And that we have come to know him to call his humanity and complexity and there is one lesson from the book that really stayed with me and as david but it and his optimism all the madness we see in the world and with the cando spirit it is indeed possible. This gives me the opportunity to say thank you. And with joseph pletter kennedy. Now turning to the 1 million displaced persons the last million is an epic story with millions and millions of people of general chaos and most known where those also migrant laborers and collaborators and when the war ended. And as the title suggest millions did not. And as a singular story to be told . And with the common sense view of historical events and not necessarily truthful only partially. Much clearer than before. With the peace treaties. And the suffering was displaced by war continues unabated between three and five years in the germany in the camps between three or five years. Talk about the millions who remain in the 1 million into germany can you give information about these people were and who went willingly . There were three different streams and to have a lesson of young men and women who were forced from their homes and can the only possible way and then to replace them with those laborers from the east. And then they began arriving in 1940 and continue to arrive. When the second stream came in 1944 and 1945 with estonia and parts of ukraine. With the nazi authorities and the post office overseen by a nazi official. Joining that division and the red army on its march and then soon arrived in the Baltic States and the ukraine. Thousands upon thousands of citizens and who could not abide by the soviet domination making their way into germany third were the jewish survivors with the german officials when they realized they did not want those death camps to be discovered and they also needed more labor at home and the decision was made to relocate those that had survived the death camps in the labor camps in poland and the balkans to relocate them and death march them into germany where they wouldnt be gassed but worked to death in underground mines and factories these are the two groups that the journey into germany is different is that by their nationalities and they built facilities but what happened was in germany and the years following the day in these camps there were little ukraines little jewish sentiments and from the beginning you and nra and the allies would separate out by nationality they did not recognize there is such a thing as a jew with the weenie and use with lithuanians or polls and in many instances and those of the concentration of the labor camp camps. That ended july or august they were put into their own camps. But the sense but then world war iii was coming rapidly and the americans and the british with ukraine and latvia in the same with the polls. Remember this try to return to poland who a place a review of them is palestine that mandate to keep the jews out. And then not to force repatriation. So to talk a little bit about that. And then the cold war begins almost immediately. The ramp from cold war is a steep one and with the soviets and the allies in Eastern Europe they demanded every displaced person except for the jews people have the right to choose whether they wanted to go home or not. And there is a paranoia that the allies tried with the bolshevik regime and some of those compatriots has a possibility of world war ii and then creating an army of dissidents that would be available to spread anti soviet propaganda or world war iii. And to establish these International Institutions and with unra and the rehabilitation authorities and there is amazing passage in your book page 258 beginning chapter 17 and then they cant at the humane institution to provide the human suffering but then they turn into something else. And one of the totalitarian. But we understand there is an arms refugee problem with International Cooperation. Rehabilitation administration gets the nations of the world including the soviet union to join the understanding is and an agency that repatriates takes care of the immediate need and all the the soviets demand he be sent home and then to survive on their own in germany and then they continue to support these people in camps and then it becomes clear that are not going home the americans and the british spearhead the establishment of the new organization without the soviets. And then not to repatriate but to reject the last million. Fortysix and 47 and it is the extraordinary resolve so a meat market set up with dozens of unamerican nations canada and australia and south africa with those delegations because it begins with the british and they cannot get anybody to work in the Tuberculosis Hospital selected they do they go into the camps on they decide this works so well we need help in the minds we go to lithuanian and estonians and ukrainians. And then the International Refugee organization. So there is a hierarchy and the raise settlement process so is some of that based on race or perception of the utilitarian function . It is a combination its always the first race. And why . Like the are protestant and anti communist and they have only arrived in germany at the end of the war they hadnt suffered the ravages of the war with the jewish survivors. No country on earth wanted the jews and they didnt want him again for variety of reasons no is a variety of misconceptions they regarded the jews with hard manual labor and scandals as the bolshevik sympathizers. 1947 in 1948 with the ukrainians and houstonians in the only way for the jews to get out of those camps was through illegal immigration to palestine from the outside imports in the bulgarian parts but they couldnt do it. With 23000 displaced jews and then the british grabbed them put them on the second series of ships to cyprus for the jews with another set of displaced persons camps to be in the land of their murders. I want to ask you a little bit about truman. So the way im reading it and he is willing to confront the british to open up palestine its a painful process so he gets there in that direction is that fair. Truman believes in the very beginning with the naive optimism to say go there but truman says im going there then he confronts churchill and then immediately says you have to open up palestine and he hints to rebuild your nation you have to help me out. I have a lot of Jewish Voters and i need the support and then the further argument is just tragic decision have to worry the way you did before the war 6 million jews were killed so the European Jews will not overwhelm not millions but a couple hundred thousand and i said if you carried this much that truman is much smarter about domestic politics he knows he cant do that thats not possible and the hostility to the European Jews and the misunderstanding is such that congress would never allow that into the country. And with truman the scene in the book and it goes back where word gets back to truman the situation is dire and people are suffering and eisenhower goes back and in particular the jewish camps to make a point is that an act of humanity for my romanticizing truman and eisenhower a little bit with more recent events . Truman and eisenhower come out as he rose in this book. Truman recognizes from the very beginning of the jewish persons but in the beginning he will realize what a mess europe was the nobody knew what the condition was or how many made it out of the camps. There was a sense the state department had a sense the jews have suffered was so has everybody else we cannot single out the jews those organizations in the United States and in britain so the jews have suffered more than any other group and they need special treatment the American State Department and the United Nations they said no. Absolutely not they need to be treated like everyone else. And then to send a factfinding in the was not invited and not a jew and then to come back with a report that we are treating the jews just as badly as the germans did but we are just not exterminating them. And then say to take care of it is inhumane and it is unamerican and that eisenhower goes to war. You mentioned before the cold war aspect of this. Could use a little bit more about the soviet interest . And from the east. That large numbers had escaped from the baltic nations from belarus and ukraine and then to throw it uniforms to find their way into the displaced persons camps. But that they know that to go to justice. When the cauldron of anticommunist and that they are dedicated and recalcitrant and antisoviet. But then the soviets in the polls and the yugoslavs including the members of the last million who were idle in germany but there is a failed path in the United States and then to give it time for this is the big question and then to do more to sort out with the war criminals and that the americans and the british and doing your research that every displaced persons camp there was a Historical Commission the surviving jews and in austria with the jewish nazi hunters and then they take testimony they have long lists no one gives a damn. And one of the reasons for this because the memories are obliterated by the fears of the cold war. So the sentiment is in the United States. And the danger moving forward and the notion and of stalin and the soviets are the same as the germans and turning to fight a wine almost immediately and so what if they are not collaborators are going against the red army . So what . They are anticommunist solo project a path and move forward. And then this just stays with me. And then that doesnt really matter and then that discovers and they and to go on strike and then the labor government and from those soldiers to keep them out of the minds so in 1951 they changed their regulation to and the former members and that is because this country or congress with a cold war hysteria. Forties into the early fifties the right toward the end of the book there is a wave in the eighties but then 30 years later to become more wellknown that there is a wave of these famous cases that pop up during the reagan years is add a function of time . Im just curious how you read that where that bubbles up. It bubbles up in the United States 50 percent of the time he is wrong 50 percent he is right and there is the residue of nazi hunters and beginning in the seventies reporters and journalists some of them jewish then they look again what went on those 30 years before and there have been weeks from the ins leaning and to the congresswoman and the records of innovation and naturalization of nazi collaborators and because of the crusade and a couple of other congressman the question is reopened in the United States and unless it begins to look at what happened before , how did these people get into the United States how many are still here and what can we do about it . But then the british began to start the same process but then its too late. It is too late and the crime goes unpunished. We have a couple more questions but i want to encourage those who are watching if you have a question or comment to submit them by the chat function and we will get to those toward the end of the hour. And i do want to avoid a simple comparison but we are living in a world now where last year 80 million forced displaced people in the world. This is a live issue in a different way and then to spend all the time on the story, what does that mean when you look at the world today with Lessons Learned to connect to the situation we find ourselves in . And in the present day situation one of the most obvious and in 1943 roosevelt establishes International Organization because he understands with International Cooperation but until the present administration the United States believed in International Cooperation but now having said that the obligation of the United Nations and the participating nations has not been to repatriate or resettle the refugees but to shelter with minimal medical assistance and the 70 years