The most intense experience on the ground, being in that community, still very divided over that takeover. First, the guessing game. Somebody who said a lot of things that i think people may. Forgotten, including ive forgotten some of the things. , the publicquestion domain has been a force of profound importance in the nationalization and development of the government. The person who said that is probably not someone you would have expected, because it was somebody who said a lot of things and he or she didnt and up getting credit. Who said that . Isnt it fun to be told you are going to be tricked . Come on, suckers. Its in your reading. I said it no. Its something i could have said, because public land they are the core of how the federal government grows. The west in the 19th century expansion was the key to expanding the power of the federal government. [indistinct] no. [indistinct] Frederick Jackson turner said that. He has benefited from you folks being here, because i reread the significance of the front tier in American History. I dont know what was going on, besides the off quoted packages takes him off the road and puts him in a canoe. Theres a few things like that that everyone reads and remembers. This time, i thought i might as well read every word. There is a lot of stuff about indians and their. Who knew . Apparently anyone who reads it would know that. Requent references not necessarily to the significance of them, but to their presence and the importance of settler responses to them and the national thernment, responding to presence of indians, the importance of indian trails. I actually thought what i think might have triggered the 1986 Patricia Limerick response was that it is so much. That essay is so much about the eastern and midwestern United States. It is really focused on the notfar west. I think that might have been what set me off in portland days. In olden days. What was interesting is he taughtat utah state, he yes, mr. Logan. It is a lovely drive. Turner loved beautiful, open spaces. Think he enjoyed going there. In his papers at the time of his death, there was an early draft of nsa call the significance of mountains and deserts in American History. Essay called the the significance of mountains and deserts in American History. I hope im giving a demonstration of how to kill your it is to say that you know something, then when you read the whole thing of how peculiar it is to say that you know something, then when you read the whole thing i owe his family and apology. It was a wondrous thing. That brings us to the world 1893. Ian exposition, there it is, the great white city, a famous episode in american cultural and political history. Frederick Jackson Turner was there, and he gave his front tier speech there. It has more in it than i realized. It certainly leaves this question hanging. What a cliffhanger that thing is. The front tier is over, and era era of American History was over. Turner. Op there, mr. Please keep going. Over hisdidnt lifetime, he would make various efforts to find equivalents. He pushed education. A form of continuing opportunity and continuing recruitment of people from outside into the american world. He did try to find it, but they were nowhere near as compelling as this. Also, the columbian exposition. As buffalo bill cody they were not on a Panel Discussion, which is a shame, because that would have been great. They didnt need to have a Panel Discussion because wrote this great essay in the front tier in american culture, where he compares turner and cody, and really brings them into a conversation. In essence, he sees both of them this is my phrase, not his workers, coworkers in the overproduction of front tier nostalgia. That turner and cody had their differences. They were both major practitioners of nostalgia in the west that had gone away. We are prettyt much in the same spirit. Remember, we are never supposed to say that is how you tell the world you are sophisticated. If you say buffalo bill codys wild west show, that makes it clear you are an outsider. Because cody never said the word show, and he didnt want people to collect that. It was the wild west. Did you know you could betray your outsider status so easily . Would you all like to say it together . Wild west. That was very effective. You will find that gets you someplace in very limited circles. Dont expect to move out in the world and everybody will be, look how sophisticated this person is. The west thatthat was seeing as lost and departed was a much wilder, wilder and unsettled west. Theer was feeling sad about word the word tame keeps coming up. The taming of the west. It started as wilderness, turned ,nto the site of log cabins which turned into big, comfortable farm houses. T is the western process he makes a fine point about how turner didnt need to have visual illustrations in his text, because if he said log cabin, everyone had it in their mind at that time. He had key terms. Stagecoach, what wagon trainer, log cabin. They all showed up in peoples minds and it would be silly to say, here is a log cabin. Sot is why the text can be provocative and effective without illustrations, because the readers dont mind, in the 1890s and many years afterwards. . O, here are two nostalgiacs is that the word . They are both successful in their own way. Richard essay is good about saying, lets not have one be the sophisticated, serious express her of the meaning of the west. They are both equally effective and creative and thoughtful in how they do that. Has anyone read these essays echo a while ago. I read it a while ago, more of a while ago, given the difference in our ages. Ago, and many whiles reread it. It is really good. Gives you something to do turner, who was that guy . There is a woman sitting at his desk. If you want to pairing him with cody does give you that angle. Interesting comparisons between them, and sees them as a kind of coworkers. It is this broad, cultural movement. Oh, this is important. [laughter] i mean, its like was saying, deal with it. I dont know why someone couldnt research this. Im looking at you, brendan. Someone can look into that. Its interesting that they were in chicago at the Columbian Exchange in some proximity, that is interesting. That this is really interesting and important for our understanding of regional conversations. So, this is an important point. This is the term that uses, a helpful term in a helpful book. Frontier anxiety. It is not anxiety felt by frontier people, but by people who were not frontier people, who were around in the late 19th ,nd early 20th century americans who were anxious about the hanging question of what will happen to the United States without a frontier . The anxiety are. His is who we that is going to be a rough transition. There may not be anything on the other side. So, this is a really good book. The end of, american exceptionalism. Among other great aspects is that it is clear about how that fits in cody and turner and many , thatcontemporaries something important had shifted in American History. Many of the Franklin Roosevelt new deal stories in the federal ,eadership had that same sense sometimes very explicitly. Henry wallace, particularly, with the end of the frontier, government had better get bigger because government has to step in and supply the services that the frontier needed. If you dont have free land, you had better have some other rce of wildly available widely available understanding and opportunity. The search of this seemed to be hard for some people to deal with this. Translate, a growing conviction among some sectors of American Society that westward expansion had produced mixed results, some of which were very troubling. I dont know how extremely troubling, and really undesirable. To use one of many examples, a phrase at the time that would influence many of the things that come up in the next few minutes, timber famine. I mean, really, if you are not the beaver, it is hard to be hungry for timber. It is a weird word to associate. The notion that the United States, which has been the most wonderfully wondrously forested part of the continent, the astounding forest resources. In some parts of north america, they had been ripped through. Wisconsin, michigan, the upper midwest. Just chopped. Cut over. So that anxiety, fear, terror, whatever, but that might continue with the far west. The pacific northwest, the rockies, the same calamity might happen there. The extraordinary riches of the continent would be a bunch of stumps. Notionber famine, the that the United States has been astoundingly timber rich, might end up timber impoverished, that scared people. Not just people interested in the profession of forestry, but anyone who saw a picture of the cut over lands in upper michigan and upper wisconsin. Concerns,kinds of what are we going to do with this affliction of frontier anxiety. Are we going to feel miserable . Is there something we could do . And action we could take . So, one weirdness of reading him so closely is that i realized that i have quite an enthusiasm for phases and arrows phases and eras. Like doing that, turner and i. We both like saying this was his cumberland gap, the ranch and grazer so we have that in common. I like this quite a bit. , like it because it is well it is an experience we have all had, having to do other drafts. Is there anyone who writes so wondrously that the first draft is excellent and everyone says dont touch a thing . Its perfect. Would you care to identify yourself . Relative hostility from everyone else, you might not want to share that with us. Any halfway normal person has to keep going, even with limericks. Youll need three or four drafts. That is a great habit to have in classes. I have told my students that before i met Jeff Limerick and got that surname, i used to sit in classes when i was bored writing limericks. Its brilliant as a technique, pretend you were writing a limerick. Youre thinking really hard. Turner, burner, so it. You say, in a moment, ive got it now. You write it down, and you look like the most thoughtful notetaker in the room. It has worked really well for me as a strategy as a student. I have told classes of students that, and some have adopted this technique. Thats fine, it is better than drowsing. I think one of the great things this is not on the main track i did write some beautiful limericks about Warren Harding when my professor was lecturing on the harding administration. One, it has the most beautiful internal rhyme that appears in any limerick. You know that he was his slogan was a return to normalcy . And he was retreating firm retreating from International Engagements from the first world war. There was an old man named warren who hated all things foreign. Normally,o live drunken informally, and spent his time gambling and whoring. Thank you, thank you. I think people were skeptical when i said it had the most beautiful internal rhyme. But wasnt it . Normally, drunk and informally . Theres a good strategy i have given you for the rest of your life. You can certainly use it today if it will help you get ready for the party. Notion of thes three drafts of the American West the americanized west. The first draft of the americanized west and we dont know when it starts and ands westward expansion is the first draft. We havent talked about the timber logging business, but it is in there. So, the second draft is what we are seeing with this session coming into being. The progressive era. That first draft didnt really come up. Minds that were once full of activities, abandoned. Maybe there is something we should be thinking about. Extinct . Ost hmmm. Various forms of looking at the. Utcomes of the first draft utah, salt lake city, with the forested hillsides and mountainsides. Its hard to think where you would look if you didnt want to have that moment of thinking, this didnt really seem to come out exactly as i would have liked. So, the progressive era is the second draft. The third draft is still in progress. , it has tos features take into account the rise of environmentalism, continued population growth to the point where we have to say it is hard to say where westward expansion started, it might be harder to say where it ended. World war ii and military expansion, continuing into the cold war, i dont know where you would say, period. Still significant issues of the Fastest Growing regions in the country and the west in the last 30 years. I think this is tied to environmentalism, but a more inescapable reckoning some of it was in the second draft, but it goes much deeper and wider. Legitimacy and authority to define progress. Legitimacy, who is really a deserving westerner . Who qualifies as a person who can make decisions for the people in new jersey. What is the public land to them . Today have legitimacy . Who gets to say what progress means in these transformed times . Of sayings one way how crucial the progressive era was for the west. It is the second draft, a big deal. And i believe this is true, if we had more time we could do this as a card game tonight. I believe this is true. Wherever you look in the American West today, wherever you direct your gaze, you will see something that is a legacy of the progressive era. I thought we might do it as a party game, and you could try to suggest something ski slopes. So, this is the remarkable outcome. This and the picture, the progressive era just gets of itsing in the scale importance. Much of the west becomes the home of millions of people, and much of that is now owned as private property, and even more of the west is still under public ownership. It is a Pretty Amazing thing, we have quotations from turner. We didnt know that was what he was saying, but that the Public Domain was the key to nationalization and the government. Thing io go back to the was saying early on. What is happening is that progress, from first draft to second draft, westward expansion to progressive era, progress is changing its course. The adjustment, the earthquake of that, the rattling of assumptions and expectations, that rattling continues. That shift from westward expansion, the definition of progress, centering the Public Domain into private ownership. To theat definition progressive era definition, maintaining that land and permanent federal ownership, that was a giant, disorienting change. It was, i think, mistakenly, almost the full reversal. The progressive era still has plenty of enthusiasm for finding resources in the west and developing them. I dont know how far i would go in saying how much shorter it is of a 180 degree reversal, but it is big. We cannot be surprised that this shift, even though it was underweight 130 or 140 years ago , we cant be surprised that this shift leaves some people unsettled and rattled. Technique that has been incredibly helpful to me. I learned about it in february of last year. Person named randy olson, one gifted communicator. He is a biologist, a tenured professor of biology at the university of new hampshire. He became more and more concerned about the troubles that scientists have communicating to wider audiences. He left his tenured job and went to film school at the university of southern california. Are we all breathing normally . It is scary to think about that. He wrote his second book, and he knows my husband. Houston, the person, really likes this book. And houston the person Reading Houston the book is pretty funny. What he offers in his book, and i have found it to be almost too useful, the method of communication. Randy is a scientist, and he has looked to different public figures and how they did or did not use that method. He has really seen i guess you could say correlation. More than that, i would say causation, of the effectiveness presenters, writers, and speakers who use the abt method. Has led to of this uncharacteristic brevity. Sometimes if you use that method , the audience is sort of, ok, stop. I got your point. We aret do that because here for a while longer. Here we have the abt of this session. The progressive era was a time of disorienting change, and farmers responded with vigor and grit, but have to get that dynamic some features of our heritage have proven to be troubling in our own in their own right. Therefore, we are invited to reckon with the complex and productive ways. With the necessary skills to accept that invitation of working with progressives. So, i will say this. A person who represents any Political Party in 2016 is a person who says and, and, and. Wont use any gendered pronouns for anything, but it is quite striking when you start to think about what happens in political public expression, who was using and but therefore. It has nothing to do with the quality of the thought, but how effectively it gets through. Tohink academics are prey the and and and. Fight over the public lands, but at least we have pulled the have public lands to fight over, and a wonderful gift to have occasion for dispute. Here are two or three other frameworks conversational frameworks. Historically derived romances, and i think it is right to use the word romance. They are appealing, seductive. They pulled people in in a process that has as much sentiment and emotion as it has reason and evidence. They have to learn to live together. They are not doing great at that. The romance of centralized authority and expertise is the legacy of the progressive era, that we would do better and avoid these unhappy outcomes we saw in the first draft of western history. Much less of those if we can hand decisions and authority over to a centralized, federal government. It could be an agency, part of the department of the interior. There will be experts, and they will think, and offer solutions and resolutions that will guide better behavior. That is a powerful romance and it is so intense when it comes into play. I think is the best example of somebody who really seems to dr Roosevelt Skerrit friend, roosevelts great friend, charismatic, smart and thoughtful. He represents that. But many acts of legislation, executive decisions all rest on that someone in the dep