Goods and people from the north to south. The emmett till case is highlighted. Prof. Frazier good afternoon. Welcome back. Thank you for paying attention to the emails that i sent out. They were reminders about your papers. We are fortunate to have this collection of newspapers. Be sure to use those. Just because it is a black paper in the south, it does not count for your Southern Majority paper. Remember that. Please Pay Attention to the of that coming out. The gospel choir concert is april 23rd. That can count as a cultural immersion activity. You can consider that one, and remember to ask me about the ones you have in mind. You did a lot of good work over spring break and answering your questions. We will talk about that today and talk about emmett till. I want to back up to where we were before spring break. We were talking about the world and vibrance created. We know the great migration happens around world war i. We talk about all the ways that we can learn about the world and why people are migrating. We talk about terrorism and problems trying to find jobs and steady work. We can see the images here of young children. Knowing that it is the case that children are moving with their families. This comes from the new york public library. There was a motion talking about africanamerican movements. People are traveling via trains going north, to get to places like cleveland, ohio, which is called alabama north. In these new migrant communities that are called black woodchopper leaves metropolis. We are able to get things like ebony magazine, and we see spaces like black churches and the new black voting block so that politicians have to Pay Attention to africanamericans that have voting power in ways that they did not have when they were in the south. When we look at this book, there is a good moment to understand what happens in the second wave of the migration. He is born in 1945. He gives us a portrait of life inside africanamerican communities internal moments within the moment of segregation so that we can understand what is happening through the 1940s and 1950s. With the second wave of the migration, we get higher numbers of people moving out of the rural south so that we can get a portrait of life where people are leaving these spaces where they are having to work in agriculture, or other areas that are not very profitable. Listen to this number, the statistic. In 1940, the beginning of the second wave, there is a much smaller number of africanamericans working outside of agriculture that we see in 1941. There is 20 of black men working in agricultural labor. By 1945, that number goes up to 41 . That is quite the difference when you think of the number of people going. We get cities like detroit where the number of black people quadruple. That is a large number. While there are people going away, and there are many people going away, those who are in the south are still affected by migration. B are going to take a moment to look deep into these families to think about what the world is like for children who are in communities where they have been affected by migration. Lets talk about what else the author shows us. We hear a lot about this term congregation. Turning inward to strengthen africanamerican institutions and people. Tell me, what are some examples of the practice of congregation in the memoir . Carlo . , the ame the ame church. Prof. Frazier prof. Frazier the africanamerican methodist at the civilian church. Very much show. Very much so. He shows is not just the spiritual aspect but the cultural aspect. What else . Wenzhou lewis, i think it was, was fighting, they gathered around and talked about prof. Frazier so, it was not just home with your own radio. Everyone came together and were excited. Why were they excited . What does this represent . I have from North Carolina and grew up liking duke, which is a bit sacrilegious to like duke and chapel hill at the same time. People thought it was crazy, but i did not go to duke or chapel hill. It is not like the same kind of strong connection that people had to joe louis. What is the connection . Why do people care about joe louis . What does he represent for them . Rachel out left racial uplift. Prof. Frazier sure. It is an image of an africanamerican doing well. What else . Nicole . When his mom was basically on her deathbed, they were all in the house, rattling around, talking about the good old days, and waiting there with her as she passed. Prof. Frazier this is a grandmother who raised him. You see this relationship with people who are not just in his nuclear family. This extended unit. It is a really rich narrative. We know it is a story that people can Read Elementary School children read this neighborhood. Let me ask you this. What is missing in the story . What dont we really here from him . What are some elements that are lacking . I would say that balance is missing. Prof. Frazier we talked a lot about racial terrorism across the south. There is not much of a depiction of that. We do not hear him talking about racialized terrorism. If he is for in 1945, then we can bet that he is alive when emmett till is murdered. He is about 10 when emmett till is killed. People talk about emmett till being very important to the start of the Civil Rights Movement, but we will be discussing for much of the rest of the semester. We have been building up to our appreciation of the Civil Rights Movement. We have been talking about movements when we study the new Negro Movement and talked about garvey, the renaissance. We have been talking about a buildup to the Civil Rights Movement. There are many that will talk about emmett tills murder as they decision to work for justice. But, in the narrative, why do you think he is not talking about racialized violence . What is his goal in doing that . Sh showing there were good times to be had, it was not all bad all the time. Prof. Frazier right. He is showing to show try to show it portrait that is not commonly known or depicted. But, it means there is more research for us to do. We know the case is that violence is a significant part of the experience of the people in the segregated south. When emmett till is killed, his death is something that is made very public. His mother in her bravery held an open casket funeral for him. 50,000 people coming to the funeral. To see his body. It is a magazine based in chicago that publishes this picture. People are able to see this around the world. There are newspapers that are trying to show how the United States is a troubled place in the middle of the cold war 1955. Things are looking good for the United States internationally, and africanamerican activists play on that. We can see in this bottom picture here, a protest that happens in new york in october. It is not just people in the south. His mother is able to do what she does because she is an chicago. She is able to put pressure because of the insistence of black politicians and the media space that comes out of chicago and migration. A sociologist, who is also a movement veteran, part of the student nonviolent a coordinating committee, from mississippi talks about the young people who come of age and decide to become acted as a result of what happened with emmett till. That cannot be all of the story. There are other parts of their lives and experiences. What we will do is use history his murder as a window in which we can explore africanamerican family life. That is my area of personal research, look at africanamerican families. I think it is the case the African American families need to be listed among the other institutions such as black schools are black churches that are part of how we understand the roots of the Civil Rights Movement. We will look at his back story. What happened after his death and and back to his death. We will turn and look just at his life and the family world in which he was raised. We will look at some people stories, and think about the fact that emmett tills family is part of a collective that create a trance regional system. The families are in more than one place. Some of you may go home for the summer to visit relatives, or like me, i will travel to South Carolina over the easter holiday. Im so excited. I want to go to the beach. Yes, be happy for me. I will bring some sand back for you. My family is in South Carolina. Im born and raised in charlotte, North Carolina. Lots of times in the summer, we go to South Carolina to visit my grandparents. This is an old tradition. My parents didnt send me home, much for the same reason for parents not sending their kids home in a 1920s. Im not quite that old. There is this image of an old train to think about people charlie. This is an image that we analyze prior to spring break. These migrants are on their way to chicago. I what you to think about emmett tills family. We know his grandfather migrated in 1924. He went up to chicago the chicago area. It was a sleepy town, they said. It got the nickname little mississippi. He found a job at the core product refinery. He called his family. We talked about this chain migration. He said to them, come on up. This is emmett tills grandmother and mother. She is born in mississippi but raised in chicago. In chicago, she meets lewis sttill, emmetts father. Emmett till is born in 1941. He is a baby boomer. People born during the time of world war ii. His family is a part of this microworld migrant world. They moved to chicago, and he is raised in chicago, raised until he is killed, but he is a chicago kid. Just like other migrants, he knows things about the south and learns things about the self from the family members who are from the south. He actually visited the south before his fatal trip. He had done so as a toddler. He did not have the mirror that, but he had migrants around him all the time. There are lots of mississippi people there. He also learn from people and his family. His mother would talk to him about the south. She grew up visiting chicago and there were lots of things in chicago that were similar to the south and lots of things that were distinct. One in particular is a really rich church community. She goes to the church of god in christ, where his grandmother was a founding member. You read about him saying that she took it relatives, friends and relatives, and even some people that they did not know. That is what they did. She said it was the sort of underground railroad. Think about all the stories that you would hear of people escaping rationalized racialized violence. Many people found that the Promised Land was not as promising as what they hoped. I call that jack crow, the northern version of jim crow. Emmett would have learned things about the south, but as his mother said, he could not know in the same way the other southern children did. Lets look at some when we think about this network, we can look at sylvias. Have you ever been . Ms. Sylvia is from hemingway South Carolina, a small town. You read this in my article about her mother, how her mother migrated. Her mother was from york, and what she was gone, sylvia and her sisters stayed with her grandmother. Her mother leaves because her father dies. Sylvia is only six months old. She goes to new york to work and send some money home so that they can expand their property. Then she comes home, and when she is home, sylvia is older. She had spent some time in new york and learning beauty. She meets someone to marry, and then her mother takes care of sylvias children for some time while her husband and her set up sylvias. Sylvia is only able to do that because of her mothers assistance. And, her mother was only able to do what she did for the family she was not leaving because she was tired of the rough life she was trying to make a better life for her family. Her goal is not necessarily even to get out of the south, but rather to make where she is a space that is viable for her completely. She leaves and goes north, and we see this network expanding and this pattern repeated in that sylvia is able to do that herself and build this empire. Children, then, i really central to the economic independence that we see these families built. When we observe them, get a portion of africanamerican life that is more complex than that of simply a set of parents and their children. If were going to understand the way the African American families are working, then we need to look at this in extranuclear context. We see this intergenerational connection, and people who are not necessarily living in that same household. Lets look at a few other examples. Clyde brown is a famous author claude brown is a famous author. In a memoir, he talks about his experiences with truancy as a young child in york. This is of a very powerful that the court system even recognize they could send children home. One reason that parents might send it kids prof. Frazier send might send kids home during the summer is to keep them out of trouble. He hated it, he did not let the food. He did not like working in the sun. He confirmed what he assumed about the migrants that he knew. He thought they were in, backwards and that his parents mine were stuck in the cotton fields of South Carolina. On the other hand, we have charles, pictured in the last, singing with the snccs fingers. He is from tennessee. He talks about not being too impressed, and how he appreciated the independence that his family had, and that they were led land owners and able to have more freedom than the people he knew in the north. This is true for another man abraham, from georgia who says the same thing. He felt like his cousins were always working for somebody. He felt that his community was more involved with entrepreneurial activities. It is not such a onesided thing where the south is bad in the north is good. Remember, i told you we would look of the complexities of that. When you look at africanamerican families in this kind of way, we can see more of that story. We will come back to this in a second. I think these two examples are interesting because congressman john lewis, who you have probably seen a lot in the news with the recent anniversary of the selma march. He is one of the elders still around that participated in the protest. Congressman lewis is from alabama. In choi, alabama, he went to school with a principal who was his uncle. He had uncles who migrated to buffalo, new york. These articles used to come home, and when they did so, they would share with him all these experiences and made him see the north as this magical place. He was really intrigued, so his uncle takes him north. They go and visit. He sees things that changes his mind and shapes how he sees alabama. He says, i cannot really see alabama in the same way. He encounters that not on a business trip or future, but really in the space of his family, the people who are flesh of his flesh, look like me and they are encountering life in this way, whereas im encountering get in a different way. I think another story is really interesting wel as well. What state is she from . Louisiana. She is from louisiana. Her cousin, barbara, whats to come visit her. Barbaras caretaker is saying, no way. Why did they say you can go . Because the north is supposed to be better . My fingers are making quote sciigns. School is out, it sounds really good. Emmett till said he wanted to go south, he was going to stay with his uncle. It is logical. What is the answer . Kevin . He didnt want her to have the experience of the north similar to one of the ladies they figure that she was to outspoken and she might get killed. Prof. Frazier that is what they say that carolyn. You cant go down because you will get in trouble down there because you wont know how to behave. Her cousin barbara, they dont want her to come north because what will happen to her . You are onto something. Say it again. She might get uppity. There was a certain culture and the south that you had to i hear to adhere to. Going north, they learn to have this language that did not appreciate the south anymore its culture. Prof. Frazier lets unpack some of what you said there. Isthere is his expectation of how you are supposed to behave in the south. They do not want barbara to go north and get in her mind that she can act like carol and everyone that she can and counter, and take it to the south, and be in this unsafe space. There are African Americans in the south who are bucking the system the whole time. They say, you will get out there and get in trouble. And, this concept of naacp we know this quote comes from clarence strider, a sheriff who is in charge and runs the trial for the murder case of emmett till. His quote is where i got the title for the article that you read. In his mind, black people did not think about what was going on in the south. They were content until they went somewhere else and had outside agitators giving these ideas that something was wrong with white supremacy, and something was wrong with oppression. They did not need the assistance. We know that is nott accurate. That is part of the dynamic shaping the children. When carolyn sees these cases unfold on tv, she has a new sensitivity. She is able to think about them in a way that connects them, not just to another child, but a person in her family. You think about it. When you lose a loved one it hurts more than one maybe someone else loses a loved one. You can feel sorry for them, but when it is your family especially her child, the index can be quite severe. She is able to think about what is happening in a way and her family. It shapes who she these are two southerners with a powerful understanding of what happened. She grew up in mason, oklahoma. An allblack town. She has family in texas in a predominantly black area of san antonio. She goes to boston later in life in the 1970s and talks about how in boston it was the most dangerous thing she encountered. She grows up and she was people were often afraid. They were made to feel afraid because of the violence they encountered. When she learned about emmett tills death it wasnt particularly riveting. It was rather something that was in a pattern. It was not as if you were a northern person not exposed to those dangers and was unaware. She grew up knowing in the same another the case for mr. Cotton here. He grew up in mississippi where home of oprah and home of macarthur cotton. When he grows up there he is also in this taste this place where violence is always occurring. They did not really have fantasy ideas about the north. They also came from th