Provide useful services at the end. The services we provide are specific to the farmer. We are working with each one of them. Watch the communicators monday night at 8 00 eastern on cspan2. American history tv is on cspan3 every weekend featuring museum tours, archival films, and programs on the presidency, the civil war, and more. It is a clip from a recent program here is a clip from a recent program. Oppression makes a wise man mad. Your fathers were wisemen. If they did not grow mad, they are restless under this treatment. They felt themselves the victims of grievous wrongs. It was at this time the idea of total separation of the colonies from the crown was born, resolved that these United Colonies ought to be free and theyendent states, that are absolved from all allegiance to the british crown, and that all political connection between the colonies and the state of Great Britain ought to be dissolved. Fathers made good that revolution. They loved their country better than they loved their own private interests. They staked their lives, fortunes, and sacred honor all in the cause of liberty. They seized upon eternal principles and set a glorious example. Their solid manhood stands out all the more as we contrast it with these degenerate times. Day with look at this its popular characteristics from the slaves point of view. What to the american slave is your fourth of july . Answer, it is a day that reveals to him more than any other day of the year the gross conduct and cruelty for which he is the constant victim. For him, your celebration is a sham. And other watch this American History programs on our website where all of our video is archived. That is cspan. Org history. s might be the only government class you ever take. You will be a voter forever, so i need to give you tools that will help you for the rest of your life. Tuesday night at 8 00 eastern, the High School Teachers discuss how Current Events affect their lessons on history, politics, and government. Has a history component, this is a chance for them to learn about their story. Their story does not begin when they were born. Their story starts with people before them who shaped the way the world they were born into operates. As they start to realize this does not start with me, but what i contribute and where i am coming from is all part of the bigger story. In that way, allowing them to take in other peoples opinions and perspectives through social media and through video, it gives them a chance to think. This is how i see the world. But why is it i see the world this way . How can i expand that by taking in other peoples perspectives . Ontuesday at 8 00 eastern cspan, cspan. Org, and the free cspan radio app. Announcer this year marks the 100th anniversary of the death of buffalo bill. Coming up next from the Buffalo Bills center of the west in cody, wyoming, historians discuss william codys life before he performed in his wild west shows, his experience as a soldier in the civil war and indian wars, and his relationship with fellow marksman and showman captain Jack Crawford. This is about 90 minutes. Thank you, jeremy. Thanks to the Buffalo Bills center of the west for holding this symposium. Thank you to cspan for filming it. This is a wonderful opportunity to get the story of buffalo bill and the west out to a broad american audience. That is the goal of all of us in this business, to try and inspire others with a story of the American West and show why we love it so much. This morning we have three folks who are going to inspire you and make you fall even more in love with the American West. We are going to have them speak in alphabetical order. I learned to do that back in the fifth grade, so thats the way we are going to do this. I will introduce them individually as they appear. First, we had just room, who i have known for many years. He is very active in not only the academic world, but also the world of popular history, and writes magazine articles for true west, wild west magazine, and belongs to many western organizations. He got his phd at the university of colorado in boulder. Colorado seems to be a theme here today because of where people are buried, even though they didnt want to be buried there. [laughter] thats pretty bad, when you kidnap a dead body. You know, they kept him on ice for like six months and then planted him up there now where he resides. He could reside here in the vastness and beauty of the bighorn basin and towering trees would line his grave. And instead, he now has all of the radio and Television Towers for the city of denver surrounding him. But im sorry, i digress. [laughter] jeff is from colorado, but we are not going to hold that against him. It is a wonderful state just to the north of new mexico, where i live, which is really wonderful. Hes a Professor Emeritus of history in colorado, where he taught for 32 years. Hes very young. I dont know how that is possible. Hes the author of three books on the indian wars, including dog soldier justice and the cheyenne war, indian raids on the road to denver. He will talk today about buffalo bill and one of his most famous moments on the historical stage, the battle of susannah springs. Known today as Summit Springs. Welcome professor jeff broome. [applause] prof. Broom thats my powerpoint slide. Are there any questions . [laughter] prof. Broom it is an honor to be here today. I will talk about codys indian fighting experience. I want to say a couple of things before that. First, the phd, im actually a professor of philosophy. I was add for many years, and i always asked my mentor what it means to have a phd. He says it means to put a phd next to your name. That is why it is there. I would be remiss if i did say did not say what today is, august 2. That is when a good friend of buffalo bill, james hickok was , killed in deadwood. Five months younger james hickok was killed in deadwood. You will see if you get into the museum that cody and buffalo bill go back to codys young years. The other thing i want to mention is since the first talks, talking about the legacy of buffalo bill and the wild west, im a fifth generation colorado native, so my greatgrandfather was born in 1867, and he was a ranch foreman. Years, he ran a big ranch in columbus. Family history says he did work for cody sometime during then, but i dont know if thats true. However, what is true is a story that was passed down from a grandmother, and my cousin has this. I mention this because i think we ought to go down to pueblo and take pictures of what im about to say. Maybe with some photographs we can identify who this person was. In talking about the lakota going over to england and all that, when my family would my father was born one month after cody died so when he was about two or three, they were up there visiting her parents at the ranch. And my grandmother became Close Friends with a woman from england who had married one of the performers and had come over in pine ridge in 1925, 1930, somewhere around there, and became very close to her and told her she got suckered into marrying this guy because when he was over there and learned about the kings, he said that he was a king over in america, and they called them chiefs. Anyway, she married him and came with him, and was living in a tepee for most of her life. Bitter rather better at the time she met my grandmother. She gave my grandmother the clothes, the lakota had passed on, so my cousin has them. It is the gloves and shoes and i think some other things that he had. Maybe we need to get a picture of those to see if we can identify those. Im going to cover some things real quick. To understand the fight at Summit Springs, you have to go back to 1868. That is where the violent outbreaks really started in northcentral kansas. There were a series of raids. Sarah white was captured august 12, 1868. 35 settlers were killed. Those included women and children. In another raid two months later on october 13, anna morgan was captured one month into her marriage exactly to the day. Both women were held in captivity until rescued by custer in march 1869 on the sweetwater in the texas panhandle. There is a dedication for anna morgan next friday, where they have dedicating this memorial marker in kansas. I will be out there then. She did get impregnated and did have a son, and that son died. They named it ira. And then with that, general sheridan started a Winter Campaign which involved three columns of troops, one led by general carr. Cody was the chief of scouts appointed some months before cody was working at the dispatch rider, and really impressed general sheridan. He assigned him to Major General eugene carr. They were sent down in that texas panhandle area, along with colonel evans and his troopers, and then general custer was called back from a courtmartial and sent down with the seventh cavalry. The 19th cavalry was also supposed to be there, but they got lost in the Winter Weather and missed it. We had the famous battle on november 27, 1868, where custer in his report reported 103 warriors killed and 53 women and children captured and brought back. This brought custer into the limelight of the west and the eastern press. Continuing his campaign and going back out again on march 22, 1869, he got the rescue of sarah white and anna morgan. That brought him back to kansas. The horses were all fabbed out. As we look at this map, at the time of the fight down at the bottom here, you see about 100 miles northwest over here is where custer rescued the captors the captives. This is where carr was stationed during those winter months. They did not corral the indians. Carr was ordered to Fort Mcpherson on platte river just above the nebraska border from the texas panhandle. On his way up, he stopped at fort lyon at the end of the map on the arkansas river. As he began to go up to Fort Mcpherson, by coincidence, he had two skirmishes, fights. May 13 and 16th, at Elephant Rock and spring creek. 25 warriors were killed and four soldiers were killed at the first fight. And at least that many indians were wounded and unknown dead in the second fight. It was the second fight at spring creek where cody really made an impression upon carr. Carr wrote this. Our Scout William cody, who has been with the detachment since displayed great skill in following that, and also deserves great credit for his fighting in both engagements. Being verynship conspicuous. He deserves Honorable Mention for this and other services, and i hope to retain him as long as i am engaged in this duty. By the way, this is a famous picture of the two men standing , officers at Summit Springs, along with cody. The rifle is here at the museum. That is what he had at Summit Springs. In the spring creek fight, carr also mentioned the fact that cody had a severe head wound. This wasnt a slight wound. But it did not stop him from fighting or doing his duties. He lost his hat and put a bandanna across it, and he bled through it. Seeing him at a distance, it looked like he had a red hat on or something. It was the bleeding through it. The bullet grazed his skull, went about five inches above his head, and cut it all out. But it didnt stop him. Not only that, he then volunteered they were running out of supplies after the fights and he saved them a day by getting supplies by going on his own up to fort kearny. Then the unit went on up to Fort Mcpherson. That is up here. You can see where these fights were at spring creek and Elephant Rock. But if we go back to this map again, after tall bull and tall bull is very interesting. When custer cornered the cheyenne dog soldiers, he had a few the chiefs he threatened to hang if captors captives werent released. The deal was the chiefs would be released when they go to their reservation, so that was the deal. One village did not surrender, and that was tall bull. He was on his way up here would win just by coincidence he ran into carr in those two fights. Tall bull began his revenge and led a series of deadly raids that went on for about 14 days in that same area in northcentral kansas. Lincoln, concordia. Sarah white was captured just a few miles west of concordia. Maybe nine or 10 miles west of there. Anna morgan was captured on the river down about here. He first started hitting people up here, down here. He hit Railroad Workers at russell springs, which is russell, kansas today. He hit a new settlement of in White Rock Creek by the nebraska border not far from Elephant Rock, where a Danish Community had come in. And coincidentally, one man who was out burying buffalo hunters that have been killed by the indians, and in the end swept down and almost killed his children. One of the boys born after that ended up being president of the university of colorado for 25 years. The new Orleans Library is named after him. There was no fight over his body, though, after he died. This was where the deadly raids went on. In that, the most famous part of it was the raid on spoon creek just west of lincoln where maria, who had been three months pregnant when she was captured, her husband was killed. And then about a mile away was another sortie of indians that split up in parties of six and eight and rated the village and killed 11 settlers, captured these two womens along with an eightmonthold. Her boy, who wouldve been six on july 1, was killed. The boy that was two was killed. The girl, alice, was killed in the village. According to maria weichell, she was roasted alive in one account. In another account, she was hanged alive and dismembered. Susanna, who could speak english and no german, and maria, who could speak no english and only speak german, were brethren in captivity. For six weeks to the day. This then is why carr was directed by the military to sweep down from Fort Mcpherson and try to find these indians doing these raids. They were not even sure who they were. That started a campaign whoops which left Fort Mcpherson on june 9 with seven companies of fifth cavalry and three companies, 50 each, of scouts. Pawnee sam cushing commanded the three companies. When tom, the father of two of shot by the indians, but when carr was sent to try and rescue these women, he did not know that there were women captives. Tom had been away from home when he came back the next day, he began a search of the indians and followed the creeks which is , what they did, and went about 100 miles and found their village, and came back and went all the way to leavenworth and wrote a a handwritten letter of where they are and a description of his wife. That is in the national archives. That was transmitted by telegraph to Fort Mcpherson after carr left, so they sent a company down with the description of susanna and the fact that they are trailing indians who probably have two female captives. Cody writes falsely in his autobiography that sometime early on in the expedition, they found womens shoe prints in the villages. It is this message from the husband of susanna that is what alerted them to that. Indians, when you study this, never put the white captives in their own garb. They wore indian garb to avoid detection. There is a myth about finding womens shoe prints. That is not true. But using this information, the fifth cavalry was sent down from Fort Mcpherson. Again, we have these seven companies. There is a lieutenant just out of west point who graduated the year before assigned as the itinerary officer to keep a diary. What is interesting is when you compare this diary when carr writes his reports not long after the fight, he was at fort sedgwick a few weeks after the fight when he learned that his boy had died, and he took a train to omaha and quickly wrote his report out before he left. He used and quoted word for word we call it plagiarism today can i see that again . He quoted him word for word, and we can understand some of the mistakes that were made with the battle. He had 350 cavalrymen. They traveled about 35 miles to get there in eastern colorado. This is a modern picture with 84 tepees. They got there about 2 00. That is an oil painting, not historically accurate, because it shows a soldier getting critically wounded. There was only one soldier with a glancing arrow wound to easier to his ear hurt in this fight. Possibly women recognizable as american citizens, and that is not true. They came from the northeast, and they came right down into Summit Springs in the Cheyenne Village and attacked it. This is a fascinating story. It is i think the most important inian fight on the plains this era that does not have a book covering it. Im working on one, by the way. At the end of the fight, carr said 52 warriors were killed in a report, and another report 73. I think what it was is there were indian and civilian casualties. There were women and children killed. And i think the total is 73, but in his letters, he says that every single woman and child that was killed at Summit Springs was killed by the avenging pawnee and not by the soldiers. 12 horses died in the fight, 11 by exhaustion chasing the village away. One was killed in the fight, and one died struck by lightning. Fires after to burn everything and the still filled six if the wagons with stolen plunder for the kansas rates hoping they could be returned to their proper owners. It was an amazing fight. It was over in 20 minutes. There were no soldier casualties except for this slight one. Now the question is, who killed tall bull . Brother,rth says his frank north, killed tall bull. He says it 10 times in published accounts. Kill tallth did not bull. When we get to the primary