Welcome, everyone. Things off by welcoming the latest series and speaker in our series. The i have Something Else on my mind, forgive me. I am chief historian of the u. S. Capital historical society. Welcome to catch him home catcham hall. last week we had an observance of womens suffrage. This year we are two years ahead ofthings by the observance the return of the unknown soldier from europe after world war i. The uss subject of olympia was brought to our attention some months ago as a issible lunchtime lecture, personally was screaming, please just give me an excuse to do capitaler the u. S. Historical society. They said it is the ship that brought over the soldier, and the soldier lay in the rotunda. I am really glad that the colleagues pointed that out to me. I am really glad of the connections there. I think john will be talking of things. E spectrum something in it should interest all of us. This speaker is john brady, president of the board of directors of the flagship thepia foundation in Independence Seaport Museum outside philadelphia. If any of you traveled on 95 through downtown philadelphia, if you look east you will have and the mast of the ship maybe the smokestack. I have not visited in years, i cannot wait to go back. John will get me excited about it today. Heted me to mention said before he went upstairs, you know, to his office space, he got his hands dirty reconstructing historic vessels. And in and out of other ports. Now it is still a Program Going on under the museum. Good for them for keeping those crafts a life. I want to point out before bringing john to the lecture, next week we have another lunchtime lecture. Matt green will be speaking on , the election of leadership in congress. It is a very Political Science oriented talk. I hope those of you interested will come. Even if you are not interested you should come anyway. It will be a timely presentation. Yearspoke with us last when we did our august series on legislative capacity. Thursday may, second, friday, may 3 we will do a day and a half long congressional history symposium. This is the last of our reconstruction series symposium. It is called the long reconstruction, 150 years towards freedom. It will kickoff thursday with an allday series of presentations at the hill center. Venue and isy neat new for us. It is right down pennsylvania avenue southeast. You will love the venue. The next day we will meet at the Russell Senate Office Building across the street. Please come to that. It is free and open to the public. Freebies ono other the table. Please take a calendar. We are only a couple of months into 2019. Magazine, which will familiarize you with the things the society is doing, the scholarships we do. Maybe there will be an article on this particular presentation someday in the dome. For the time being, john brady. Come on up, john. Do your magic. [applause] john lets see how the tech goes. Good start. Soldier isnown , travels to e and is put aboard olympia with a great deal of ceremony. As you can see. What i would like to get into is why this ship was chosen for the task, because it was a great honor, and she was competing with many stateoftheart capital ships at the time. We have a film of the unknown soldier going aboard. As you can see, there were more dignitaries than you could imagine. Of events culmination that took place across france. It is tremendously solemn, but on a nice sunny day. Is heading out to see. She will be accompanied by a destroyer, she gets salutes from all around the harbor, from french naval vessels, and then it is off to sea. We will leave that there and Start Talking about why the ship was chosen. Launched in 1892 in San Francisco. Built by the union ironworks. Trials were in 1893. She was reputed to have been the fastest American Ship in the pacific at her time. Knots,als bead was 21 which is pretty remarkable, even now. I think her top speed over her career was about 22 knots. Is whyte of photography the quality of the picture is like it is. The ship was going so fast that its hard to capture it. Leavehe is preparing to San Francisco. She cannot see any bottom there. Headed across the pacific for a stop in hawaii, then japan. On president s day, firing a salute. This is just an awesome photograph. My favorite of the ship is when the boat brings her out and there is a fleet of boats. She was a floating marina with 26 boats on board, steam cutters, sailing boats, and rowing boats that were used for racing. We will move right through this. Here, other than the white and buff you saw in the earlier picture. She is gettingg set for the battle of manila bay. This wouldelf define the rest of the ships career. It is a result of this battle that she became the icon of the navy. That and the fact that she was built as a flagship led her to get a lot of assignments that she would not have otherwise gotten. Very much a symbol of the navy. This is what the spanish fleet like after looked the battle. Very clearly a decisive victory. Hat leads to a great parade if the tech is with us. In new york harbor. This is by edison. If we are patient, we will see her steam by. This is a really big deal. The whole country is celebrating. There is a major naval review on the hudson river, followed by a parade through manhattan. Placerre temporary arches built temporary placer archesbuilt plaster built. The enthusiastic for the spanishamerican war disappeared almost as quickly as it rose. Extremely significant event in our countrys history. Making us a power in the allfic, and also opening kinds of things in terms of naval diplomacy. Bay was notf manila entirely a good story. It led to rebellion in the perippines involving shing and taft. Keeping with the unknown soldiers is undeniably a very sad thing. On the face of this great outburst of patriotism there is an underlying sadness that comes through the whole story. That is something we should not move a side of, even if we look at the great offense. Aboardoosevelt coming after the parade. Teddy was the governor of new york at the time, and clearly one of the reasons olympia got built in the first place. We skipped through a lot of time. Olympia goes through a period after war where she is doing her standard naval things. She is doing maneuvers, traveling around a bit, she does a stint in annapolis as a Training Vessel for the students there, then world war i breaks out. She is assigned to be the flagship of the atlantic boats. N, looking for u she is nearly lost, but because is of a time, at she good size, the capital ships were not suited for combating submarines. Instead of getting caught up, she goes to a navy yard and resumes her duty for first doing convoys. Awards the end of the war stint in the merman supporting the white russians. A great moment in history, the bolshevik revolution, our ship is there. By this time she is obsolete. The british wanted to see america send coal burners in world war i because they had a hard time getting oil, it came from the middle east. Coal was readily available in england and easy to come by. War she is in venice doing humanitarian. She is very much part of the influenza epidemic. There are fairly horrifying diaries by sailors on board. People perishing from that disease. This one i just love because of the airplane. Of aviation. N once again, because she is a flagship and a great vessel for hosting dignitaries, she is there when general Billy Mitchell demonstrates that airplanes can destroyed battleships by bombing the sinking her. Yes, airplanes can sink battleships. Back to the unknown soldier. One,assage was a rough they were contingent of marines aboard. Task of guarding the casket for the entire trip across. Casket in earlier pictures was just rose upon. [indiscernible] is very tender and oll aw and would tend to rik lot. If you go from one side to the other you can see the effect on the ship. There was a storm at sea, there was a guard, you can see when one there next to the casket. The casket starts moving, so efforts and accounts of the marine guard having to be tied in place because the ship was rolling so heavily. The leader of that contingent. He went on to become the commanding general at it would you must became the commanding general at iwojima. I have already said the ship was tender. Sales. Built would the original purpose of those sales was twofold. One was to steady her motion. Ships much steadier than one under straight power. The other would have been in the age of getting from coal facility to coal facility, a little push for wind power would have been helpful. There was not doubt about the machinery being able to run reliably. It was we need for those two other factory factors. Tradition for ships to die. They all had completely disappeared. She did it eventually lose her sails pretty early on. And thecer corps sailors living the good life. Francis johnson came aboard in 1899 while the ship was still in the pacific. Francis was a woman photographer, which was unusual at the time. Posingt through the ship these things and for publications back home. This one is very interesting. This is how you would have stowed your hammocks on a sailing ship in the earlier navy. They were seen as an added protection against cannonballs. Era they would have been nothing but a fire hazard, yet they are still pursuing that. The admiral porters the a tours quarters, i give of that. I call it the bathroom tour. It is what we would expect for any bathroom. The facilities for the admiral, with their own private bathtub and then the facilities for the general crew, which is wooden toilet seats. It very clearly points out the hierarchy in the ship and of the time. A very historically important place. This is where the fate of the philippines is decided. Deweyhere do we decides not to support the rebellion. They have a profound impact on later developments. This is also the reason she is chosen for these other as watching such the bombing of this ship. Available and very important job. This is the cook and stewards for the captain and admiral. An extraually made effort to get his steward citizenship when he returned to the country. There is tremendous adversity on the ship, but diversity on the ship, but not often recognized diversity. Asian or an African American would have found themselves in a service position. The assumption is they would be somewhere like the coal bunkers. That is not true, they would be with food handling. As you go through the Francis Johnson photographs you will find black faces. You will findper a navy that was much more diverse. Crew at their mess. Another hangover from the sailing ship days, the crew is divided into messes. They pull their resources, one person in the mess provides the condiments, or whatever that group thinks they want to add to the ship spare. Fare. They all pray that a man does not find a bar or a brothel on his way to the market. Which did happen. , bydry, sailing ship era world war i she has a full laundry room with washing machines and things we would recognize. She is a flagship. Flags were a big deal. She was one of the first ships to use radio to communicate in fleet maneuvers. That was very early on. For most of her career, flags were how you communicated. In world war i they are seen as a primary way of communication. The facilities devoted to flags are quite expensive. Roomis actually the boiler on the brooklyn. I cannot find a picture of olympias boiler room in action, but its basically the same thing. Is, theresting thing is all of this technology coming out with refrigeration and electricity and so on, but at the end of the day it still relies on a man with a shovel. A shore party. This is probably when she was at the middies did their tour. Important as anything else. There would be social advance along the way. Here is the cruise version. When there was a flag officer about the crew went up by 50. Ath the flag officer came band of contingent marines and a boat crew. Here is dewey enjoying the band. It is definitely good to be king, with his dog at his side. An early contingent of marines. Era again. P this is a different vessel than a olympia, but olympia did carry cutlasses and they did drill in them. You can see the laundry hanging. Hen the modern era the whitehead torpedoes on olympia. She was originally fitted with six torpedo tubes. They were taken out as the torpedo had not developed efficiently. It was not superior to the guns. That is why they were removed. A cap picture. Cat picture. A lot of animals on the ship. There is a cat, a pig. This guy was certainly destined for dinner. There was refrigeration. They are carrying fresh meat. There was entertainment. A number of significant musicians were on the ship over the years. Most notably, Albert Nicholas who was pretty well known in the jazz world in new orleans. Is actually still on board. I think you would have a hard time getting music out of it. Charles bolden and Albert Nicholas is here. Once again, you are not seeing any pictures of people in color. They went ashore and got their pictures taken on a crew and are they are. And here liberty. We moved to technology. Itchave seen a pretty bl history. We see pretty cool insights into the society at the time. We move towards the Cutting Edge Technology that olympia represents. Complex shuck sure structure. Six steam Engine Center peters. Guysis not showing 430 that are on there as well. The primary thing here is to is for armor. That is why she is called a protective cruiser. There is a tent inside the ship protecting the vitals. For anything that is coming in from the side, torpedoes or shells, she is relying on the war type integrity of her coal bunkers. Coaldea of being in the could have shocked and there could be counter flooding on the uppers on the opposite side of the ship. The boilers at San Francisco prior to going into the ship. This is the crankshaft of the starboard engine. You can see that the metalwork that is going into this has gotten to a high level. These engines are also among the first that are designed to stand vertically in the ship rather than horizontally. They are getting to a point or the efficiency is highly developed with such the speed of 21 knots. Justngine rooms are gorgeous. Standing bear is to be in the industrial revolution, and to really see some craftsmanship that we really dont put into our machines in this era. Engine, prior to going in. Olympias attitude towards pollution is dilution. Absolutely everything is thrown over the side. The ash coming out of the boilers is put into buckets and hoisted up on deck. There is special shoots for throwing it overboard. It is coming from the same deck that guys are sleeping and eating on. They are really redefining what a flex space is, in as miserable a way as they can. She has electricity, she has lighting. Gunsas electrically fired fired guns,ghts and searchlights, and things like that. She starts with two dynamos and winds up with six, giving you an idea of how much electricity is advancing over the course of her career. And, the laundry room. Full ofiforms on a ship coal. This must have been a busy place. Everyone should have one of these. This is a refrigerator. It is using compressed air to make ice. This is also revolutionary in longere crew is no limited to salt beef. Reasonablylity of fresh food has been introduced, and the menus are much more the scuttlebutt had chilled water in it, which once again, in the south pacific, must have been quite valuable, having no air conditioning. So this wase shop, an era that rather than carrying spare parts, they carry hunks of metal and the ability to carve it into spare parts as needed. This is particularly true as she placesng very far from that might have that kind of machinery. Where we would like to be right ll our efforts haulthe hallout the out. In has not been hauled out about 75 years, but deterioration is happening slowly, but 75 years is certainly too many. She is certainly in need of that. I like to say the ship is a popstar. She was the most famous thing in the country in the aftermath of that startednd appearing first in very dramatic newspaper accounts of the battle. And declarations on the ship nike on a figurehead of her bow and the scrollwork on her stern. These are located in annapolis now and were taken off when she had to get serious about being a warship at the outset of world war i. All kinds of things were produced celebrating the ship, covers for photo albums, images to be hung in the parlor, that kind of thing, paintings dramatizing the battle. This actually was a cut out from a newspaper in philadelphia that we have in our collection, a printout, i was able to cut it out and put it together. She was used for commercial music boxes, you name it. This is quite a valuable item, clockwork center frame celebrating the ship. Clockworks celebrating the ship. This is an oil lamp. Series a threepart recently drawn about the ship and the unknown soldier. It appeared in the comics this past winter. These are the sidearms that are used by the tomb guard, and the grip, they were just made and it is wood from the olympia. The tomb guard is very closely associated with us, it has been developing over time, they understand the importance of the ship in terms of the unknown soldier, and are working very hard on both sides to tighten up that connection. They attend our veterans day ceremonies and a group of them will be coming to the ship this friday for a tour and a talk. We have all kinds of history, living history, a crew demonstrating how a fiveinch gun drill would go, for the newral public, flags, interpretation throughout the ship using a lot of the imagery you have seen in this presentation, and also accounts from the sailors themselves who kept diaries and took pictures and so on. We have a rich collection of material about life on the ship. You really have to visit the ship to get the feeling and the real sense of her importance, and to delve into the time and place. Having all this material really enriches that, and we are working very hard at the same time to do various events and activities that get people thinking about the ship in different ways. This is part of an art show we did on the ship with a group called the philadelphia sculptors, who used the entire ship as a gallery and got people to look at her in a very different way, through the lens of art rather than traditional military history, which is how we tend to approach it. We have also been working to restore hammocks and tables and so on, so that we can do activities on the ship. Those tables are actually originals that we dont use, but built a whole set to match them so that we can do everything have kidsdinners to coloring or doing activities at those tables. Is semi active, it finally has Running Water once again. The thing i like to point out about the galley is the copper cauldrons in the center. At some point they determined copper in contact with food was not a good thing, so the solution to the problem was to line them with lead. [laughter] so there is a learning experience going on. Itself, just speaks for that naval tradition continuing. Were active duty naval personnel assigned to the ship . Mr. Brady no, but occasionally an activeduty contingent will come onto the ship to paint door to put in a day of labor. Veterans day ceremonies, obviously that is a very big deal. Is a window into the politics,ecentury the naval diplomacy, the lifestyle at the time, but also a memorial showing what the costs are for all of our progress on the world stage. That brings us to the arrival of the unknown soldier in washington dc. Here the ship is approaching the navy yard. The casket is coming off of the ship. There are quite a few dignitaries at this event event,g at this person, the secretary of the navy, the secretary of war, commandant lejeune are among those in the crowd. Casket goes from there to the Capitol Rotunda to lie in state. And that brings us to philadelphia and the end of the presentation. [applause] thank you very much. What, 125 years old . Water, there is a limited time for them, and the fact she is still floating is quite remarkable. What do you see for the next 50 years as far as that ship goes . Areas of the worst the ship in terms of damage are the wind and water line. Is higher atntent the wind and water line. We are accessing to four feet below the waterline and doing a thick epoxy cloak, thick epoxy coat, blasting it clean. We are working to get 15 million in the budget next time around to get the ship into dry dock, which it desperately needs. And in that drydock period, we will repair the bottom and replace the decks, and depending goes outsideising of washington, d. C. In the private sector, we will put new programming on the ship and bring her back to philadelphia, ready for the next 50 years. When i first stepped aboard i was overwhelmed by all the metal. War, the navyil had wooden ships. When did this change take place, so that the navy had metal ships . And is the olympia typical of the military ships of the time . Mr. Brady she was the cuttingedge of military ships at the time. See ironvil war, we introduced with the monitor and the merrimack, that is actually wood with metal over wood. And after the civil war will basically see that civil war, we basically see the navy atrophied. Andgs arent looking good, then with Theodore Roosevelt , and olympiabirth is not quite the beginning, but very close to that, and that is the start of all metal construction. Olympia is the oldest steel warship on the planet, at the moment. And as for technology, it was fast evolving, ships were becoming obsolete all must as fast as they were being built. England was at the cutting edge of that technology and quite wenkly, in olympias era, were just building the Industrial Resources to be able to produce Something Like this. There were a lot of problems in construction at the time, with advances in steelmaking and the contracts changing to get the latest kind of steel into the ship, and those kinds of things, a lot of growing pains going on in that era. The ships main armament change . Pictures from world war i show no tourettes and a single mount on each end. Mr. Brady right where i showed that picture of the ship sunk, she goes into the yard and part of the job is to change up all of her armament. She has those openemplacement fiveinch guns. Our primary purpose at this point is convoy duty, and that kind of armament is much more suitable, and then of course advances in gunnery have progressed so far from those targeted guns, and they are also much more accurate. I wanted to make an observation. Asut the overhaul, as far the last time the ship was out in a drydock situation, it was april 1945. You have to think, what is going on in april 1945 . We are in the middle of world war ii. So why are we doing an overhaul on olympia . Olympia was Franklin Roosevelts washingtonhis is a story, and he had a vision of having a naval museum where the kennedy senator is at the t idal basin, and he was going to have the olympia, the constellation, the hartford at another ship on display along with a 90,000 squarefoot naval museum, and here we are in world war ii. Antidirects olympia to get an overhaul in preparation for this naval museum. Unfortunately, what also happens in april 1945 is that roosevelt dies, and with that, that whole vision of a naval museum goes away. Eventually philadelphia gets the ship. There is a Reserve Basin in philadelphia. It is there because it is fresh and olympia is laid up in 1922 and stays there until the 1950s, but throughout that there are efforts in philadelphia to save the ship. On one, his father had served on the ship and he saw it as representative of that ethnic groups participation in the navy, it was very much of a save theing to ship through the courteous through the 1930s. Was taken 1950s it over by a World War Ii Group who sighed as an emblem of what they stand for, and they take care of the ship basically until there are none of them left. There was no Succession Plan at that point, which is how we wound up with her. [indiscernible] we have an exhibit in the building in the center feet is a 60 the centerpiece is a 65 foot schooner from the water line up. We have extensive archives. Is johnur jewels there berrys papers, informing the exhibit next to that ship. We are very much into waterquality issues. We are looking at the delaware river, the delaware valley, that is a source of drinking water, so we are looking at the biology of that watershed as well as anything else. Philadelphia is a reasonably major port. Our next big exhibit will be about that. We are thinking simulators, so our public can drive to both ships and have that experience, and using that exhibit as the basis of an engineering program, which we have already started. That is just the tip of the iceberg. As i understood it, these vessels arent done as a oneoff, they are done as a class of vessels. How many copies with the same design as olympia were produced, and do any still exist . Mr. Brady no copies. The idea was that she would be the leader of a class. The naval strategy changed favoring capital ships, battleships, and i think the technology was advancing so quickly that a followup ship was never built. About what else is there, it looks like a submarine. And to bring it back to the unknown soldier, this concept of honoring an unknown soldier, if you have any insight into the concept, and im guessing it followed world war i, maybe there were unknown soldiers honored before world war i, i dont know, but pretty much every country in western europe anyway has an unknown soldier that they honor, but where did this concept come from . Know,ady as far as i world war i, it is in this countrys history anyway, maybe the second highly mechanized war, the first being the civil war, it is an industrial war and people are going into it and simply disappearing, and i think that is what brings that concept. O the fore we have also in subsequent wars continued to do that. There is an unknown from world war ii and korea and so on. Ourning, and ial mlu think there are so many people in this nation and the others that participated in world war i, who have no idea what happened to their kids, to their husbands and so on, and there is this real need to deal with that, and the unknown soldier really does that. Is built in 1943, served in the pacific in world has a couple of sunken tankers to her credit and was depth charged more than once. Much like olympia tends to be focused tends to be on the spanishamerican war, with the sub it is the world war ii era, but she is much more a cold war vessel. So in 1950, 1950 one, she goes into dry dock and becomes a guppy class. It is not that world war ii configuration anymore, and she is primarily a training boat but does some trips to the med and so on, and is very active is a cold war vessel, much more than her world war ii era. There are a fair share of horrifying stories. Maneuverse, she is on in the mediterranean, goes out, goes to dive, a pipe bursts in the engine room, tons of water literally dump into the ship and start tilting her backwards, she is starting to head for the oftom, they blow the air out all the tanks and so on and are able to get her back up. We have a recording that a sailor did, that he was going to send home to mom and dad to show what a dive is like on a ship, so we have the whole sequence, and the language is salty but the professionalism is really high, which is why they survived. It is really just this amazing thing. So even when no one is throwing things at you, the ship is fairly dangerous. We are doing the age of sale with the indoor schooner, we do the age of steam with olympia and then stealth in the modern age, so we have a pretty complete navy story. I find it remarkable that the ship was built on the west coast, when the industrial establishment was on the east coast. And this is a very sophisticated ship for its day. What is the story behind it being built on the west coast . Mr. Brady i would very much like to research of the senator was. [laughter] because i am sure that has a bearing. From pennsylvania and the primary shipbuilding for these kind of vessels at the time was actually a shipyard in philadelphia. Be i could see that it would in our best interests nationally to get a west coast shipbuilding and repair facility going, given the extent of our ambition in the pacific. Our Major Shipyard on the west coast was established in the 1850s at mare island, and im working on a book on a ship that was built at mare island, but there is definitely politics going on here, and the need to expand the Industrial Base for both coasts. Union shipbuilding was across the bay in San Francisco. Five or 10 years ago i was reading that the ship was in dire physical and financial straits. If you could let us know what the status of the ships stability is these days. Thebrady at that time museum, right after the financial crash, the museum is feeling there is no way they can support the ship, which is very understandable. Aggressiveirly chairman at the time, and it was like, the ship has to change hands. Do what you need to do, we dont mind if you scrapper, sinker, whatever sink her, whatever. So we set up a program for various groups to apply to take the ship. There was five groups that were interested, but none of them demonstrated anything like the wherewithal that it would take to run the ship. So that runs its course, and in the meantime, my whole career has been in ship preservation, to say you are going to scrap a ship and then put a ship preservationist in charge of it is not going to fly. Also, it would ironically cost as much to scrap the ship as it would to do what we want to do. So that all comes to a head. At that point i would say one third to one half of our visitation comes through the ship, so we make the decision to keep her and move forward with a campaign to support her. All i have to add to that is that, if our government cannot find the wherewithal to step up and say this ship is as important as she is, her outlook is not all that great. And if they do, that can be the basis of a private campaign that could make her one of the most spectacular sites in the country. So that is where we are. Any more questions . Mr. Brady thank you. [applause] [applause] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org] good luck finding that 15 million. Im sure everyone in this room would be interested in learning how you do it, but i hope you do get it. Maybe olympia needs to have a poem written about it, maybe kids could send in nickels and dimes to save this. We are two years ahead of the centennial of the tomb of the unknown soldier. Theagine that the capital, people that run programming at the capitol, will have something going on about it. Us, the u. S. , the u. S. Capitol historical society, on our website, because we will almost certainly be involved in that kind of programming and the two years ahead. I want to remind you again about next weeks wednesday noon time lecture with matt greene on the election of leadership in congress. And in a few weeks time, the first thursday and friday of may, our last congressional history symposium on reconstruction. We hope to see you at any of these events. Thank you. [applause] each week american artefacts takes you to Historic Places and museums to learn about American History. Here is one of our recent trips. When we think of the civil war and civil war surgery, we think of surgery without anesthesia, which is not correct. Most patients had general anesthesia. We think of no painkillers, but morphine and opium were regularly used. We dont think about Specialty Hospitals. This particular object was used in a Specialty Hospital in philadelphia. War,g the american civil people like dr. William kean and Cyrus Mitchell were developing the origins of modern neurology. One problem was a very specific type of chronic pain we still have problems with today. This chronic pain was a Burning Sensation that would never go away. It exhibited itself and an ember of patients during the civil war who had severe injuries. The people at the turners lane hospital in philadelphia, people people like weir and mitchell began injecting morphine into the tissues that were affected by pain, and moreover they used electricity. Meant one ofhat these small, electric generators relying primarily on static. The idea was simple. By interrupting the nerves with electricity, basically overpowering them if you will, and cutting that pain signal to the brain, they were able to calm the nerves, and in conjunction with the morphine they actually had a pretty good cure rate. It started not down the road to our modern painrelief systems. What do i mean . You can watch your television and see advertisements today for patches that can be placed on the body, powered by small batteries that do exactly the same job. If you have undergone or joint replacement surgery you may have been given one of these devices input near your bed, place two electrodes, and pumping electricity through those Nerve Centers we can actually delve the pain. We are using inflammation as well. This is not something we think of it from 1863, and yet because of innovations in 1863, it leads us to where we are today. To historicth us sites, museums and archives, each sunday at 6 00 p. M. And 10 00 p. M. Eastern on our weekly series, american artifacts. This is American History tv come all weekend on cspan3. Tv,ext on American History author and historian gary analyzes the differences between the three major civil war theaters. He argues that the battles held in the Eastern Theater have the greatest impact on the outcome of the civil war, making it the most important theater. This 45minute talk was part of a daylong conference presented by the center for Civil War History. Mornings begin this gary dudley gallagher. We hired just last spring from represents Civil War History from 1999 until 2018. He is the author and editor of at least 39 books, including t