The last year when we were wrapping up the summit and we were talking, kind of saying jeez how well that went and doing selfcongratulations. We got serious. And said to ourselves what do we need to do better . And we will ask you later after we wrap up to dwif us your feed back for this year. Last year we were going through that, a cup of things were apparent to us quite quickly. One was as tish likes to remind me, we need to always be thinking about diversity on the panel. And well continue to do better on that. The second thing that we thought about was you know, this intelligence business is increaseingly an international business. And so we knew we wanted to do something that brought an International Flavor to the summit. This year. I wont preach, but the business of intelligence is no longer about just secrets. Its a Global Business now. And no nation can maintain the Global Awareness that they want in the Information Age without corporation. We gt a got a good start. We need o know we all know we need to do better. Than just five eyes. This really is a global effort to make sure that we keep the respective nation safe. I have the pleasure to introduce the guy thats going to lead this discussion. The guy that needs to introduction. Thats charily allen. The couple of things i will highlight. 47 years at the cia. Four years as under secretary of Homeland Security for intelligence and analysis. Now with the but an amazing friend and volunteer. To both. An awful lot of this conference specifically this panel but several other aspects of the conference wouldnt have been possible without him. Ill leave it to him to introduce the panelist. I want to thank patty and chris, and nick for participating today. Over to you. Thank you, very much chuck. Its a pleasure to be here. Its good to have something more than just americans sitting here. We have a True International panel. Were delighted this idea came from tish and from chuck. On my left initially we have patrick, patty. Hes a Deputy National security advisor for National Security and resilience. United kingdom. We have christian executive director of the canadian integrated tourism center. Government of canada. He has former military served as chief of defense intelligence. In the past. And canada. And founder of the Canadian Armed forces intelligence command. Next to him, we have mr. Frederick. Hes head of Director International terrorism and international organized crime. Federal Intelligence Service in germany. And hes been with the bnd for 35 years. And he has served in the german navy and also i would told was a lawyer. Of course we have a man that needs to introduction either. Nick. Bho serv who served for the American Government since 2014. Before that, for two years he was a deputy head of nctc. Served with the National Security council. Hes a remarkable american and truly one of the icons of this government through successive administration. As a matter of spro duction i would like each colleague to give a 3 minute perspective on his view of global terrorism. How is it the threat . Hows it growing or decreasing . What or his each country each person doing for their country as an order to combat this. We see isis going away in the physical sense. Its seems to be a very enduring global threat. Along with other groups like al qaeda, and similar terrorist groups globally. I start before we get to questions. And ask patty to speak about three minutes from her majesty government in london. Thank you very much. Thank you everyone for coming to this session. And thanks for our host. What a joy it is to be here. I want to start just with by saying thank you. So this isnt a dha goes by that individual citizens of the United Kingdom arent safer because of the work of the community that is represented in the room. And thats double true because theres a wonderful endeavor about the American Intelligence Community which infects those who work with it. So they endeavor to improve. I like toms line yesterday. About you dont have to be bad in order to improve. And my word we learn a lot and gain a lot by working with you. I want to say thank you. My second thing is i am the coo coo on this panel. These good gentlemen here all do analysis and assessment to some degree. And tell policy makers what the problem is for the policy makers to fix. I am that poor policy maker. So im used to nicks counter part telling me by way the threat has gone to critical. And i have to what to do. Im the doo coo coo. Im a policy guy. So i have four quick thoughts for you. About the threat. The first is, my word we talk about the threat of the United Kingdom we have significant disrupted plots. We have had attacks that have gotten through. We have had to talk to the public about this. We began the year saying the threat was severe and attack is highly likely. Here we are. We have had four attacks. And so theres Something Interesting the way in which we talk about threat and the way in which we educate the public. Of course professional public. Of course professional colleagues, polts colleagues, but also the public about really what were dealing with. First thought. Second thought, from the United Kingdoms perspective at the moment we are facing a stratified threat and almost our biggest risk is that we dont understand the different strata or the different segments of that threat and end up focusing on one of them. Its very noticeable with european colleagues, particularly those that are not as active in the world as the United Kingdom that they tend to concentrate almost wholly on daesh, Islamic State, isil, whatever were going to call it. And when you talk to them about the residual al qaeda, the way in which al qaeda has reorganized, when you talk about selfradicalizing people who may not be in their communities but are in our communities and are radicalized through the internet they may not focus on that. Were dealing with a stratified threat. Were dealing with a problem in our communities of people who do not travel. And become radicalized and move to violence. Were dealing with conspiracies that do not really involve an overseas element. Neither the attack at London Bridge nor the explosive attack in manchester really had a foreign driver. These were british plots by british people. Their parents may have been from overseas. They were not. So we have a stratification issue that we need to address. My third thought for you is we have a fundamental problem when we think about the threat and that is persistence. That there are groups over there, no matter how often they are degraded, no matter what geography they lose, who persist in certain things. They like attacking totemic buildings and sites. They like attacking aviation. They like the idea of chem, bio, radiation, nuclear. And now they like the idea of cyber even if theyre really no good at it. And the thing about it is they just keep going and they keep going and they keep coming at us and we have darwinian effect when we work against them. When we work against them in terms of military suppression of the threat and when we work against them in terms of the protection that we create in the Aviation Industry in control of the sale of chemicals and awful those things. They find their way through. And that persistence is the real issue with the threat theyre facing, that there isnt a single intervention thats going to see it off. And thats what were learning despite the endeavor of the people in this room where youve had one effect, weve had wonderful effect in afghanistan. Youve had wonderful effect on the pakistanis in the tribal areas. We have in somalia. We have in yemen to some extent. But we havent broken that problem of persistence. And finally and please ask me lots of questions about this, weve got a big problem with terrorism and that problem is called the internet. Because when mosul is gone, tal afar is gone, when kayyem is gone down on the border in syria and iraq, the place where Islamic State are going to have us and hold us at threat is going to be online. They can communicate without us being able to intercept them. We wont have lawful access to this data as tom bossert said yesterday. Theyre going to organize themselves into groups. Theyre going to train people online. We see it happening. Thats what manchester was. And theyre going to draw new recruits. And if we do not address the terrorist use of the internet were going to fail in this task and not deal with that problem of persistence. Thank you. Chris . Thank you. Let me echo the notes from before, how privileged i feel to be part of this, to be back in washington with old friends and new friends to talk specifically about terrorism. The idea that as you heard before i grew up on the military side while collaboration and five eyes beyond five is nato is how you do intelligence on the military side, certainly in the ct world, it has to work that way, and intelligence is based on trust and trust is built by connecting together and exchanging ideas. So the fact we could be here, we could look at each of our views of terrorism, i think it just adds to our ability to do a better job, continue to do a good job in the future. Because canada shares a border with the u. S. And weve had the great privilege of having an ocean on each side, the way the terrorist threat looks to us is a bit different than it would look from europe. So i thought maybe, and i dont want certainly to insult your intelligence here, but put a bit the evolution of terrorism in context by using the old actually new old term of 1. 0, 2. 0. So if you look at the original terrorism as it worked very much till probably about 2000ish, terrorism 1. 0, it was all about doing violencee or terrorism fo achieving political purposes. But in there the idea of the perpetrator achieving martyrdom at the same time was notes part of it. You did terrorism but you expected to survive that day and do another terrorist attack somewhere else. The air india attack in 1983 in canada. Or part of that. And then we really moved to this to the idea and al qaeda started this, or really popularized that. The idea of doing martyrdom when you do a terrorist act. Which caused a lot of issues for countering it because once the person doing the act is ready to die in it you cant dissuade them on the way there. You have to disrupt them well before. And of course so the epitome of this would be the 9 11 attack against again against the World Trade Center or the paris attacks by daesh this time, isil, the Islamic State in november of 2015. That would be i would see that as terrorism 2. 0. Terrorism 3. 0, the generation of terrorism that is now most impactful in canada for sure, is the inspired or enabled terrorism. As was mentioned, somebody goes on the internet, gets radicalized, gets adnani, the minister of war and communications for the Islamic State back in september of 2014, came out in a speech and said you know, guys, you dont actually have to come to the Islamic State to fight, its better you stay in your country if you cant travel and attack from there. And continue this idea of martyrdom. So die in your attack but do it at home. And the two attacks in canada, the two successful attacks in canada actually happened within a month of that speech. Both candidates, both attackers achieved martyrdom, died, basically suicided by police as they were doing this. So now were in a world thats even more difficult because not only can we not deter them but theyre going to attack you with a blade, bladed weapon or a truck. There are no signs to help us deal with this. And you will have noticed that certainly in the attacks in europe they often wear fake suicide vests. Thats not to cause more problems. Its just to make sure that they are not going to be taken alive, that they will be shot by police so that they can achieve that martyrdom issue. And that is the primary threat in canada. The ability of a organized threat directed from overseas where people travel, money travels, things travel, were relatively good at being able to catch that. So what were not going to catch are the people that selfradicalize or radicalize online and then decide that day to go and do something. Ill just take one more minute to talk about the type of weapons. Because these people are selfradicalized, they dont have the access to the technology except reading what theyll get on the internet. It will be low sophistication weapons. I mentioned before vehicles, bladed weapons, the thwart add tack last summer in ontario was a pipe bomb that tha in the end didnt detonate. Well, it detonated but not in the intended way. Not killing anybody. So its more difficult for those lone actors to be doing something. On the horizon are uavs. Because we see them being used in theater by bad guys whove managed to weaponize them somehow. That technology hasnt quite crossed the atlantic, hasnt actually left the battlefield as a weapon, but certainly uavs we can see we can just imagine that somebody will get that great idea back in the homeland to this. And the last point on that and the last point on this is the attack in australia that was zruptded last month or two months ago now, it was clear in the press that there was a chemical disposal device as part of one of the devices that was there. So this idea of using chemical as a weapon. And the recipe on how to make this appeared in ramaya on the internet one month before or two months before. Clearly some of that gets picked up and its something we have to worry about. The last piece ill talk about, terrorism in canada, is rightwing extremism because often one causes the other and they work in tandem. There was an attack on a mosque in january of 2017 that killed six people and wounded another 19. It was certainly motivated by hate. And it has been characterized as terrorism. But the in canada rightwing extremists are rather careful not to overtly propose or advocate violence. So its a little yes, its definitely hate. Its a bit more difficult to turn to call that terrorism because the network that would provide this is not quite as apparent as with sunni extremists. So ill leave it at that for now. Thank you. Friedri friedrich . Thank you very much for being invited in this esteemed group. Im very glad that i can hear and talk to you about the threat to germany, terrorist threat to germany and europe. The recent terrorist attacks which claimed many kashlts in various European Countries including germany are a manifestation of the mounting terrorist threat posed by jihadists to the western democracies. Contrary to multiple media reports, the dangers emanate not only from the socalled Islamic State but also from al qaeda. The latter has never given up the hope of a major attack in europe. The reason is that a largescale attack has not yet materialized is that such plots have always been foiled through close Cooperation AmongIntelligence Services. Thanks to intimate cooperation of security agencies, many of these plots are already identified in their planning stage, tracked extensively, and can be foiled well ahead of their planned execution. What is more, many years of massive Law Enforcement pressure on al qaeda have severely curtailed its capability and capacities. The past few years saw complex terrorist attacks, for example, in paris and brussels which were carried out by several perpetrators acting together in a coordinated manner. The most recent attacks, however, were committed by inspired lone wolves or by lone actors operating under orders or guidance. The weapons used in these attacks included explosive belts and firearms and most recently also tools that are easy to obtain such as knives and vehicles. The islamist Terror Organization shifts in preference toward attacks by lone wolves or mini groups is attributable to al awlaki, the former leader of al qaeda in the arabian peninsula, who touted leaderless jihad as early as 2010. The online machination inspire created him created by him also published concrete instructions for how to carry out terror attacks without leadership. Already at that time there was a discertainible trend toward simplicity in executing attacks. The terror groups had realized that complex attacks, plotting is highly susceptible to disruption. This gave rise to multiple appeals to jihadists to operate independently and to use everyday items as weapons. Hamza bin laden, the son of al qaeda founder, has recently issued an appeal for lone wolf attacks. The homegrown factor too has played a crucial role in numerous recent attacks with ostensibly integrated young muslim migrants or western converts being inspired to commit terrorist attacks in their home countries. As a rule they become radicalized through internet and through social media. In some cases this is a rapid process. Are what is striking is that many of these people are petty criminals who were probably also radicalized in prison and who are not very strong in understanding islam. Contrary to other European Countries the percentage of refugees among arrested and suspected perpetrators is this p disproportionately high in germany. Refugees include genuine refugees who became radicalized after their arrival in europe and bogus refugees who were sent to europe by the Islamic State leadership. The deportees and returnees are more difficult to control due to geographic distance. In july 2017 the number of islamists who had left germany by syria and iraq to join jihad amounted to around 930, while the number of wouldbe jihadists who had left europe since 2011 aamounted to roughly 5,500. The biggest problem is comprehensive terrorist training for example in i. S. Camps, the combat experience gained and the brutalization resulting from a lengthy stay in the battlefield. The s