in that it had been a colony of japan's sense 1910. during the second world war, there was fighting in korea, the u.s. and the soviet union jointly occupied korea and they agreed to divide korea. now, northern korea, that is what we call today north korea, was very much communist influenced. southern korea, which we now call south korea, was a very different situation. with the assistance of the u.n., they sponsored elections in south korea and south koreans elected a democratic government. north korea, however, wanted to unite under its terms and so it sent insurgents into south korea to try and overthrow that government and they failed to do so. then, in january of 1950, the u.s. secretary of state dean achison made a significant error. in a speech talking about the areas of influence and positions that were vital to the united states's interest, he mentioned japan and the philippines and omitted south korea. the north koreans interpreted that as a statement that the u.s. wouldn't go to war to defend south korea, and so in june of 1950, armed with soviet equipment and aided by the chinese, the north koreans invaded south korea, and as you can see from our map, they stormed right across the border. the south koreans were largely caught off-guard and unprepared. the u.s. had military forces in japan under our far eastern commander douglas macarthur. the problem was that those troops and their units were badly under strain, the troops were badly trained and the equipment they had was a carryover from world war ii. it wasn't useful for them. we quickly threw over some forces, the saddest episode was task force smith. task force smith was a unit, a weak battalion that was commanded by a guy name charles smith who had extensive combat experience. he occupied a position and the soviet built tanks roared right through it. one guy fired fired a bazooka 22 rounds point-blank into soviet made tanks and they bounced off. needless to say that was disconcerting for the troops, the tanks passed through, and eventually north korean infantry came through and smith's people were compelled to retreat. soldiers fell back and occupied a position in blue here on the map that we call the pusan perimeter. there we were able to stabilize things with american troops, republic of korea troops and foreign powers troops. when the invasion took place, harry truman presented the issue to the united nations. fortunately for the united states at the time, the soviet union was boycotting the u.n. they were boycotting it because the peoples republic of china was not admitted to the u.n. and so what happened was the soviets boycotted and the u.s. there we were able to stabilize things with american troops, republic of korea troops and foreign powers troops. when the invasion took place, harry truman presented the issue to the united nations. fortunately for the united states at the time, the soviet union was boycotting the u.n. they were boycotting it because the peoples republic of china was not admitted to the u.n. and so what happened was the soviets boycotted and the u.s. was able to get it passed through the u.n., first a statement of condemnation for the act of aggression by north korea, and then military forces from u.n. nations to help protect and defend south korea. all told, 21 nations sent either troops or personnel with expertise to aid the war effort. so it's actually a united nations expedition but it was placed under the overall command of douglas macarthur. he, of course, was a great world war ii hero. he was actually a world war i hero. so people felt really good about having macarthur in charge. fortunately, we're able to stabilize our position barely at pusan and slowly build up our forces. we created what was called the eighth army, and it was commanded by walton walker. he was a corps commander in patton's army. he is a really experienced combat soldier and a very fine officer. macarthur, however, came up with a concept to crush the north koreans. his idea was that walker in the pusan perimeter would launch an attack out. meanwhile, he would launch an amphibious landing at inchan the port area for seoul. the object was to seize seoul, push inland, and cut off the north koreans. the problem was multiple. inchan has between 29 and 35 -- 36 foot tide differentials. so, you know -- higher than this ceiling at high tide, below our floor at low tide. that's a huge tidal difference and that makes a dramatic difference when you're trying to land. secondly, you've got mud flats at low tide that extend 6,000 yards. 6,000 yards. so they're going to have --that is four miles. and of course landing craft and ships and tanks are going to get stuck in the mud so you're not going to be able to land at low tide. there are numerous islands en route that you'll have to occupy. as you advance, the waterways are really rough in the wintertime, so you've got to make sure the landing take place before the winter comes on. next, there's a four to five island and welmedo has to be taken or you can't get in. there's a sea wall and the sea wall enters right at the port. so you have to get over the sea wall. then on top of that, the city begins right on top of the sea wall. so as soon as you enter into inchon, you're involved in urban warfare. so it's very difficult fighting in that regard. and then of course there were always the question about whether the troops at pusan could actually break out. we were so under strength that we had the 7th infantry division from the u.s. army. we merged two marine corps divisions to makeup a single division, now the first division. those of you who are in this class, of course, read dog company six and simmons was in the first marine division and landed at inchon as you certainly know. what they did was, they designated the tenth corps seventh infantry and the first marine division go in, and of course, in classic macarthur fashion, he pulled it off. what you will discover if you study the career of macarthur, when he's good, he is the best. when he is bad, he is the worst. and in this instance, macarthur was at his best. the inchon landing is brilliant. he pulled it out. pulled it off. strangely enough, when we came to the pusan perimeter, we had more troops in the pusan perimeter than the north koreans had, so when walker attacked the north koreans showed resistance but eventually broke. many people thought as soon as we landed in inchon and secured our way into seoul that the north korean army would collapse but, in fact, it resisted pretty well but ultimately it was forced to fall back. eventually, let me go to the first slide so you can see that again. oops. as the north koreans began falling back, there was a big debate as to whether we should pass the 38th parallel. remember the objective was to restore south korea and that's what the u.n. authorized and that was the 38th parallel but when the u.n. authorized it, it placed matters largely in control of the united states. and macarthur in charge. so the u.s. was largely calling the shots, although a number of other nations had military personnel who were risking and losing their lives in this adventure. we elected to let them cross over and macarthur saw this as a great opportunity. what he now wanted to do was unite the two koreas and he began pushing forward. the north koreans retreated farther north, the americans began advancing. at that point, macarthur made a critical error. he pulled out the tenth corps and sent it around by water to wonsan, which is marked on this map here. but by then the republic of korea troops had already passed won san and cleared it. so those troops came in. furthermore, it's very mountainous. korea's very mountainous so what happened was the troops got dispersed and compartmentalized. they got split up as they advanced into north korea. now, macarthur was euphoric. he was anticipating victory by getting the victory and getting the troops back home at christmas time and he was exceedingly optimistic about this sort of thing. unfortunately things didn't work out that way. americans were worried that the chinese might get involved. and they kept questioning macarthur, questioning macarthur, i talked to a former -- he's now deceased, four-star general who went over with the chief of staff of the army joe collins. and they went and met with macarthur and the entire time, macarthur paced back and forth and lectured to them about what had gone on and how successful this was going to be and what was going to happen, and they couldn't get questions in. and finally macarthur broke the meeting off and they started leaving. this is the chief-of-staff of the united states army and collins turned to general bolty and he said, you know what the problem is? he still sees us as captains, because they were captains when macarthur was chief-of-staff of the army and he still saw himself as their boss when, in fact, that wasn't the case. collins was his boss. he just didn't get it. and so he pushed farther and farther north. by october, they began to see the presence of chinese troops, and all of a sudden, they came in huge, huge numbers and by november, we were struck, we were isolated, they picked on various pockets of troops and we were routed. we began a steady retreat southward. the retreat wasn't mayhem, it was organized. they were systematic as they fell back and then an unfortunate accident occurred, walton walker was killed in a jeep accident and he was replaced by an absolutely extraordinary soldier named matthew ridgeway. ridgeway had been an airborne division commander in world war ii, he had a great reputation as a soldier. everyone admired him, so having ridgeway there was a real asset. you can see how close we actually got. there were troops who made it to the yalu river. it's the boundary between north korea and the peoples republic of china. so we advanced way in. those troops, the people at the chosen reservoir, that was general simmons in his book dog company six. they were at the reservoir. really one of the most horrific experiences in american military history. so you see how far north they advanced, but when the chinese came, they came in with such staggering numbers that we simply couldn't hold them back. eventually ridgeway was able to call a halt and launch a counter attack. oops. keep going the wrong way. and push back across the 38th parallel. what ridgeway did was really interesting. first of all, he upgraded fire power. you cannot compensate for chinese manpower with equal manpower. you just can't compete with the chinese when it comes to numbers of people. so you have to compensate with firepower, and that's what he did. he upgraded the firepower of u.s. military. that proved a real boon. he also adopted what we call fight and roll. they would fight vigorously, punish the enemy and then follow -- then fall back to the next defense position and each time punish the enemy and fall back to a defensive position. very skillfully done, saving american lives and u.n. lives and punishing the enemy. he got people off the roads. if troops were on the road, they're easy targets for the enemy. you get them off the road. and lastly, he began night fights. night fighting. americans are not really that keen on night fighting and ridgeway forced them to do it and it proved to be really successful. so ridgeway really left a mark, a positive mark, and he was able to restore the 38th parallel technically, as you can see from the truce line, while we're below the 38th parallel on the western part, most of the -- most of korea were above the 38th parallel and what we did was we occupied positions that were really strong defensively. but they had made it clear not to try and conquer north korea. now, macarthur meanwhile was grumbling all along. one of the most interesting things to realize is that macarthur had not been in the united states in 12 years. he was completely detached from his homeland. and as a result of that, he really didn't have a good feel for what was going on in american life and society. as a result of that, macarthur had curried favor with the republican party. he wanted to run for political office, maybe even be elected president of the united states, and he was trying to gain favor with republicans. so he regularly communicated with republican politicians. unfortunately, he kept challenging the truman administration policies and that's where he really ran afoul. first of all, he gave a talk for the vfw in which he opposed the truman administration's policy with regard to formosa. you're a general, the president is the commander in chief. the president formulates the policies. macarthur didn't care. the joint chiefs of staff instructed macarthur, under no uncertain terms are you to allow nonkorean troops to reach the yalou river. macarthur allowed nonkorean troops to reach the yalou river. which infuriated the chinese. joint chiefs of staff specifically instructed macarthur, as well as the president, not to bomb over the bridges because you're fearful of killing chinese civilian or chinese soil. what the joint chiefs of staff and the president of the united states did not want to do is expand this into a world war. they understood firmly that the u.s. principal responsibility was going to be nato. was going to be europe. we needed to defend western europe. and by getting dragged into a war in asia, that was exactly what the soviet union would want. because then we'd be distracted from our principal mission. perhaps one of the more unfortunate episodes, though, was truman administration notified macarthur on the 20th of march, 1951 that it was about to release terms for negotiation, that they were drafting them. on the 24th of march, macarthur announced his terms for negotiation and he undercut the truman administration, and what he did was, he made it clear that there would be no link between korea and formosa which really upset the truman administration but truman was stuck with what macarthur had announced. he violated what the truman administration called for. december of 1950, truman reminded, had issued an order, "to make no announcements on policy without government concurrence." truman reminded macarthur of that statement that came out of the department of defense and of coarse, in classic macarthur fashion, he completely ignored it. then joseph martin, the house minority leader, wrote to macarthur and sent him a speech that he had given in which he was -- in which he argued if the united states was not going to be in it for full victory, then the truman administration should be indicted for the murder of thousands of american men. and asked macarthur to comment on that. macarthur wrote back, and this was read in the halls of congress. "my views and recommendations with respect to the situation created by red china's entry into the war against us in korea have been submitted to washington in most complete detail. generally these views are well-known and generally understood as they follow the conventional pattern of meeting force with the maximum counterforce as we have never failed to do in the past. your view with respect to the utilization of the chinese forces on formosa is in conflict with neither logic or tradition. it seems strangely difficult for some to realize that here in asia is where the communist conspirators have elected to make their play for global conquest, and that we have joined the issue thus raised on the battlefield. that here we fight europe's war with arms while diplomats there still fight it with words. that if we lose this war to communism in asia, the fall of europe is inevitable. win it and europe most probably would avoid war and yet preserve freedom. as you point out, we must win. there is no substitute for victory." that letter was read on the floor of the u.s. house of representatives. of course the president was furious and what he did was he called in the secretary of defense and secretary of state, had conversations with them. they decided that they wanted the joint chiefs of staff involved so they brought in omar bradley. you recall that he was chairman of the joint chiefs of staff during the revolt of the admirals and you remember what he had said? that is, anyone recall what he had said? yes, open rebellion against civil authority. that's what he described. and he's the same chairman of the joint chiefs of staff again, and he made it clear he was bothered by it but he wanted to consult the joint chiefs. the next day, he did so, and then they all came back for another meeting and presented the joint chiefs of staff, they were unanimous in their statement that macarthur should be removed. marshall agreed, the secretary of state agreed and as a result, truman removed macarthur. what you have are pretty flagrant violations of what we call civil military relations. there's omar bradley. misery and -- missourian, like eric. let's talk about civil military relations. first of all, all of you have read the u.s. constitution. what does it say about the president's power? >> [inaudible] -- and he's in charge of the militia and the navy and he can call them only when they're in actual service of the united states. prof. glatthaar: he's commander in chief, right? what does that mean? he's in charge. what responsibilities does the congress have? abe? >> [indiscernible] prof. glatthaar: and establish regulations. >> congress declares war. prof. glatthaar: congress declares war, correct. so clearly truman has the right to issue orders and established policies, and macarthur, what's his responsibility in this? mya? >> he has to listen to them. prof. glatthaar: he has to listen to them and obey them, right? he's got to obey them. so what has he done? has he violated civil military relations? where do we even get this concept? is it exclusively the constitution? those of you who -- you were in last semester, where do you first see civil military relations as we're talking about? >> [indiscernible] -- the high middle ages in england and to the english sort of hesitation to allow a standing army, particularly after the english civil war. prof. glatthaar: that's right. and what about george washington? emma. you know all about old jorge. >> he earn couraged good relations between congress and his army. prof. glatthaar: that's exactly right. he was very careful not to exceed what he thought was proper behavior for an army officer. what was his justification for that? brook? what was -- why did washington -- why was washington so careful about not transgressing the responsibilities of the politicians? >> because he understands that the politicians and the army are in a sort of feedback mode and if you cause problems with one then the other -- he can cause problems across the board and disrupt the whole system. prof. glatthaar: ok. anyone else? come on. erin? >> he didn't -- the whole reason for the revolution is that they didn't want a monarchy and if he were to surpass his role and step on the toes of politicians, then that's pretty much what he'd be doing. prof. glatthaar: yeah. he's very sensitive that we don't have some kind of aristocracy, don't have a dictatorship. he wanted to make it always clear that the military took their orders from the political leaders. and that it was his responsibility to execute those orders to the best of his ability, and to advise them, but when they issued the orders to obey those orders. so we go all the way back to washington in the united states, even actually back to the brits that we inherited and of course we were very sensitive to this. but here comes the complications. how do you get into a military academy? has anyone here applied for admission? how do you get in? >> you have to be nominated by a congressman, senator or vice president. prof. glatthaar: you have got to be nominated by a politician, in other words. so say you had been nominated by a politician, wouldn't you feel beholden to that politician? probably so. one of my recent phd's, the congressman who nominated him, they have been friends ever since. the congressman no longer serves, but they're still friends. and, in fact, my army officer buddy was invited to go to the congressman's wedding. because they're such close friends over the years. i mean you just -- you build a rapport. these people made an important decision that was critical for your career and you feel beholden to them. back in the 19th century, you remember, all these politicians had connections. even guys like grant had connections in politics. you can't really escape when you're a general officer. furthermore, when you get these positions, you get appointed by the president of the united states, right? do you have to be ratified by congress? yeah, you do. you do. and when you go before them and they ask you, if i ask you a question, do you -- will you guarantee me that you will always speak truthfully and you know you're not going to get confirmed if you don't say, yes, senator. so that puts you in a bind. what happens when the president says one thing, issue you a directive, and you personally feel that that's a bad decision, and then in front of congressional testimony they ask you about that? if you lie, they're going to be livid. if you tell the truth, you're going to alienate your president. so what do you do? what would you do, andrea? >> i have no idea. prof. glatthaar: you don't know? come on. you can take charge. what would you do? >> i'd probably stay loyal to the president, i guess. prof. glatthaar: i think what you will stay loyal to the president, but you'll do it in a clever way. so for example, say you want a weapons system and the president -- the administration decides that it's too expensive but you really want it and the congressman says to you in front of in testimony sworn under oath, would you like that weapon system and what you say is, yeah, i'd like that weapons system. i'd like lots of different weapon systems, but we live in a real world where we don't have unlimited funds. and so we can't get everything that we would like. that's how you answer it. that way you're telling the truth to both parties, right? and respecting the decision of your bosses. see how squishy this world is? now, what do you do if you were a general officer or any officer and the president of the united states issues you an order and you find it morally reprehensible but it's not into the president of the united states issues you in order and you find it morally reprehensible, but not illegal ? ?hat would you do get [inaudible] >> if you find it morally reprehensible, but you are going to suffer the consequences. unless you can demonstrate that the order is illegal, you are going to suffer consequences. some people think you have no right to resign if you are a military officer. execute allb is to legal orders. you are not entitled to an opinion. do you buy that? think?19 -- would you >> that is the oath you take as commission officer. you obey the orders of the president and officers. whether or not you think it is wrong, there is no law -- if it is a lawful order, you are required to obey. can bring in guys like eric, and m.c.l.. eric? what did you do when you received antibiotic order -- idiotic order? >> i didn't do it. obviously. >> if not, make it look like you did. shortly you got some idiotic orders. >> there are no shortage of those. >> so, you see how complicated this is. he is right. you take the oath to obey all lawful orders. there is something to be said for that. in the 19th century -- and the 20th century, some individuals did not think it was right to cast a vote. until he was nominated on the wig party ticket, zachary taylor had never voted in his life. he thought, i am a career army officer. i simply obey the government. i should not have an opinion on these matters. i should simply execute the orders. when, in fact, they approached him, he said, tell me what your party stands for. the issuesven know between the democratic and wig parties. once they told him, he said, i guess i am awake. so they nominated him for president and dialectic. world. very strange what do you think about these matters? you're going to be an ?rmy officer, right ye handedhave to do what is down to you. >> i think you are right. you have to execute the orders. there is not much you can do about it. and aa complicated world very difficult one for lots of military people. sometimes, these orders will challenge you to your heart and soul. you're very moral fiber is being cut down, because you disagree. when i was at west point, shortly after the second gulf war, the invasion of iraq broke out. a lot of the army officers were bothered by this. the u.s. does not start wars. we do not invade countries. they felt like, when they entered the military, they took an oath, but there was a tacit agreement that the u.s. government would use them for important and sensible causes many of them felt they were being put in combat in a situation that really did not all of themsion. obeyed it. but it bothered them. you see how simple military relations can be complicated and difficult, from a moral standpoint. anybody have a question about youl military relations? guys are awfully quiet, today. you are intimidated by the cameras. i understand. >> if you decided that you didn't go beyond a moral stand inaudible]tandpoint [ >> conscientious objectors are usually opposed to war morally. . . i think that is usually the case. in the case that you [inaudible] demonstrate have to . you could go to a jack office and present evidence that this is an illegal order and i cannot obey it and the jack officer will look at it and tell you to either execute it or you are going to jail, with a break. or, yes. that is an unlawful order. yes. [inaudible] >> macarthur got fired, came back to the united states and want on tour around the united states, in speeches in uniform, opposing the truman administration and presenting his side of the situation and insisting this was the right war for world war iii. course, congress held testimony fromok numerous individuals. perhaps the most famous statement came from none other than omar bradley. this is the wrong time for the wrong fight in the wrong place. there is a lot to be said for that. the justification, once again, was our primary mission was for the protection of your here we did not want to get embroiled in a war against the people's republic of china. you remember that great movie, talk aboutide? the the second stupidest thing is to get into a land war in asia. seriouslyarthur pursue office? >> i think it became clear that he did not really have the support that he was helping. in newr, he had a parade york city and 7 million people came out to cheer him here this is after this debacle. when eisenhower came home from world war ii, only 3 million people came to cheer him. did eisenhower feel snubbed? i cannot speak for that. but it shows you macarthur had support. but, as the evidence came out, people realized that macarthur really overstepped his bounds. and he did. and, of course, there was talk about utilizing nuclear weapons against china. this was a tense situation. was the meteor more involved -- the media more involved? cia?he >> macarthur made it public, himself. there was one episode where the ap picked up information from macarthur's headquarters about things he was planning that were in violation of the rules. generally, it was not media investigation uncovered this. it was macarthur doing it pretty openly. he is pretty flagrant about this sort of thing. over thee u.s. carry draft? >> that is an interesting issue. it is a ticklish one. first, they recalled all sorts of reserve verse. people were coming home from --ld war ii and they said, and you do not know if you have a job or not. they say, once you come into the reserves, you get paid, sign up for five years, we will give u.s. pipe and, your combat veterans and you do not know -- need training. when all of a sudden, the korean war broke out and they got recalled to active duty. -- first they brought in world war ii veterans and they were disgruntled. after a year they rotated those guys out and brought in draft ease. there were younger people who are better trained. the old guys had combat experience but had gone to seed. withoutof those years fears and get an opportunity. then you go after them. many had children, had gotten married. it was a more compensated scenario for them here whereas, the 18 and 19-year-old word properly trained and more fit and were sent overseas for combat. you saw significant improvement in the units. in addition to that, you have integration issues. they begin to integrate, but did it slowly. as a result, when you started getting replacements, you could not sort them out. so you started plugging in troops, regardless of race, into various units. the 24th infantry regiment, an army unit, was traditionally african-american. it desegregated literally in korea. they started putting white guys in and lots of other white units started getting lots more black photos. recall, about 20% of all troops in the best coming into the army, rafer can american . combat in integration in in korea. that was a positive step. as you learn from the battle of the old, when black soldiers waved to rank to serve and infantry units, because they needed the manpower. foxholes, race does not matter. you're just glad to have a good soldier next to you. it doesn't matter about the race or gender. you want someone who is reliable. line.is also that there are no atheists in foxholes. officers swear an oath to uphold the constitution. but there -- but if there is an order that is unconstitutional, like the bombing and under nixon's administration. what is the obligation a half? >> that is a tough one. what would you do? you're going to be in the army. congress passed a bombing, outlawing bombing in that area and they want you to , when you know, as has been it? >> sitting in an academic standpoint, i would say that it would be illegal. in this scenario, people got -- and you cannotar tell how you would act there. it was a different culture. >> that is a superb answer. you are very right. you are in a very difficult predicament. your boss orders you to do it to you know it is coming down from way up on high. you know it is illegal. but everyone is counting on you. then, say you are a good pilot. if you pass on it or you are good at whatever you do. and you say, i am not going to do it. and they let joe, who was mediocre, do it and your buddies get killed. think of how guilty you would feel. then, what do you do? their bosses have ordered you to do it and you know that if you do it, you can save lives. these are tough choices. big moral issues. anyone else have questions or stuff?s about this if inaudible cannot tell you, off the top of my head, but i can get back to you on that. >> how many troops were coming in from china? >> at the tucson perimeter, chinese forces were not in. on the koreanics war that are pretty staggering. no. i did not bring them. brought casualty statistics, which i will read to you next class. as i recall, off the top of my head, we lose about 33,000 americans in korea. of course, the loss of the republic of korea and the north korean and the chinese are staggering. remember, we upgraded our firepower and we were really punishing them. >> upgrading firepower. why would that happen? inch upgraded to 3.5 bazookas with larger round and better penetration. i know this sounds harsh, but the object was to fire these round and have them penetrate the outer skin and bounce around in the side and explode. but, what we found, was the quality of the soviet skill was that the round went through the tank and came up the backside before they exploded. so, we upgraded in that way and other equipment. >> why? >> what was going on was, we were relying -- trying to expand the excess world war ii ammunition and finished using the world war ii equipment. what is going on is, they are trying to save money. they're trying to cut back on defense expenditures because they have gone through the roof. in the korean war, defense expenditures increased fourfold. that is a huge increase. prior to that, remember the revolt of the admiral, they are trying to cut the budget by reducing a super carrier. each of the services suffered heavy losses. maybe $300 million. marine corps, a little less because it is smaller. [inaudible] how did the bigort staff -- was that a part of changing military relations? >> of course, you mean civilian staff? or military personnel not carrying weapons? >> military personnel. >> it is a steady process. ,ecreasing the tip of the spear making it smaller and smaller. because we need so much support for everything we do. you go to the civil war. virtually every body in a regimen fights. virtually everyone in the division white. by the time you get to world war ii . in a division of 15,000, 3500 do the fighting. the other 11,500 are supporting those 3500. you see a monumental shift in that time. >> what was the public opinion of the war? >> there was a lot of grumbling when reservists got recalled. people were upset. but truman had worked people into a friendly about communist take over. the american public generally supported the war. it was easy to justify. faith -- orere is a a hope -- that the u.n. will be something successful. by our time, we are kind of jaundiced about the u.n., would it can and cannot do. what it does and does not do well. but, there was a level of optimism the u.n. could be utilized as this institution that would protect countries from these acts of aggression. here is where we have to start the practice. i think that makes a big difference in people's lives. union doingoviet the same thing? >> they had tanks. of course, china is encouraging this war to extend, because the soviets are funneling equipment. the chinese are bringing up there military with soviet equipment. troops.e not combat abe? >> where the high profile this to beat found against their moral code? >> there is a classic story where ahe vietnam war guy named johnson, harold k johnson, is fed up with the johnson administration policies. he gets into his car and he is driving to the white house to submit his resignation and protest. and he got stuck in traffic and washington. as he was stuck there, he started thinking. stagessign and nothing -- changes, i have wasted things. if i say in the game, i might be able to alter policies and make things better for the troops ultimately, he convinced himself he was making the right decision and turned his car around andrew -- and drove back to the pentagon. he lived to regret that decision for the remainder of his life. that is a pretty heavy burden. roughly 58,000 americans lose their lives in vietnam. it is a bad burden to carry. were fighting chinese troops, where we at war with them? >> no. there were fighting us we were fighting them. it was the police action. did the chinese fight under their own standards? >> yes. there were chinese troops with chinese equipment. remember, chinese and koreans do not beat the same language -- speak the same leverage. let me wrap up the korean war. --imately, what happened was oops. i know. i am bad with the quicker. ultimately, they settled in on the truce line and both sides would attack and there would be fighting back and worth. -- fourth. the big stumbling block was to exchange prisoners. north koread treated the civilian populations pretty brutally. numbers ofere large north koreans who were captured and imprisoned, as well as chinese, who did not want to be repatriated. they did not want to go back to north korea. the u.n., led by the u.s., felt like we had no right to force anyone to return home. especially when they are going to an authoritarian regime. that became a huge stumbling block for prisoner exchanges. job out oft got a graduate school, i went to fort leavenworth xe gsc. it was the combat studies institute. jack gifford had been captured in the korean war. they were treated badly, fed poorly, conditions were bad. all of a sudden, conditions improved monumentally. what had happened was joseph stalin had died. with his death, that opened the door for a negotiated solution. he said things are wrapped up in no time. it was so noticeable. it was obvious that something monumental had happened and they were able to connect it to stalin's death. whether his death opened the door for north korean negotiations or they read that as an opportunity to act on our own behalf and do this, i do not know. but he noticed a different. of course, by 1953, we had a presidential election year and dwight eisenhower was elected. that heer threatened would go to korea and use nuclear weapons to bring this thing to an end. ofhink the commendation stalin's death and eisenhower and the white house and his threat probably brought everyone to the negotiating table in a serious way and the prisoners were exchanged. but, those who did not want to go back, did not have to. so, anyone have questions about ok.korean war? you're out of here. >> this weekend. tonight at 9:15 p.m. eastern on c-span. former presidential speechwriters for president nixon to obama. anthony --:30, dr. anthony i and on how your sukkot impacts your death -- health. bedford on his book the art of the dollar. lessons from america's philosopher in chief. sunday, 11:00 a.m., author rebecca fraser and her book the tvflower on american history at 8:55 eastern, met russell on the u.s. capital's are and architecture. p.m. -- this0 weekend on the c-span networks. >> i said they came to the presidency through the graveyard, the assassination of president mckinley carvings september 6. he was shot in buffalo new york. physiciansdays, his assured me and the members of the cabinet that the president would recuperate from his wounds. cabinet fell it would do the nations anxiety and wall street some good if i was seen to go on a vacation with my family and i remember the trip. ted jr. shot his first book. i climbed mount marcy. that clout splitter, as the locals called it, lived up to its name. when i reached the apex, the clouds split and my god -- guide showed us the water. when we came down and had lunch, the hunting guide was coming up the path, rushing with a telegram. i knew it to be bad news. it was from john hey. he had been private secretary to lincoln. now mckinley's secretary of state. he informed me the president wasn't dying and i was needed in buffalo. terribly sad news to come to the presidency of the game yard. the two physicians were obstetricians. neither of them had treated a gunshot wound. when i reached north creek , anotherat morning telegram given to me from john hey, stating that president mckinley had died. i was now you're 26th president. i raced to buffalo by train, paid condolences to mrs. mckinley most of us today know google as a search

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