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Tony speaker and am very excited to introduce you to her, getting harbor professor of history and associate dean rights university and shes an expert on 19th century native American History as you special interest in the interactions between Indigenous People and people of african descent during sensory and so her first book was race in the Cherokee Nation, sovereignty in the 19th century, at her most recent book is called confederates in the American Civil War in Indian Country and of course she recognizes the cycle the book is subject toto tonight stop and it is also basically brandnew in the official publication date was two weeks ago and is a two week birthday for your book and this evening and we are excited to share it with you and he confided in all of the usual book source places as well as directly from the university of North Carolina publisher so the talk wont be around 30 35 minutes and also plenty of time for discussion at the end in a way that we do discussion event to these events before you know we do it all through the q a feature and also. So can taken the questions to the q a are anytime and so if something occurs to you feel free to targeted. And then i waited till the end and then will get to as many as are questions as you can. And wrapping things up within about an hour and 15 minutes so around 815 eastern time. So that is all for me and just want to say how grateful i am in grateful for her to be with us tonight some wonderful book and ive enjoyed reading it and looking forward to hearing the authors perspective on the book as well. Without further do, i will turn it over to the virtual podium to verso thank you very much for being with us. Thank youuc so much good evening everyone is a pleasure to be with you and its only virtually and i wouldg like to thank you for spending some of your time with me this evening like to think professor quigley for inviting me i would also like to thank professor Melinda Miller for really stimulating this afternoon as a prelude to my talk tonight. I will share some friends with you in a moment, but first i twant to just share the introduction of my paper. Then, just as we were starting to leave, here comes suffering coming across the Little Prairie sure enough and we know their indians the way they are writing the way girl strong outcome they had like an it was a red i had a big crisscross on it that looks like a and the men carrying it, and rear back on it with the wind whipped at it i thought all around of the horses that and horse pitch and rear toy keynotes something will happen. Another time, it turned dark and began to bring a little, and we get out into the big road and rain came down hard and running so hard for little while but we just had to stock awaken. And then come along more soldiers than ive ever seen before and they all white men in think they have on that brown clothes bag with walnut and butternut and to say they are confederate soldiers predict and Lucinda Davis enslavement by vizcaya of indian offered one of the few existing accounts of the battle of Holly Springs in late july of 1863. Tribes seen the approach during the confederate battle like in the weather conditions there were able to hunt the white confederate groups and her account heard the sound so my courses and way out somewhere in davis offers compelling testimony about the farreaching and destructive power ofe the battle the civilian publishing and on the land scape. When im most in tonight is the experience native cultures and when we dont know soldiers on horseback and writing style was so distinctive that a visitor fellow spectators identified them as indians from a distance. What can we say about their experiences in the Confederate Army to answer these questions, will turn to the Service WorkersNational Archives and compiled Service Records of confederate soldiers who served in organizations directly from the federal government. This title suggests that authorities from the Confederate States of america listed these troops into service. However, choctaw legislative documents from the era revealed that choctaw spent a great deal of time talking about their commitment to the Confederate States of america and raising this force. So here i will share screen so that we can make sure were all on the same page about where we are in terms of location. So im most interested in the choctaw nation which you can see here in this the south east corner of indian territory at this time. And i focus on the choctaws because of their strong commitment to the confederacy, which is what i explore in the larger book project. Here is my moment of shameless selfpromotion dr. Quigley did some for me but this talk and more on this subject can be found in in my new book chalk talk confederates and the strength of their commitment which we can talk about in about in thetalk qanda i think is best exemplified by the fact that they passed the statute to say anything negative about the confederacy that is how strongly theyde are committed. Ic with of this judicial system they could choose to align or remain neutral altogether during the war. Analyze and agreed to place under confederate officers with the confederacy paying 500,000 to arm and equip the troops which enlisted the record title that will be demonstrated by examining the actual documents which i will show you in a moment. In addition i supplement the accounts from the soldiers more broadly to create a full pitcher of the experiences. The majority of these records consist of the department to facilitate efficiently and determining individualnd eligibility from the others benefits. A jacket with of the soldiers name from a company and rank and other parts associated with his record. There were sufficient numbers with the person stated known as calvary. It often contains a fill in the blank role the company name and information on this form as well. Listed on june 12th 1861 blue county for 12 months he is enlisted and you can see this info from the company must have rolled from july 26, 1862. In this kind of reverse with of the handwriting and compiled them into a database so especially useful is the remarks section and it states the enlistee was present about promotions and work duties. Sometimes the bounty pay and receivable for 50 along with petitions for correspondence regarding the soldier. Less frequently there are other miscellaneous documents often handwritten included in the soldiers jacket. Ive spent a little bit of time giving you the description of the records because there is often a misconception there arent a lot of records regarding the native populations that are available. We can do a number of things with reading of the records that we do have or looking more deeply to see if there are other records that we might be able to find combined with other information to createso an experience. Th to remind you of the kind of information available. So given the time constraint i will touch on some of the info from the records. First the records indicate that it served for the confederacy than we previously knew and a second they give a sense of change taking place and we can also use the records to infer connection between people who serve and in particular i will look at what the record can tell about enlistment and how the fluctuations can vary. Of the records provided a glimpse of the experiences in the civil war that it wasnt a just a rupture between northern and Center States but other native groups were drawn into the dispute. So the contemporary foundation must approximately 1200 troops served on the side of the confederacy by the middle of the civil war and the Service Records of 100 individuals for the totality of the war and of these 3100 troops translate to 17. 2 of the total population or 20 if you exclude enslaved persons. In the United States and accounted for 14 of the population and 8. 3 of the confederacy and border states. If the population of the self a record of 12. 5 served and that the confederacy. So to say while 3100 might seemn like a small number, as a proportion of the population is quite large and substantial so this figure of 3100 is much lower than the 10,000 troops. Its astonishing given the combined population of the populations at the time with less t than 23,000 people including the enslaved population. They can furnish 10,000 warriors if needed. They are extremely anxious to form another regimen. The data included in the compiled military Service Records about individual soldiers and can reveal aspects ofin the changing nature. Heres an example of some of the names we can see in the records. You will see names for thomas jefferson,ge jefferson davis, private each 25 but also more traditional names. You see these blended names where a european root of a name combined with and then the surnames of prominent families in the political arena are important families that produce district. Something as simple as the names on the enlistment records can reveal broader changes worth taking place in the society. It also provides opportunity for similar data and i will summarize to sayge the average e was a little bit older than the average age of enlistees in the union army and on that confederate soldiers. So there is the enlistees age 20 to 28 and we wonder if they all mustered into the same company on the same day july 30th at the same location. Similarly,43 age 43 both joined september 2nd, 1864 because they have beenan a father and son and a son andhopes joining togethers of one another. They are silent about such connections and the History Collection is similar to the wpa. With personal papers with the military records. We know for certain that you did joined together cousins, fathers and sons and we shouldnt be surprised that we see certain kinds of patterns. And another kind of record, another piece of data that is straightforward is the question of company assignments. Its also known as company i. We have other companies. The Company Names were printed on these enlistment records so they occur and people knew the companies by these other names and the walking snake and captain name is a translation of his name and so i think its interesting to ponder that traditional language name was included. Similarly, they may have found which means to dress up or embellish. The presence of the traditional names on the military record exemplify how much this quintessentially american event included other people who couldnt identify. The date on the records, the date in place muster the records patterns about when and where the soldiers and listed almost 70 of the record was this information that only makes sense if you think about trying to keep track of how long peoples enlistment period lasts. You definitely want to keepp track of when and where they and listed so you know when and where the service should end. So we can see in the records that the majority of the enlistments took place in 1861, june and july were especially popular. 950 soldiers and listed in these two months alone and this enthusiasm for the confederacy is even more remarkable given that they didnt sign a treaty until july of 1861 so they are committing to fight in the war even before the legislature had officially cited with the confederacies of the enthusiasm is high. The historian notes that the work of consolidating began on the confederate government and they already passed a resolution in support of the Southern States in february of 1861 the treaty of alliance wouldnt have come for five more months. Before an official treaty of alliance had been signed it shows over 100 troops and listed in may of 61 specifically on ma. Known as a particular stronghold because of a large number of slaveholders so that explains the high number of enlistments ints this area and it might have been processed by the neighboring state of arkansas less than one week prior 1861. Each served as capitals of the nation that seem like logical sites for companies. Nearly 800 men and listed in the regiment during the second year and january, march and july were especially popular times. Of the almost 200 that joined the regimen in january may have been spurred to action by the november and december battles that took place in the indian territory. Coalescing around who we can see in the rendering here. So his wife was a slaveholder, he promised freedom for enslaved people and many in the nearby ran away to join him. There were lots when they get a break for the north. Moreover many favorite the loyal camps that were growing inside. Some estimated 9,000 followers so only 2,000 would have been citing that. Colonel Douglas Cooper read over 14 supplemented by the texas calvary. Each ofse the battles. Cherokee presbyterian ministers wrote in january of1862. Unless there is considerable force of confederate troops on the border to oppose another nickname. Nearly 230 f and listed in march again for the same area. Of the company is raised in the county formed on march 10th in response to the battle at the ridge at the tavern in nearby arkansas. Heres one battle from 1899 so after the war and here is a 20th century which we could talk about if you would like. This was produced in a part of a celebration of the war centennial and its bob saunders and at the back of the card had a summary of the war and a black hole collection included 88 cards, ed seven with images and then a card that was the checklist. Albert pulled back the forces in thee territory isolated. I hope what i am giving you a sense of and trying to argue is that you can see that these battles can spur enlistment activities that they are happening obviously in the larger world where they are paying attention to the events and political activity and battles and this can encourage or discourage enlistment among the troops. So because i want to be mindful of our time and i always have more stuff than i should, im going to jump ahead a little bit to mention the massacre that takes place in the chickasaw nation. You canan see the star marking that. And i want to bring this up because it demonstrates that during the war there can be tensions within groups and between native groups that are magnified by whats happening in the war. So the agency is the least district and at the center of the action. But groups have signed willingly with theat medicine included in the treaty and continued despite the share of loyalty to the confederacy the tension rose that the agent moved his family to texas. When the Union Raiders which was reportedly included members of the shawnee delaware simental, cherokee tribe infiltrated the agency because of their frustrations and the confederate government kept promises. Reports of the suspected cannibalism suddenly focused the various groups. Theylo reported after they lost3 of the warriors and women and children in the massacre. The American Civil War exacerbated tensions in the group between the native groups and in some ways echoing the notion of the war as a fight that puts brother against brother or friend against friend rather than the enthusiasm for the confederacy. We see the enlistment numbers declined sharply. At nearly 862. In the larger confederacy by 1863 the civil war has gone on much longer than anyone expected. The realities of fighting antisubrogation and being proficientnt extinguished the enthusiasm. As the confederate officer wrote to his wife in 1863 im sick of war and of the separation from the objects of life. Surely many soldiers would have agreed with the sentiment. David perkins for instance revised to the command in the chickasaw by a german in 1863 because of the physical miss harmony and last but not least, the reason is to stay at home and provide for them these men felt the tug of family at home and suffering as the war i continued. The enlistments that did occur in the first half in february, march and april we have the emancipation proclamation from Abraham Lincoln that took effect in parts of states but what it was while it was unclear if the proclamation to the territory knew that it did to spread to the indian territory of nothing else sometimes informed of the change in status. So this woman learned of emancipation when soldiers arrived at her cherokees plantation perhaps more relevant to w the military enlistments ws the activity in the Cherokee Nation the prounion faction of the claims rightful authority to govern and establish a new legislature in february of 1863 and one of the first acts was to abolish slavery in the Cherokee Nation. While many slaveholders didnt recognize the legitimacy of this new government and likely the fact remains the actions brought evolution and at the prospect of emancipation to the heart of the indian territory. For some, it may have hardened the resolve and the enlistments with locations in the district closer to the Cherokee Nation. On the other hand, perhaps the emancipation and lincolns proclamation led many others to see the chances for success declining and affected the overall enlistment numbers. In july the battles took place. You can see the map here and some of the enlistments have been taking place. If we go to the battle right here, you can see these also may have affected the enlistment numbersom for moving military supplies from kansas to indian territories and the battle consisted of a series stand at the way they attempted to capture the federal. Theil confederates eventually failed and claimed more remarkable is the diversity of the forces present the troops from colorado, wisconsin and kansas, the confederate indian troops, texas partisans and the first volunteers all clashed on the battlefields. The calvary described the federal forces attempting the crossing and the major consisted of the indians of the regimen and second in colorado and captain Stewarts Company the ninth and kansas, major foreman followed by the captain of the third indian advance