distinguished scholars. [applause] ok, for our first question, women are 51 of the population. ,n the past and in the present they are vastly underrepresented in the halls of power. But we think we know, thanks in no small part to the panelists here, women have been active participants in Foreign Affairs. I would like the panelists to start by talking about what contributions of women need to be highlighted and stressed in the history of u. S. Foreign relations . We will work our way from the and and you guys can mix of your order. Judy . That i amally nervous being taped for television, and of course i get to go first. [laughter] in manyo underscore ways the absence of women in relations matic formal diplomatic relations, and would like to quote a letter from someone who did not consider herself a feminist, but cosponsored discrimination, title ix. And alls a delegation, womens delegation of congresswoman travels to the peoples republic of china. Hisas unprecedented to have number of women go abroad as official representatives of their nation as to lobby for she wrote aion, fivepage letter to the speaker of the house and did a thorough analysis of how men dominated congress. It came down to who got to knock the gavel, the came down the pages, who got appointments in the prize committees and the chair ships of these committees . One thing she put forth i thought was really interesting. She was appalled that no president had ever appointed a woman to any meeting on peace negotiations with one exception, and after she issued this paper, there was one other woman who on assued and delegated delegation. She says, surely the women of this country are as concerned about war and peace, as are the men. To answer this question of, where do we look for women and in what ways are ideas about gender and sexuality important for us to think about in terms of International Relations, i want to make four points. Now that i am older. Look for women. First, we need to look for women who are in formal positions of leadership. While in congress, the first woman of color to go into congress was a key critic of the vietnam war, when johnson was in office. This was a leader of her political party, not someone just of the cheated when nixon was in office. Ishink the fact that she from hawaii really shaped the way she thought about the world and thought about military and political issues in the pacific. She also worked under carter and the state department, in charge of oceans, international and Environmental Affairs and scientific affairs. We can look beyond the president s and the secretaries of state and look at women in other forms of political power. Political roles of leadership. Look at the congress and the assistant secretaries of state. Various feminist scholars say we need to look at women beyond the formal roles of leadership. We need to look at the wives, assistance, people who have kinship ties to men and political power that they can influence and shape the type of political relationships they have internationally and domestically. A third aspect of looking for women in International Diplomacy , look at them in nongovernmental organizations and social movements. If you look at the u. S. Missionary movement abroad, two thirds of those individuals are women. A third of them were married to men, a third of them were single , but they were, in essence, american diplomats in the field. Negotiating with people abroad they are ways, spiritual beliefs, the way they are arranging their homes and raising their children. Which you aren interacting with people and cultures abroad. Aboutrly, you might think the Womens Movement and the ways we are advocating either for peace or war, but they are forming social networks, social organizations that transcends a domestic understanding of their roles at home. Need to i think we think about everyday behavior, whether they think about them as political or not. When people are crossing borders, engaging International Interracial marriages, adopting across borders. These are all individual acts that have policy implications. Things that state governments, militaries have to manage. So these are some ways i think we might find within International Affairs and diplomacy, and i will end by thinking about ways in which a gendered understanding of again, four different ways we might think about this, could shape the way we study the field. We might think about gender representations of power, the ways in which japan is gendered or think aboutd, the relationship with the philippines. There are various ways in which these racialized gender understandings of power are shaping the way that american andomats, ambassadors foreign state actors are understanding the world around them. I think a second aspect is about the management of gender roles, and i think the scholarship on intimacy and empire is helping us thinking about think about the ways in which fate, government, empire, military unit, are thinking about the ways in which people are crossing borders through intimacy and sexuality. That are foreign problems need to be solved by people in positions of power. I have beenct thinking about, and i love the phrase the military sexual complex. You can think about the ways in which the military fought through certain forms of sexual behaviors or institutions that are inherent, in part, to the ways that which militaries are stationed abroad. You might think about sexuality as a weapon of war or the culture of sexuality within the military and without the military. Ofnk about the local economy prostitution and the ways in which sexuality is surrounding military institutions. Finally, i will end here by thinking about the gendered motivations for war and peace. Dating brown women from brown men and how that motivates white men and women to intervene abroad. How humanitarian rescue becomes a base for Imperial Military rule. And also the location of womanhood, childhood, maternal is in either as justification for war or justification for peace. I love seeing these representations of what i call these madonnas during the u. S. War in vietnam. Women andietnamese children. In some cases they are in abject suffering, and that is why there has to be American Intervention abroad. Whether it is a military intervention or peace intervention. There are also counter images of these women as peasants, as little fires in which they are seeking to protect their nations and families through armed struggle. At theseg representations, you can really understand the ways in which gender and sexuality and women interpenetration of foreign. Thank you. Penetrate interpenetrate the foreign. Thank you. [applause] good afternoon, everyone. I want to start by saying the absence or per her perhaps more accurately marginalization of women in history of Foreign Relations or International Relations is not a reflection of the history, per of but more so a reflection the work that we do as historians. My point here that i do not want to conflate what i think is a done, of the work we have the topics we have chosen to pursue and the way we have chosen to pursue those topics with the actual realities on the ground. Women were very much at the forefront of many of the Political Movement that we are even talking about today, and even when i say forefront, not but atrily even visible, the forefront to emphasize the point that they were fully involved, that they were fully active, that they were critical thinkers and organizers and they were shapers and movers of this history, yet for a range of reasons that, of course, reflect the Patriarchal Society in which we live, historians collectively, i think, have really focused so much on the work of men that in so doing we, and i take ownership collectively as historians, we have produced the kinds of books that send a message to students, that send a message to foreign send the message far and wide that in fact, these Political Movements are maledominated movements, even when the reality on the ground is quite different. I think that distinction needs to be made, because part of answering the question of what do we do, the first thing we need to do is be intentional about the way we write these histories. I do mean intentional. I do mean not simply sitting down, for example, to talk about the Global Dimensions of black power, as an example, and simply going to the same archives that are already biased because of how they are constructed. Not just along the lines of gender, but along the lines of race, right . Relying on those archives and telling a narrative based on those same forces that already are misconstrued, repeating a narrative and not pushing back, even pushing back against the archive. So i think part of what needs to happen is that we have to be intentional. We have to be willing to push beyond even the sources that we hold so dear. So value, as ii know all of you do, the archives. But we have to come to the archives with a kind of then pushes us to imagine, what are the other kinds of sources we ought to be using in order to get to a more fuller understanding of the history . In order to get to womens voices, in order to get to womens political activities. It is a reframing and sort of an adjustment in our thinking, which i think is fundamental to the work that we do, and we are able to really capture the nuance of this history and to tell a more balanced story when we push against all of these barriers that i think are very much indicative in the archive. The other thing i will say is on the matter of class, what should we be doing, and who should we be emphasizing. I would like to see a push beyond these frameworks of talking about intellectuals, solely talking about individuals ,ho have formal education solely talking about individuals who are members of the middle class and delete, and to push those boundaries, to grapple with what it means to be a critical thinker in any moment of u. S. History and not necessarily have access to all of these tools. What does an intellectual look like . They simply did not have an opportunity to read all of these important text we hold so dear. What does it mean to be an intellectual with only a third grade education . What does it mean to be an intellectual living in poverty and only being able to rely on, for example, letters within a community to disperse knowledge . These are the kinds of questions that i think are important and the kind of things that i think are crucial for, again, telling a more fuller and certainly more nuanced story about politics, not just on a National Level but certainly global politics. Thank you. [applause] so let me start by saying thank you to broke and jay and caitlin for organizing this panel, and thank you to the two people who have spoken before me. I could just say ditto and pass it on to chris. Underscore what has been said so far, and also maybe add a couple of other points you are. I think when we are looking for womens voices and contributions , especially in the history of Foreign Relations, we obviously ofe to move beyond the kinds records that we might find in the National Archives are Foreign Relations of the united date. That obviously isnt enough. What historians have been doing for the past decade