Say this. Two things, we have our center for Youth Employment as part of the Mayors Office which my wife chairs. The idea is to over the next few years, by 2020 reach a level of 100,000 High School Students each year who are either in a summer job or an internship program. 100,000 each year, we want to start that aggressively this summer, well give you a quick deadline of may 15th. We want to start reaching toward the bigger goal we want to ask everyone whos watching. If you can create an internship or a mentorship effort, we want you to start doing that now, so we can plug in a lot of our young people this summer, and build out over the next few years, thats one second in terms of our pipeline. Were focusing on the maximum number of employees that come out of those efforts. Were constantly coming out of the training resources, we really want to push people. Thank you so much. Thank you much thanks, everyone. President Lyndon Johnson went to the u. S. Capitol on august 6th, 1965 to sign the Voting Rights act. American history tv goes behind the scenes of the legislative battle to protect every americans right to vote. Starting at 8 00 p. M. Eastern white house telephone calls between lbj and his aids members of congress who strategize and enact Voting Rights laws. Lbjs august 6th, 1965 speech at the u. S. Capitol and his signing of the Voting Rights act of 1965. And at 9 55 p. M. , Voting Rights then and now the National Museum of africanamerican history and culture. Reconstruction from the past to present day. Tom wheeler talks about his investigation for maximizing the benefits of Broadband Internet access in the u. S. He announced the federal Communications Position would begin regulating advisers as public utilities, similar to the way it regulates telephone companies. The proposal includes future enforcement of Network Neutrality rules, requiring all content to be delivered at the same speed. The Brookings Institution hosted this event. Thank you very much, darryl, and to you and rob for hosting this. Its great to be here at brookings, i was saying to darryl. Really significant functions that this institution provides is to become a place where policy makers and the public can interact on conditions. Im really grateful to you for hosting this today. Maybe we ought to start out today with a little broadband scripture. In the beginning there was blair levin and the National Broadband plan. The excellent work of the National Broadband plan called our attention to the opportunities and challenges of broadband, the kind of work that is president antly being carried on by the president s Broadband Opportunity Council. Continues that kind of forward looking effort. As blair told us in the first li line, broadband is the defining network of the 21st century. They facilitate todays economy, todays social activity. Even more important than what theyre doing now, what it is doing now is what it is igniting in terms of new possibilities for the future. Thanks to broadband, often what is unimaginable today becomes the reality of tomorrow. We only have to look at a couple facts that we now accept as common to see that. The largest taxicab company has no cars. The largest overnight Steak Company doesnt own any hotels. And the Fastest Growing of the top ten retailers in america is no showrooms. What they do have is easy access to broadband which enables them to assemble resources in new ways to present them to the public in new ways, and to define an Economic Future that is task based as opposed to production based prebroadband activity. We should not overlook as well that broadband is also the igniter of more broadband. Is the success of Broadband Services increases, the demand for broadband. It also increases the incentive for competitive broadband. And its because of this two pronged impact that our policy is to expand broadband and to assure that our broadband resources are fully utilized. That means that we want to expand broadband geographically, into areas where it doesnt exist it means that we want broadband to be affordable for and adopted by all of our citizens. And it means we want broadband to be open and free of any artificial versions of use. Its pedal to the medal on broadband policy for both consumers and competitors. Expanding broadband requires Better Network technology it requires more competition. It requires that Companies Continue to invest, to satisfy consumer demands for bigger, better and more broadband. It requires that broadband providers not be able to limit competition in broadband apps. It requires limitations on consumer demand whether on the basis of geography or economic circumstances or disability be removed. Broadband should be available to everyone every where. My message today is simple. The job of the fcc is to exercise its authority with both determination and discretion so that technology, competition, investment and Consumer Empowerment are able to Work Together to reach our nations broadband goals. As you probably know, i think history matters. Lets consider some history. Networks have been a defining Economic Force throughout history. In the victory laurels have gone to those who embraced the new networks. The exciting part about our time is that while broadband and the internet may be the most Important Networks in history their effects have not yet been the most significant in history. Reshape the economy and society of that time more than the internet and all that it has produced has shaped ours. Thus far in the key sentence, the key phrase in that sentence, of course is thus far. My conviction is that we are on the cusp when our Broadband Networks, who approve even more transformative of the networks of the 19th century. That belief is based on this new factor. Broadband networks are new in a new way. Broadband networks are new in a new way. And that new way is the evolution in hardware based networks to ones that are Software Based. The effect of this is the virtuous circle where new applications are enabled by broadband which drives the next generation of applications which drives the next generation of broadband in an ever continuing cycle. There are multiple benefits of the Networks Evolution from hardware to software. First, were moving from networks with limited functions to a world in which software expands Network Capabilities and makes them available to a wide variety of nontraditional applications. As one person recently put it when describing this to me. Networks are moving from a sip world to an api world. The result will unleash innovation in both networks and their applications. In the old days it was necessary to add a physical circuit if you wanted to increase capacity today is often just a matter of adding Computing Power. Finally the evolution to Software Defined networks with virtualized components. Operating expenses decrease. Verizon, for instance, reports that the replacement of Central Office physical switching systems with software reduces their real estate costs by up to 80 what used to require floors and floors of switches can now be done with a few racks of computers for a fraction of the price, of the space and price. The same holds true of energy costs, powering the few computers can save up to 60 on energy costs as compared with powering endless switches. With all of these advantages of software define ed networks, the expansion of Network Capabilities. The economies available in expanding capacity and the reduction in operating costs, its no wonder that at t has said, that by 2015, 75 of their network will be controlled by software. Its not just about reducing costs and increasing functionality for incumbents. The effects of Software Based networks are also good for consumers and competitors because they enable the local Exchange Carriers to become more fullsome competitors to Cable Operators dominant position in high speed broadband. So thank you, gordon moore. 50 years ago, the gordon moore, the cofounder of intel posited what is become known as moores law, the power of micro chips would double and thus computing costs declined about every two years the compound doubling every couple of years has meant that the 60 transistors that were on the micro chip when moore propounds that law are now over a billion. The costs remain relatively stable. We tend to think of moores law in terms of how the smart phone and our pocket or purse have as much Computing Power as a multimillion dollar mainframe, super computer of a few decades ago. Moores law is also whats driving revolution in network economics. Is ever less costly Computing Power magnifies the capacity of network connections. For optical fibers, of course, the result is optimal. Even for bandwidth constrained copper networks, low cost Computing Power allows transmissions to be broken into parts and sent over different strands to be reassembled at the other end, increasing throughput. The same concept called carrier aggregation is increasing the throughput of wireless networks. Through increased processing power. The nature of the network itself is changing right under our noses. Its a significant data point for those of us in the oversight business. Its the cost of delivering broadband goes down for expansion including competitive broadband expansion and broadband innovations goes up. The omnipresent regulation cause us to let up on policies, that encourage fast, fair broadband. We come together on the heels of the d. C. Circuit decision rejecting the request for internet order. Lets begin by addressing the relationship between Broadband Network openness and investment. As you know, the big argument of the isps and their stay request was that somehow assuring that networks would remain open, would erode their incentive to invest. Fortunately there is a disconnect between what is said in washington advocacy and what happens in real life. A few big dogs are threatening to starve investment. Others are stepping up. The ceos of sprint, tmobil, cablevision, charter and Frontier Communications have all publicly said that title two regulation does not discourage investment. In recent transactions, both announced and rumored, point to the same conclusion. And, of course, the post opened internet announcements by at t, brighthouse, century link, cox cable, time warner about their plans to expand their Broadband Service, certainly speak for themselves. A group of broadband providers who feel that the movement from analog to digital transmission shall be their ticket to escape what i have called the network comeback. Those responsibilities that have always governed the relationship between those who build and operate networks and those who use them. Access, interconnection, consumer protection. Public safety, national security. Heres a simple statement of fact. Broadband is the most powerful and Pervasive Network on the planet. Giving credit where credits due, thats a line i first heard broadband is the most powerful and pervasive platform on the planet. Suggestions that that kind of platfo platform, that kind of network can exist without oversight, are unthinkable. Designed by the open internet, new regulatory model designed for these new network times. I keep describing this oversight as a referee on the field who can throw the flag. In our implementation, i plan to adhere to the wisdom that the referees do not consider themselves part of the game unnecessari unnecessarily. As a proud disciple of urban hayes and woody meyer, referees make sure the game is played fairly. They dont call the plays. It will be up to the competitors to advocate for themselves. Our job is not to substitute the fcc for what should be hard fought negotiation and tough competition. Its up to the players to compete hard against their opponents. But make no mistake about it. If they violate the rules, well blow the whistle. Were ashers of the last resort, not the first resort. We will not micro manage networks that was done this means no retail rate regulation. No network unbundling and no tariffs, in short, none of this boogy man of utility regulation. In that environment, at a time when consumers are demanding better broadband, why would a rational broadband provider not make the investment to give it to them. The answer, of course, is lacking. Only if consumer demand is artificially limited. Companies invest to win the race of kcompetition. If there is a race. As we push on ward into the broadband future. Our challenge continues to be that the preconditions for broadband ignition are as widespread as possible. And the best tools for accomplishing that are consumer demand. Lets be clear. Were not going to let up on protecting and promoting broadband competition. As i made plain, competition is paramount its the best assurance of industry, dynamism, that costs will be pursued and that the benefits will be shared with consumers. Continuing to protect and encourage a competitive marketplace is a foundational requirement of our facilities at the fc c our skepticism about te competitive impact about the proposed sprint tmobil merger a year ago, and the recently abandoned comcast Time Warner Cable merger are evidence that we take seriously our responsibility to protect competition. But protecting competition is only half of the equation. Our job is to promote competition as well. We know broadband competition works. Its what the cities like kansas city, austin, lafayette, atlanta and chattanooga. The arrival of even one well equipped broadband competitor causes Significant Competitive response from incumbent operators, with qualitative improvements, benefiting consumers of incumbent and insurgent companies alike. The commission will continue to look for ways to promote broadband competition. One way is to lower some of the costs of extending broadband facilities, we dealt with the ability of competitors to get access on the open internet border. Building on that, were undertaking an effort to better align the costs of using congress. Perhaps the secs moist tangible role in growing broadband is to allocate and make available both licensed and unlicensed spectrum necessary for competitive wireless broadband. Our use of auctions, a competitive device in their own right, for assigning license spectrum is well known and well celebrated. Making available spectrum for unlicensed use draws public attention. As the remarkable success of way phi demonstrates, it is literally an indispensable element in the provision of broadband today and if more indispensable is a permissible concept, it will be more indispensable to the broadband of tomorrow. I recently spoke to chairman walden under whose leadership the auction wall was created, we are of one mind. There will be an incentive option in the First Quarter of 2016. When i came on board at the agency, the question of whether the broadcasters would show up for the incentive auction was a matter of debate. Well, of course, this is a voluntary decision by each broadcaster, governed by the ultimate free market and option. Im quite encouraged by what weve been hearing from broadcasters. While were talking about spectrum, we should not overlook the role it will play in determining who is the International Leader in five 5 g Broadband Networks. This nation is the International Leader in 4 g lte, as a result of the availability of spectrum to become a home for lte. We do not intend for the United States to lose the poll position in the International Wireless broadband race, we will maintain that leadership in the same way we obtained the leadership in 4g. First through being out front. Allowing 5g service in any Frequency Band they find suitable including the 600 megahertz. Another way to stimulate broadband is to increase competition in upstream markets. Thats why we proposed a rule to give over the top video providers the ability to chose the same Business Model as cable and satellite providers, with the same Program Access rights. We expect to move that to a report this fall. There is a new line of ott providers cueing up to expand video choice and increase consumer demand for broadband. Demand for broad banned is also effected by consumers perceptions about the potential nonmonetary costs of using it. We are committed to address issues of privacy, implicated by consumers use of the internet. We will begin that process with a notice of proposed rule making. Finally, let me be clear. Beshould not and will not let up on our policies to make broadband more available. Converting universal Service Programs from their broadband is among our most important initiatives. Chairman janikowski. We provide Broadband Service to their customers. We have also begun a program to test nontraditional means of delivering broadband in rural areas. I have told senator thune that it is my goal to reform the broadband support program for small rate of return carriers. Commissioner oreilly has played a significant role in this effort, including putting forth a set of principles. Were working with the affected carriers to explore the best approach. We had been in search of a consensus proposal for the rate of return carriers that would help us meet the policy objectives that commission unanimously adopted in april 2014. Unfortunately, while i appreciate the carriers willingness to engage. If we are to keep on schedule, time is not our friend. Absent a consensus from the parties involved, we will put forth our own proposal. Just as we need to make sure that all parts of our country have broadband. We need to make sure that all our citizens are able to use it. Last year we modernized and expanded our efforts to address the broadband needs of schools and libraries. Our modernization of e rate program will produce an extraordinary return on investment and will do it very quickly. Learning isnt confined to the classroom, commissioner rosen has pointed out, even though students can now connect at school, too many still experience a homework gap when they cannot get on line at home. A recent study found that five million students, nearly 20 of all students between 6 and 7 do not have High Speed Internet Service at home. It is simply unacceptable in an era when learning opportunities have never been richer, more available, that these students have to go to mcdonalds or some other wifi equipped location to do their assignments. Our obligations and opportunities to extract more value from broadband did not end with our children. Another study found that half of americans who rely on smart phones for Broadband Access have had to cancel their mobil subscriptions because of financial hardship. Commissioner clyburn has been championing the need to overhaul the Lifeline Program to make it relevant in the 21st century. I support her efforts to prevent waste, fraud and abuse, and to refocus lifeline from Voice Services to broadband. We will learn from that notice and then move on to reform and revitalize lifeline. Broadband service is also important to those who live with intellectual challenges. Our Information Tech 23408g to attack the needs of americans with disabilities will be a priority as long as im chairman. We are the First Federal agency harness broadband to allow those who use American Sign Language to communicate correctly with the fcc using online video. A broadband effect. Several months ago we began earthing all federal agencies to have an online asl capability. They are building a platform that will allow any company or agency to plug in and do a simple thing. Help hearing impaired americans communicate. The 25th anniversary of the americans with disabilities act is coming up next month. This is a great opportunity. For all federal agencies to take the simple step of harnessing online video for those who speak with their hands and hear with their eyes. Were closer to the beginning of the broadbands effort than the end. Ensuring that the technologies will be realized. If we succeed in accomplishing this agenda. And i am determined that we will. New generations of american innovators will be able to combine their abilities and instincts with broadbands capabilities to produce great things. Things that today we cant even begin to imagine. Thank you very much. Ill speak loudly while were setting up. I have to say, i always thought of writie ining levitticus and dueteronomy. I want to talk about your speech before i do that, i want to talk about our book. You can never go bad. I do want to point out that you have been an ow opponent, linco was the only technologically advanced president. He got a patent. He gave ap a priority in getting to the tell graph. My question should be if it was good enough for president lincoln, why isnt it good enough for chairman mueller. There you go again. Are you only this far through . No, thats the reference poi point. Heres what you missed, however. The telegraph was the original open network. There was no prioritization. And a telegram was handled in the order in which it was received. What youre referencing is what really amounted to a form of censorship that the Lincoln Administration engaged in during the course of the war. I would say that the realities of a wartime experience versus the situation that existed today is a little Different Number one, number two, always remember, the telegraph was an open network. Its always so much fun to sit down with you. You can talk more about use in the ap. We wont. Were move on. If you quote me on that, you have to give me a smiley face i have to go to brookings scholar. Serious snark. I want to tie together the speech you made. How we get bandwidth, its interesting, but we need a lot more. One of the things we were trying to address in the broadband plan was, how do we move from having isp Business Models that empower Business Models that are based on the deployment of abundant interesting by the way, it only works as a Business Model if you have scarced bandwidth. Theres just no Business Model for it. You talked about this a bit, but when i hear you say competition, i hear deployment without some new deployment of networks, there wont be competition. Am i understanding that right . Government has an obligation to lower the cost of the imports. The spectrum is the key. You have done a great job when we arrived with broadband. There was no spectrum recovered, you ran the most successful in terms of money. Deploying spectrum, it wasnt youve also done things and the administration and others youve moved spectrum for higher value uses, also in terms of shares. You talked about the incentive auction, thats obviously very important. Are there other things you can do in your time to create new spectrum, ctia released pointed out that we got our demand side estimates right which astonishes me, actually. I thought we were making them up opinion it turns out that the guys that did the study were quite good. We still are even with all that youve done. Were still running behind. Are there other things you can do . Yeah, first of all, its an activity that is always underway to say where can you find new spectrum, the reality is, as mark twain said about real estate, this arent making it any more. And so theres a new paradigm that has to develop in the marketplace and the Regulatory Environment about spectrum that i think is based on two realities, first is that everything in the world is economic, okay . And people who say ill never part with my spectrum, if you can help them see the economic value in parting with that or having a different approach to their use of the spectrum, it often can let the scales fall from their eyes. And thats what auctions do, and thats what the incentive auction is doing. Second par dime shift is the concept of sharing. The spectrum used to be allocated upon the basis of this is the size of the analog wave form, and so weve got to have a block of spectrum that will allow that to operate, and we have to have guard bands on the side that will make sure no other wave form gets interferes with that. And in a digital world, that all goes by the wayside. And sharing becomes much more positive. One of the things that i believe is going to come out of the spectrum auction, is increased channel sharing. Broadcasters will say im going to take this 6 mega hert block, which was there for analog pushes. Which can have five or six different channels in it. I think were moving from the concept of, its mine, to i have to share it. Thats going to require some transformation in thinking. And also, were moving to an environment where the Economic Issues can be or Economic Forces can help decide these kinds of issues. With the multipronged approach. Some unlicensed, all of nose things. One of the things that i find with people in washington, they see things black and white. We need a lot more license, we need a lot more sharing, a lot more for unlicensed. The fact of the matter is that youre going to have to be sharing inside licensed. And youre going to have to be sharing inside unlicensed. As well. The procedures we put out on auction laid out out in some instances, its ridiculous to say that in this big license area, we have some interference over on this corner, that Everything Else should not be available. Thats a geographic sharing concept. Then we have sharing as ive said inside the same vein. I think shareing were talking about the wide world web. Weve seen a lot of promising announcements. One of the things we talked about was the need to remove, lower the cost of input like you were talking with and remove the federal, state and local level. A lot of cities, changing the way they do business. At the commission, youve taken away one of the key state barriers, which has lost municipalities. I want to talk about at the federal level, both other things the fcc may be doing. And you mentioned the opportunities council. That the department of agriculture are co chairing. I might know it was something we called for 1742, for kind of an on going Multiagency Task force, to make sure there arent barriers, how do you look at that process. What do you plan on doing with your time to help wire play. I think the Broadband Opportunity Council is a terrific structure that oath can be done at the highest levels of government, everybody has to look at what are the things in my policies that have an impact on broadband . Theres obvious things. Can we have a policy can we lay fiber when roads are opened up for epa sewer grants. And multiple other kinds of things, the fact that the president has convened this kind of a group to say, okay, were going to get introspective in our agencies and say, what is it that not because of malice aforethought, but we never just thought about the head of Broadband Impact is really important. In so far as what were doing, i went through the list. I mean, theres there are were dealing with polls, were expanding lifeline. The privacy issue which we probably would have a sentence or two in there about i mean, its integral to the growth of broadband. If consumers worry that they dont have sufficient privacy online. Why are you going to use online . And so we need to deal with that. Theres a generic issue, which is this whole transition from an analog based environment to an ip environment. And we want that to happen. So many of the things that were going to be dealing with is how do you encourage that transition. At the same point in time, how do you make sure you dont decouple it with the societal protections that have always existed in terms of our relationship with knelt works . And so that becomes a huge proponent of where were going. I want to switch topics from the networks to the adoption side and start by noting an interesting announcement about a way of both upgrading the skills of American Workers as well as helping them find jobs, by using linked in and we talked about this a bit but really using that platform, what you said about education doesnt remand the classroom, part of it is to make sure we have broadband where they live. And this, of course, brings up the lifeline providing which youre now looking at. One of the things that was curious to me, the press focused on the political disagreements, as i kind of read beneath them, we did see three Core Principles that i think there was a consensus about number one the broadband is the Core Communications product service. And when Congress Talks about universal service, whether it be the rural areas or schools or individuals, its going to be broadband. Secondly that the problems of waste, fraud and abuse, really come from the fact that we have carriers do the certification. Im not blaming the carriers, im just saying the process leads to that, there are many ways that we need to take that certification responsibility away from the carriers, the third is we need to use Market Forces much more effectually to increase the value participants get. Am i seeing that wrong . On those three principles, i thought there was kind of an agreement. I think thats correct. Its a matter of degree, i think that youve outlined the Three Corners if you will, if you will, the three legs great, and i might note ron claimed. Has had many important jobs in the government. The excellent peace. Inequality and the importance of doing these kinds of things. Im going to ask one more question, and then were going to open it up for questions for the audience, and were going to run about five minutes over our original time. I want to start by saying, youre the first i want to congratulate you on two major victories in the courts the other day. On both the pilot i wrote them all personally. I know, and i was very impressed. You were ready to argue. And also on the auction but i want you while youre in the job, you cant play historian. One of the things thats interesting about what you did was, there were a couple decisions that got no controversy, they were really largely ignored. I think we saw them as being far more important. One was speeding up the television transition, which we worked on. By virtue of getting that out in 12 years versus 30 years, that created the foundation for 4 g. The second was eliminating access for data. Those things turned out to be incredibly important. In some ways i think youve done an interesting job of creating, eliminating terminating barriers for over the top video. Im wondering, as an historian if you go forward, can you look back at your time. What do you think will be the most under appreciated decisions today or ones that were not looking at, that ten years from now, will say, really were important . Let me i dont know if most under appreciated, but the ones that arent attention isnt being paid to you right now, as i indicated in the my remarks, i feel, we feel very strongly about the Incredible Opportunity that Technology Offers to help americans with disabilities solve the challenges. That they have. And we have the first meeting i had with any outside group, i asked all the critics to come in and sit down and say, lets talk about how we apply the technology, solve of the challenges for americans with disabilities. And we will keep doing closed captioning and we have been through text to 911, and we have been through a program that puts equipment out for people that cannot hear or see but can still use broadband. I talked about this open platform that we are going to have so that people can communicate, and we will keep pressing that agenda because i just basically think it comes down to this, if we are fortunate enough to exist in a time when technology can be applied to historical barriers that people have never been able to overcome before and we dont seize that and chase that as hard as possible, then shame on us. I think thats the thing i hope thats the thing we are doing that nobody is really paying attention to but will have a lasting effect. Thank you, certainly, for that. With that, let me open it up to questions from the audience. I wanted to ask, how do you envision the overbuilding playing out and how do you envision how do you see promoting that given the fact that its not really Cost Effective at this point . I think what i was saying is that economics are changing, which i think is encouraging for those that believe in multifacilitybased competitors. I think there is competition that will increase, and thats one of the reasons why spectrum and 5g and everything is so important. I think we just cannot accept the reality that, well, there is only going to be one provider and we have to do Everything Possible to make sure that we are creating an environment for multiple providers. The woman in back. Not that far back, sorry. Not that far back. Sharon boyce. I have been trying to understand this issue for average people because there has been such lobbying about censorship issues and all the different issues, i guess its propaganda by certain lobbyists, but if you could explain it in one paragraph or a sentence that maybe your mother or an 8yearold grandchild that would know more about tech than i do actually, but if you could please explain it quickly to the average people what we are fighting for with the broadband issue, thank you. I think its a simple question that because broadband is the definitive network of the 21st century we want to make sure its fairly available, that its fast and growing in terms of its continual increase and that its open, and open means not only open to those that want to pass through it, but open to those that want to get access to it so that they can have the benefit of what passes through it. Right there. Thank you for coming can you speak into the mic so people can hear you . You talked about how licensed and unlicensed are Peanut Butter and jelly and not oil and vinegar. Let me remember that line. I believe that is your line. Take credit for it. I thought it was chocolate and Peanut Butter. The licensed spectrum holders need to understand they have to accept more tolerance on interference. You have been chairman for about 20 months and you mentioned the oil and vinegar tolerance when you were chairman of the tac. Can you outline some or mention some of the Success Stories you have had of convincing licensed users of sharing that spectrum, and do you have new initiatives on the existing spectrum out there now . So, thank you, and good question. It goes back in part to the question that blair asked a moment ago. There is a process of how you think about spectrum that is necessarily evolving, and it used to always be its mine, you cant touch it. But because of the increase in demand for spectrum, that has to change and sharing has to be an important part of it. I saw a presentation a couple days ago that said Something Like 60 of licensed mobile traffic is now carried on unlicensed wifi, so at one point in time these two were bitter enemies, and i remember when at t wireless, they were the first to have interoperability. With unlicensed and everybody said youre giving away the store. We are going through a evolutionary process in which the outcome has to be the recognition that spectrum is something that has to be shared, and that there are definitely rights to make sure that, you know, people dont get walked all over and their capabilities destroyed, but the technology is helping us work our way through. I am a big believer in the future of sharing a limited resource. All the things we are doing in 3. 5 and the rule makings we have had, and the spectrum auction, the thought of how you share