This 90 minute talk. Thank you, jeremy. Thanks to the Buffalo Bill Center of the west for holding this symposium. Thaw to cspan for filming it. This is a wonderful opportunity to get the story of buffalo bill and the west out to the broad american audience, that is the goal of all of us in this business, to try and inspire others of the story of the American West and show why we love it so much. This morning, we have three folks who are going to inspire you, and make you fall even more in love with the American West. Were going to have them speak in alphabetical order. I learned to do that back in the fifth grade. Thats the way were going to do this. Ill introduce them individually as they appear. First, we have jeff broom. Who ive known for many years. Jeff is very active in not only the academic world but world of Popular History and writes magazine articles for true west and wild west magazine and belongs to many western organizations. He got his ph. D. At the university of colorado of boulder. Colorado seems to be a theme here today because of where people are buried even though they didnt want to be buried there. [ laughter ] has tthats pretty bad, you when you kidnap a dead body. They kept him on ice six months and planted him up there now where he resides. He could reside in the vastness and beauty of the Big Horn Basin and towering trees, you know, would line his grave. Instead, he now has all of the radio and Television Towers for the city of denver surrounding him. Im sorry, i digress. Jeff is from colorado but were not going to hold that against him. Its a wonderful wonderful state, just to the north of new mexico, where i live, which is really wonderful. Hes a Professor Emeritus of history, in colorado, where he taught for 32 years. Hes very young. I dont know how thats possible. Hes the author of three books on the indian wars, including dog soldier justice and the cheyenne war, indian raisds on the road to denver. He will talk today about buffalo bill and one of his most famous moments of the historical stage, the battle known as the Summit Springs, jeff brew. [ applause ] thats my power point slide. Are there any questions . [ laughter ] okay. It is an honor to be here today and be asked i will talk about codys indian fighting experience. This will be my battle on the springs. First, the ph. D. , im actually a professor of philosophy. I was add for many years and always asked my mentor what it means to have a ph. D. He said you get to put ph. D. Next to your name. Thats why thats there. I would be remiss if i didnt say what today is, august 2nd in 1876, a good friend of buffalo bill cody. Thats James Butler Hickock was killed, in deadwood. Five months younger than general George Armstrong custer and five weeks later from custers death he died shot in the back of the head. Youll see, if you get into the museum, cody and buffalo bill go back to codys young young years. The other thing i want to mention, since the first talks, were talking about the legacy really of buffalo bill and the wild west. Im a fifth generation colorado native. My greatgrandfather was born in 1867. He was a ranch foreman and for about 20, 25 years he ran a big ranch in north platte and columbus. Family history says he did work for cody sometime during then but i dont know if thats true. However, what is true is a story passed down from my grandmother and my cousin has this. I mentioned this because, steve, i think we ought to go down to pub blow and take pictures of what im about to say. Maybe from photographs we can identify who this person was. Talking about the lacota and going over to england. My father was born one month after cody died, so when he was about 2 or 3, they were up there visiting her parents at the ranch and my grandmother became Close Friends with a woman from england who had married one of the performers and had come over in pine ridge. This is like 1925 now, 1930, somewhere around there. Became very close to her and told her that she got kind of suckered into marrying this guy. When he was over there and learned about the kings, he said he was a king in america. They called them chiefs. Anyway, she married him and came with him and was living in a e teepee for most of her life. She was rather bitter when she met my grandmother. She gave my grandmother the performance clothes. He had passed on and she was widowed. My cousin has them, the vest and gloves and shoes and some other things, too, he had. Maybe we need to get a picture of those to see if we can identify those. I will cover some things real quick here. To understand the fight at Summit Springs, july 11th, 1869, you have to go back to 1860, go back earlier, thats where the violent outbreaks started in North Central kansas, a series of raids. Sarah white was captured august 12th, 1868, 35 settlers were killed, including women and children. In another raid two months later on october 13th, anna morgan was captured one month into her marriage exactly to the day. Both women were held in captivity until rescued by custer in march of 1869 on the sweetwater in the texas panhandle. There is a dedication for anna morgan next friday, a week not this friday but next, where they have dedicating this memorial marker in kansas. Ill be out there then. She did get impregnated and had a son and that son died, named it ira. With that, then general sheridan started a Winter Campaign which involved three columns of troops and one led by general carr. Carr was cody was the chief of scouts and had been appointed some months before when cody was working as a dispatch rider with the definitive forts and impressed general sheridan and assigned him to Major General eugene a. Carr. They were sent down in that texas panhandle area along with colonel evans and his troopers and general custer was called back with a courtmartial and sent with a seventh cavalry and the 19th cavalry was also supposed to be there but got lost coming down from the camp and Winter Weather but missed it. We had the famous battle of washita, november 27th, 1868, reporting 103 warriors killed and 153 women and children captured and brought back and this brought custer into the limelight of the west and eastern press. Continuing this Campaign Going back march 22nd, i believe it was, 1869, he got the rescue of sarah white and anna morgan. That brought him back to kansas, the horses were all out. At the time of the bottom here, you see about 100 miles northwest up over here is where custer rescued the captives. This is about where carr was stationed during those winter months. They didnt coral the indians, custer got that. You can see a lot from here. Carr was ordered to Fort Mcpherson on the platt river just above the nebraska border, from the texas panhandle. On his way up, he stopped at fort lyon at the end of this map on the arkansas river. As he began to go up to Fort Mcpherson, by coincidence, he had two skirmishes, actually pretty good fights. That was may 13th and may 16th, a fight at Elephant Rock and fight at spring creek. 25 soldiers warriors were killed and four soldiers were killed at the first fight. At least that many indians were wounded and unknown dead in the second fight. It was the second fight at spring creek where cody really made an impression upon carr. First, carr wrote this. Our scout, william cody, who has been with the detachment since last september, 1868, displayed great skill following it, the indians trail and deserves greatness for his engagement in Elephant Rock and spring creek. He deserves Honorable Mention for this and other services and i hope to retain him as long as i am engaged in this duty. By the way, this is a famous picture, the two men standing are officers that were at Summit Springs, along with cody with that rival which is here in the museum also, and thats what he had at Summit Springs. In the spring creek fight, carr also mentioned the fact that cody had a severe head wound. This wasnt a slight wound. But it didnt stop him from fighting or doing his duties. He lost his hat and put a bandana across it and bled through it. Seeing him at a distance, it looks like a red hat on or something, bleeding through it. The bullet grazed his skull 5 inches above his head and cut it all out. It didnt stop him. Not only that, he volunteered. They were running out of supplies after these fights and saved them a day by getting supplies to him by going on his own up to fort carney. The unit went up to Fort Mcpherson. Thats up here. You can see where these fights were at spring creek on may 16th, in Elephant Rock, along the beaver creek three days earlier. If we go back to this map again, after tall bull tall bull is very interesting, you see, when custer cornered the cheyenne dog soldiers down on the sweetwater, he had a few of the chiefs he had threatened to hang if the captives werent released. The deal was the chiefs would be released when they go to their reservation. So, that was the deal. One village did not surrender. That was tall bull. Tall bull left after that and was on his way up here and by coincidence he ran into carr and those two fights. Carr bull began his revenge and led a series of raids for about 14 days in lincoln, kansas, concordia, sarah white was captured a few miles west of concordia, 9, 10 miles west and anna morgan captured on the Solomon River up here. First started hitting people up here and down here. He hit Railroad Workers at russell springs, russell, kansas today. Hit a new settlement in White Rock Creek in the nebraska border not far from the Elephant Rock fight a Danish Community had come in and coincidentally one man and indians excuse me, buffalo hunters killed by the indians and the indians swept down and almost killed his children and one of the boys that was born after that ended up being the president of the university of colorado library. The library is named for him and there was no fight for his body after he died. The most famous part of it was the raid on Spillman Creek that ran into the stream just west of lincoln and Maria Weichell pregnant with her only child and her husband killed. About a mile away with about 75 indians that went down in parties of six and eight and raided the settlers and captured these women with 8monthold alice allerdyce and 24yearold who was pregnant with her fifth child. A boy who would have been 6, may 30th, 1869, the boy who would have been 6 on july 1st was killed, the boy that was 2 was killed. The girl, alice, was killed in the village, according to maria weisells testimony later, roasted alive in one account and strangled and hung in a tree and dismembered. She was killed on the a third day of her captivity because of her incessant crying. One could speak german and english and the other could speak english and no german were brethren and captured for 60 days. This is why carr was directed by the military to sweep down by Fort Mcpherson to try to find these indians doing these raids, not sure who they wear. That started a campaign which left Fort Mcpherson on june 9th, with seven companies of fifth cavalry and three companies 50 each of scouts led by luther actually north and his brother, luther and first cousin, captain sam cushion commanded the three companies. When tom allerdyce, who was the father of two of the children, the little 4 1 2yearold boy ill come back to him later was also shot by the indians there, but when carr was sent to try to rescue these women, he did not know that there were women captives. Tom allerdyce had been away from home on the day of the raid. When he came back the next day he then began a search of the indians and followed the creeks, which is what they did and went 100 miles and found their village and came back and went to fort leaven worth and wrote a handwritten note in pencil and where they are. I found that in the National Archives. That was transmitted by telegraph to Fort Mcpherson after carr left. They sent a company down with a description of susannah, the fact theyre trailing indians who probably have two female captives. Cody writes falsely in this is autobiography, they found womens white shoe prints in the villages and knew they were tracking indians. It was the husband of susannah alerted them to that. Indians never put the white captive in their own garb, they wore indian garb and moccasins to avoid detection. There is a myth about finding womens shoe prints. Thats not true. Using this information from tom allerdyce, we had these seven companies, i already mentioned that. There is a lieutenant who graduated westpoint the year before, he was assigned to keep a diary. Whats real interesting when you compare this diary, when carr writes the reports later not long after the fight, at fort sedgewick a few weeks after the fight when he learned his boy had died and took a train to omaha and quickly wrote his report. And used wordforword, we call it plagiarism today. Can i see that again . He quoted it wordforword and we can understand some of the mistakes made with the battle, too. He had 350 cavalry men, 150 pawnees and travels 150 miles to get there in eastern colorado. This is a picture with 84 teepees mixed in it where the Summit Springs is today on private property. They got there at 5 00, not historically accurate because it shows a soldier getting critically injured but only one with a glancing wound in his fight and seeing women dressed as recognizable citizens, wasnt true but a great photograph. Carr from the niese, you can see from volkmar, from the northeast. Its a fascinating story, i think the most important indian fight in this era that does not have a book covering it. Im working on one. 53 warriors were killed, another report, 52, another report, 73. I think what it was, there were indian civilian casualties, and women and children killed. George bent in his letter says every single woman and child killed at Summit Springs was killed by the pawnee and venging their hatred on them and not the soldiers. 12 horses died in the fight, 11 by exhaustion chasing most of the village away. One was killed in the fight, sergeant mcgraths horse and the other by lightning. 160 fires to burn everything and they still filled six empty wagons with stolen plunder from the kansas raids hopefully to be returned to their proper owners. It was an amazing fight, over in 20 minutes. No soldier casualties except for this slight one. Now, the question was who called tall bull. Saying frank north killed him. There were published 10 accounts, by russell is one and one that got published since then. Luther north did not kill tall bull. We find there is an unnamed pawnee, Sergeant Danny mcgrath, buffalo bill cody and lieutenant mason. An interesting memoir never published in the Historical Society in wisconsin talks about this fight. This guy came in the service and served 35 years. He gave the enlisted mans account. He said the soldiers bull who killed tall bull goes to Danny Mcgrath. Why . Cody was 300 yards from where tall bull was found dead. There was all this smoke and you couldnt see. With this gun he could kill him but they say with the smoke it would have been very very difficult for tall bull to get that shot. The same thing with lieutenant mason. He was 50 yards away but shot with a pistol. Danny mcgrath after getting his horse shot out from under him was 50 yards away, with his rival took careful aim and killed tall bull. When we looked at the eyewitnesses, car, in three separate acts says cody killed him. Lieutenant mason killed him and mcgrath killed him and unidfied pawnee killed him. We really dont know. Probably Danny Mcgrath and if not danny then buffalo bill cody. Luther was there and he took hum branch to that after his brother died in the wild west show outliving everybody and said cody was not there and missed it. In fact he was when you read carrs points and distinguishes himself there. I think thats it. Theres susannah, the lady that was captured. I found her descendants and finished up a grant with the state trying to locate her body but we were not successful. But her little boy with five arrows in his back lived and i found all his descendents. He was four years old at that capture. Thank you. [ applause ] thank you, jeff. That was riveting. For many years, Summit Springs was reenacted in the wild west show cody put on. Heres a small world factoid. After his stationing in on the plains, carr was sent to apache country during the apache wars as jeremy kindly mentioned my new book is available on all fine book sellers and the internet on amazon and elsewhere and here in the bookstore. On the apache wars. He almost had his command wiped out, almost has a custer type stand in arizona. He then retired. General carr retired with his two medals of honor to santa fe. My doctor is his great great greatgrandson. Isnt that crazy . Thats why he is my doctor. [ laughter ] he does look like he looks exactly like carr. Its great. Im sure hes as good a doctor as carr was a soldier, i hope. Nicole etchchy son is going to speak to us today about Buffalo Bills civil war. She is a distinguished academic and she holds the alexander m. Bracken position as professor of history at Ball State University in indiana. The u