Going to talk a little bit about Civil Military relations. Last time we met we talked about the cold war and the development of containment. Korea was an unusual situation in that it had been a colony of japans since 1910, during the Second World War there was fighting in korea, the u. S. And the soviet union jointly occupied korea and they agreed to divide korea. Now, northern korea, that is what we call today north korea was very much communist influenced. Southern korea, which we now call south korea was a very different situation. With the assistance of the u. N. They sponsored elections in south korea and South Koreans elected a democratic government. North korea, however, wanted to unite under its terms and so it sent inser jents into south korea to try and overthrow that government and they failed to do so. Then, in january of 1950, the u. S. Secretary of state dean ach inson made a significant error. In a speech talking about the areas of influence and positions that were vital to the United Statess interest, he mentioned japan and the philippines and omitted south korea. The North Koreans interpreted that as a statement that the u. S. Wouldnt go to war to defend south korea and so in june of 1950, armed with soviet equipment and aided by the chinese, the North Koreans invaded south korea and as you can see from our map, they stormed right across the border. The south koreas were largely caught offguard and unprepared. The u. S. Had military forces in japan under our far eastern commander douglas macarthur. The problem was that those troops and their units were badly under strength, the troops were badly trained and the equipment they had was carry oefrz from world war ii. It wasnt useful for them. We quickly threw over some forces, the saddest episode was task force smith. Task force smith was a unit, a weak battalion that was commanded by a guy name Charles Smith who had extensive combat experience. He occupied a position and the soviet built tanks roared right through it. One guy fired fired a bazooka 22 rounds pointblank into soviet made tanks and they bounced off. Needless to say that was disconcerting for the troops, the tanks passed through eventually north korean infantry came through and smiths people were compelled to retreat. Soldiers fell back and occupied a position in blue here on the map that we call the pusan perimeter. There well able to stable things with american troops, republic of korea troops and foreign powers troops. When the invasion took place, harry truman presented the issue to the United Nations. Fortunately for the United States at the time the soviet union was boycotting the ucht n. They were boycotting it because the peoples republic of china which had gained its had been secured in 1949 was not admitted to the u. N. And so what happened was the soviets boycotted and the u. S. Was able to get it passed through the u. N. , first a statement of condemnation for the act of aggression by north korea and military forces from u. N. Nations to help protect and defend south korea. All told, 21 nations sent either troops or personnel with expertise to aid the war effort. So its actually a United Nations expedition but it was placed under the overall command of douglas macarthur. He, of course, was a great world war ii hero. He was actually a world war i hero so people felt really good about having macarthur in charge. Fortunately were able to stabilize our position barely at pusan and slowly build up our forces. The 8th army was commanded by walker. He was a Corp Commander in pattons army. Hes a really experienced sbat soldier and a very fine officer. Macarthur however came up with a concept to crush the North Koreans. His idea was that walker in the pusan perimeter would launch an attack out meanwhile he would launch an Amphibious Landing at inchan the port area for seoul. The object was to seize seoul and cutoff the North Koreans. The problem was multiple. Inchan has between 29 and 35 36 foot tide differentials. So, you know higher than this ceiling at high tide, below our floor at low tide. Thats a huge tidal difference and that makes a dramatic difference when youre trying to land. Secondly, youve got mud flats at low tide that extent 6,000 yards. 6,000 yards. So theyre going to have thats four miles and of course Landing Craft and ships and tanks are going to get stuck in the mud so youre not going to be able to land at low tied. There are numerous islands en route that youll have to occupy. As you advance, the waterways are really rough in the wintertime so youve got to make sure the landing take place before the winter comes on. Next, theres a four to five island and welmedo has to be taken or you cant get in. Theres a sea wall and the sea wall enters right at the port. So you have to get over the sea wall. Then on top of that the city begins right on top of the sea wall. So as soon as you enter into inchon youre involved in urban warfare so its very difficult fighting in that regard. And then of course there were always the question about whether the troops at pusan could actually break out. We were so under strength that we had the 7th Infantry Division from the u. S. Army. We merged two marine corp divisions to makeup a Single Division now the first division. Those of you who are in this class, of course, Read Dog Company six and simmons was in the First Marine Division and landed at inchon as you certainly know. What they did was, they designated the tenth corp seventh infantry and the First Marine Division to go in and of course in classic macarthur fashion he pulled it off. What you will discover if you study the career of macarthur, when hes good, he is the best. When he is bad, he is the worst. And in this instance, macarthur was at his best. The inchon landing is brilliant. He pulled it out. Pulled it off. Strangely enough, when we came to the pusan perimeter, we had more troops in the pusan perimeter than the North Koreans had so when walker attacked the North Koreans showed resistance but eventually broke. Many people thought as soon as we landed in inchon and secured our way into seoul that the north korean army would collapse but, in fact, it resisted pretty well but ultimately it was forced to fall back. Eventually, let me go to the first slide so you can see that again. Oops. As the North Koreans began falling back, there was a big debate as to whether we should pass the 38th parallel. Remember the objective was to restore south korea and thats what the u. N. Authorized and that was the 38th parallel but when the u. N. Authorized it, it placed matters largely in control of the United States. And macarthur in charge. So the u. S. Was largely calling the shots, although a number of other nations had military personnel who were risking and losing their lives in this adventure. We elected to let them cross over and macarthur saw this as a great opportunity. What he now wanted to do was unite the two koreas and he began pushing forward. The North Koreans retreated farther north, the americans began advancing. Macarthur made a critical area. He pulled out the tenth corp and sent it around by water to won san which is marked on this map here. But by then the republic of korea troops had already passed won san and cleared it. So those troops came in. Further more, its very mountainous. Koreas very mountainous so what happened was the troops got disbursed and compartmentalize. They got split up as they advanced into north korea. Now, macarthur was euphoric. He was anticipating victory by getting the victory and getting the troops back home at christmas time and he was exceedingly optimistic about this sort of thing. Unfortunately things didnt work out that way. Americans were worried that the chinese might get involved. And they kept questioning macarthur, questioning macarthur, i talked to a former hes now deceased fourstar general who went over with the chief of staff of the army joe collins. And they went and met with macarthur and the entire time macarthur paced back and forth and lectured to them about what had gone on and how successful this was going to be and what was going to happen and they couldnt get questions in. And finally macarthur broke the meeting off and they they started leaving. This is the chiefofstaff of the United States army and collins turned to general bolty and he said, you know what the problem is . He still sees us at captains because they were captains when macarthur was chiefofstaff of the army and he still saw himself as their boss when, in fact, that wasnt the case. Collins was his boss. He just didnt get it. And so he pushed farther and farther north. By october, they began to see the presence of chinese troops and all of a sudden they came in huge, huge numbers and by november, we were struck, we were isolated, they picked on various pockets of troops and we were rouded and we began a steady retreat southward. The retreat wasnt mayhem, it was organized. They were systematic as they fell back and then an unfortunate accident occurred, Walton Walker was killed in a jeep accident and he was replaced by an absolutely extraordinary soldier named matthew ridgeway. Ridgeway had been an Airborne Division commander in world war ii, he had a great reputation as a soldier. Everyone admired him so having ridgeway there was a real asset. You can see how close we actually got. There were troops who made it to the yalu river. Its the boundary between north korea and the peoples republic of china. So we advanced way in. Those troops the people at the chosen reservoir, that was general simmons in his book dog company six. They were chosen reservoir. Really one of the most horrific experiences in American Military history. So you see how far north they advanced but when the chinese came, they came in with such staggering numbers that we simply couldnt hold them back. Eventually ridgeway was able to call a halt and launch a counter attack oops. Keep going the wrong way. And push back across the 38th parallel. What ridgeway did was really interesting. First of all, he upgraded fire power. You cannot compensate for Chinese Manpower with equal manpower. You just cant compete with the chinese when it comes to numbers of people. So you have to compensate with fire power and thats what he did. He upgraded the fire power of u. S. Military. That proved a real boon. He also adopted what we call fight and roll. They would fight vigorously punish the enemy and then follow back to the next defense position and each time punish the enemy and fall back to a defensive position. Very skillfully done, saving american lives and u. N. Lives and punishing the enemy. He got people off the roads. If troops were on the road theyre easy targets for the enemy. You get them off the road. And lastly, he began night fights. Night fighting. Americans are not really that keen on night fighting and ridgeway forced them to do it and it proved to be really successful. So ridgeway really left a mark, a positive mark and he was able to restore the 38th parallel technically, as you can see from the truce line, while were below the 38th parallel on the western part, most of the most of korea were above the 38th parallel and what we did was we occupied positions that were really strong defensively. But they had made it clear not to try and conquer north korea. Now, macarthur meanwhile was grumbling all along. One of the most interesting things to realize is that macarthur had not been in the United States in 12 years. He was completely detached from his homeland. And as a result of that he really didnt have a good feel for what was going on in American Life and society. As a result of that, macarthur had curried favor with the republican party. He wanted to run for political office, maybe even be elected president of the United States and he was trying to gain favor with republicans. So he regularly communicated with republican politicians. Unfortunately, he kept challenging the Truman Administration policies and thats where he really ran afoul. First of all, he gave a talk for the vfw in which he opposed the Truman Administrations policy with regard to formosa. Youre a general, the president is the commander in chief. The president formulates the policies. Macarthur didnt care. The joint chiefs of staff instructed macarthur under no Uncertain Terms are you to allow nonkorean troops to reach the yalou river. Macarthur allowed nonkorean troops to reach the yalou river. Joint chiefs of staff specifically macarthur as well as the president not to bomb over the bridges because youre fearful of killing chinese civilian or chinese soil. What the joint chiefs of staff and the president of the United States did not want to do is expand this into a world war. They understood firmly that the u. S. Principal responsibility was going to be nato. Was going to be europe. We needed to defend western europe. And by getting dragged into a war in asia that was exactly what the soviet union would want. Because then wed be distracted from our principal mission. Perhaps one of the more unfortunate episodes, though, was Truman Administration notified macarthur on the 20th of march, 1951 that it was about to release terms for negotiation, that they were drafting them. On the 24th of march, macarthur announced his terms for negotiation and he undercut the Truman Administration and what he did was, he made it clear that there would be no link between korea and formosa which really upset the Truman Administration but truman was stuck with what macarthur had announced. He violated what the Truman Administration called for. December of 1950, truman reminded, had issued an order, quote, to make no announcements on policy without government concurrence, end quote. Truman reminded macarthur of that statement that came out of the department of defense and of course in classic macarthur fashion he completely ignored it. Then joseph martin, the House Minority leader wrote to macarthur and sent him a speech that he had given in which he was in which he argued if the United States was not going to be in if for full victory then the Truman Administration should be indicted for the murder of thousands of american men. And asked macarthur to comment on that. Macarthur wrote back, and this was read in the halls of congress, quote, my views and recommendations with respect to the situation created by red chinas entry into the war against us in korea have been submitted to washington in most complete detail. Generally these views are wellknown and generally understood as they follow the conventional pattern of meeting force with the maximum counterforce as we have never failed to do in the past. Your view with respect to the utilization of the Chinese Forces on formosa is in conflict with neither logic or tradition. It seems strangely difficult for some to realize that here in asia is where the communist conspiraciers have elected to make their play for global conquest and that we have joined the issue thus raised on the battlefield. That here we fight europes war with arms while diplomats there fight it with words. That if we lose this war, the fall of europe is inevitable. Win it and europe most probably would avoid war and yet preserve freedom. As you point out we must win. There is no substitute for victory. That letter was read on the floor of the house of representatives, of course the president was furious and what he did was he called in the secretary of defense and secretary of state, had conversations with them. They decided that they wanted the joint chiefofstaff involved so they brought in omar bradley. You recall that he was chairman of the joint chiefs of staff during the revolt of the admirals and you remember what he had said . That is, anyone recall what he had said . [ inaudible ]. Open rebellion open rebellion against civil authority. And hes the same chairman of the joint chiefs of staff again and he made it clear he was bothered by it but he wanted to consult the joint chiefs. The next day he did so and then they all came back for another meeting and presented the joint chiefs of staff, they were unanimous in their statement that macarthur should be removed. Maushd agreed, the secretary of state agreed and as a result truman removed macarthur. What you have are pretty flagrant violations of what we call Civil Military relations. Theres omar bradley. Missouriion, like eric. Lets talk about Civil Military relations. First of all, all of you have read the u. S. Constitution. What does it say about the president s power . [ inaudible ] and command them but lets see and hes in charge of the militia and the navy and he can call them only when theyre in Actual Service of the United States. Hes commander in chief, right . What does that mean . Hes in charge. What responsibilities does the congress have . Abe . Theyre elected to [ inaudible ] and also raise ma leasha. And establish regulations. Congress declares war. Congress declares war, correct. So clearly truman has th