Undersecretary of state for Economic Growth, energy and the environment, keith cross. Administrator of the National Aeronautics and space administration, jim bridenstine. Chairman. Joint chiefs of staff, general jose joseph dunser. Acting secretary, matthew donovan. Acting deputy of homeland security, david bokosski. Acting intelligence director, joseph mcguire. Acting director of office of management and budget, russ volk. Secretary of commerce wilbur ross. The director of the national air and space museum dr. Ellen stofan. Stofan. Its an honor to welcome the National Space council back to the museum to continue the work of mapping the future of American Space exploration, surrounded here by icons of our nations highest, proudest achievements in space. The council is ensuring our future achievements are fully empowered by the past achievements, the things you will be discussing today will one day be enshrined in this museum and dont forget about us, we need hardware. Last month at our museum this washington at the unveiling of Neil Armstrongs apollo 11 spacesuit, vicepresident pence spoke about this generations renewed commitment to American Leadership in human space flight. Here at the national air and space museum, we see evidence of that commitment every day. Countless children have stood in this very spot and marvelled up at the Space Shuttle discovery and turned to their parents, grandparents or teachers to ask how something so big could fly so high. Our museum is where the country comes to understand its heritage of adventure and discovery and to pass that torch on to new generations. Were at the dawn of a new space age with a challenge to return to the moon and beyond. The americans who will make those first flights, including the first woman on the moon and first humans on mars were not alive to see our first steps on to another world. We must recapture the energy, scope and complexity of our first moon shot for those who were not born in time to see it, but who are called on now to repeat it. This summer the museum celebrated that bold spirit with a program we called go for the moon. This was no ordinary commemoration, it involved projecting a full scale, 363foot saturn five rocket on to the highest at the Nations Capital the washington monument. It was almost 90 degrees, 1969 when the real apollo 11 launched in florida. It was that hot this summer in washington d. C. At night, despite the heat, half a Million People came out to see our rocket on the national mall. On the night of the 50th anniversary, we recreated the launch of historys most powerful rocket with full light and sound effects. The ground shook and the air glowed red with the flames from the engines and looking at the faces of the children in the crowd you could tell that they felt a connection to that moment in 1969 when for the first time in Human History, the moon was within reach. And for the children who will stand on this spot later today and marvel up at the discovery, the moon is again within their grasp. Earlier this year, vicepresident pence noted that president kennedy called for an american on the moon by the end of the decade in 1961 well before we knew how to make it happen. It will take that same bold commitment to american ideas and innovation to meet the challenge to return to the moon and on to mars and we are grateful to vicepresident pence and the National Space council for their leadership and support as we work to educate and inspire a new generation of innovators and explorers. It is now my great pleasure to welcome the chair of the National Space council and the vicepresident of the United States, the honorable mike pence. [applause] well, thank you, doctor, thank you for that kind introduction and thank you for your tremendous stewardship and leadership. Would you join me in thanking the doctor for her outstanding leadership. And to our gracious host the smithsonian institution, all the men and women here at the stephen f udvarhazy center. Its a great honor to be with all of you today. Thank you thank you for your patience and attendance and welcome to the sixth meeting of the National Space council. It was three years ago that a candidate for president came alongside his new running mate and he said to me, you know, this thing called the National Space council has laying dormant for more than 25 years and i was wondering if youd like to follow the tradition of past Vice President and chair renewed National Space council pic and i looked at him and i said, would i . So join me in thanking a a lear who is committed to securing American Leadership on earth and in the vast expanse of space. Join him in thanking 45th president of the United States of america, president donald trump. [applause] his leadership has made a difference. You will hear about that today. It was nearly two years ago right here at the national air and space be sent that we held the first many of the National Space council so we could think of no better place to hold our sixth meeting where were going to reflect on the progress that weve made and how our administration and the United States is on track in our efforts to expand and renew American Leadership in space. And really i can think of no better time, no better time to be here and to celebrate the progress of our renewed leadership. Because it was one month ago world paid tribute to three extraordinary american astronauts, the crew of apollo 11, and the 400,000 men and women who stood behind them 50 years ago. It was one small step and one giant leap. [applause] what a great celebration it was. So many of you are part of it not only here in our Nations Capital but all across the country. I have to tell it was deeply humbling for me to government to spend time with many of the men and women and heroes that made that moment possible. That they secured in a very real sense American Leadership in space. But as we gather here today we do so recognizing that its been 47 years since the last american set foot on the moon. In fact, our great Shuttle Program including the Space Shuttle discovery behind the was a grounded nearly a decade ago. The truth is as all of you know, too long america was content with lowearth orbit and missions focus on the earth instead of aiming for the stars. Im proud to report under President Trumps leadership all of that is changing. As the president said in his inaugural address, we stand at the birth of a new millennium, ready to unlock the mysteries of space. And thats exactly what we are doing. [applause] its true. After two and half years under the president leadership, america is leading in space once again. This president recognizes what the American People have known for more than half a century. That is, our security, our prosperity and our very way of life depend on American Leadership and American Leadership in space. We acknowledge lowearth orbit is not our final destination, rather it is a Training Ground for the infinite frontier space. And i can assure you the American People are ready for the next chapter in our nations history in space. So at the present direction we put them into budget cuts and client and we renewed americas commitment that human Space Exploration vowing to go further into space, farther and faster than ever before. Thats what in her first year in Office President trump signed space policy directive one, making it the National Policy of the United States of america to return to the moon and prioritize crewed missions to the lunar surface. Std one marked a watershed moment in americas Space Enterprise, and with it president finally get nasa that clear direction and Clear Mission that it needed. As he said, we will return american astronauts to the moon for the First Time Since 1972. For longterm exploration to use not want to plant our flag and leave our footprint but we will go there to establish a foundation for an eventual mission to mars. [applause] earlier this year President Trump made it the policy of this administration to return to the moon by 2024, and ensure that the next man and the first woman on the moon will be american astronauts. [applause] the art of this patient has already begun. We are well unaware to making mars reality. You use more about that today. To get nasa erasers they need to account for this mission the president signed into law the agencies largest budget ever, and as we speak when working with congress to add an additional 1. 6 billion to support our renewed commitment to human Space Exploration. The space launch system known as sls, the worlds most powerful rocket launch american astronauts toward the moon will be fully assembled by the end of this year. Last month we marked the cancer complete on the orion capsule per its the spacecraft that we all know will sit on top of the sls and it will carry the first crude ship designed to deep Space Exploration in half a century. And just last week we announced the Marshall Space Flight center in huntsville, alabama, was a development of our new lunar lander and working with Johnson Space center in houston, texas, we will ensure that a new generation of astronauts have a stateoftheart vessel to reach the lunar surface safely and return by 2024. We are going to it done. [applause] get it done. In fact, administrator bridenstine told me that with strong congressional support that weve gotten we can actually start bending metal on the lander in the next year. Whatever that means. [applause] im proud to report also weve empowered our commercial partners. In recent months space back successfully docked its automated crew dragon capsule at the interNational Space station. Blue origin tested engine for its own lunar lander and boeing is working hard to launch its first crewed vehicle by the end of this year. And working with her Industry Leaders, before the year is out the United States will once again sent american astronauts into space on american rockets from american soil. [applause] so were making great progress but we have new ambitions in this still new century. Americas not only going to return to the moon but were going to return with new objectives. Because unlike a half a century ago, this time our objective will be to establish a permanent presence on the lunar surface. From there we will develop the capabilities to journey to the red planet of mars. In order for us to take the next big leap toward the martian surface, you all here know that we have to demonstrate that we can live on the mound for months and even years. We are to learn how to make use of all available resources to sustain human life and all our activities in space, including by mining the vast quantities of lifesustaining water thats frozen in ice on our lunar poles. And once we return to the moon we will develop the technologies to live and thrive in a multimonth expedition at its south pole. Using what we learn on the moon, will bring us closer to the date as the president said that american astronauts to plant the stars and stripes on the surface of mars. [applause] in fact, within the last Year American technology touched down want to get on martian soil as all of the world witnessed the inside mission touchdown that marked are a successful landing on mars and even now the minute win at nasa are hard at work identifying those areas of the red planet that would be most suitable for human exploration. We are not only planning to go. We are preparing to go. Much like the Apollo Missions with our Space Program relied on tools and methods that didnt exist when the mission was established, achieving our Ambitious Goals will depend on Innovative Technologies including those that our panelists will talk about today. But unlike during apollo this time our efforts will not rely entirely on government action. Instead we will go forward into that Bright Future with the strong support of our private partners and international allies. Already nasa is working with Industry Leaders to develop plans for the lunar gateway, a critical outpost and refueling station that will help us develop the technologies can test systems and trained astronauts for the first ever crewed journey to mars. Our moon to mars mission is on track and america is leading in human Space Exploration again. Dont you doubt it. [applause] as will also talk but did it under the the president leaderp weve also unleashed americas commercial space industry as never before. As the president said not long ago, rich guys love rockets. We have taken steps to make it possible for american entrepreneurs to invest and to help america he felt the technologies that will carry American Leadership into space. As secretary ross will no doubt reflect again today we are streamlining the licensing machines that oversee launch, reentry and new operations in space. Where removing unnecessary regulations that it increased cost and stifle innovation. All of thats happened over the last two and half years. Weve encouraged a more stable and orderly space environment by developing the worlds First Comprehensive space Traffic Management policy. And as we restored confidence in the opportunities of space, weve helped drive incredible Economic Growth. Just two years ago the satellite industry alone generated to some 350 billion in revenue. Studies predict that number will increase to more than a trillion dollars annually in the next two decades. And more than ever, space is recognized as the industry of the future. And the first half of this year we have seen almost as much invested in Space Companies as we did in the entire year before. In fact, in the last decade or then 22 billion has been has been invested in nearly 500 different Space Companies. And im proud to say the majority of those investments have been made in American Space businesses. America is leading in public and private investment. [applause] but as we all know as we lead in human Space Exploration, as we lead an American Innovation and leadership in space, we also must lead in security. For the sake of our security both are on earth and in the heavens above, President Trumps direction of working with congress as we speak to stand up a new branch of our armed forces. Soon congress will approve and the president will sign the six range of the armed forces of the United States, the United States space force. [applause] as the president has said, we all recognize, its been frankly true for decades, in his words space is a war fighting domain. United States Space Force will ensure that our nation is prepared to defend our people come to defend our interests, and to defend our values in the vast expanse of space and here on earth with the technologies that will support our common defense for the fast reaches of outer space. Next week we will formally stand up a new unified combatant command, be known as United States Space Command. And a pleased announce that we will recognize its new leader, 4star air force general john raymond would be the first lead of the United States Space Command. [applause] and, and before i move on from general raymond let me mention another general who is with us here today. General joe dunford, chairman of the joint chiefs of staff. You serve this nation throughout his long career in uniform with extraordinary distinction picky has played a Critical Role in ensuring the National Defense of the United States, and he will be concluding his duty as chairman of the joint chiefs of staff in the months ahead. And would you all mind getting on your feet and she showing how much we appreciate the extraordinary life and career and leadership of general joe dunford. [applause] thank you, general. Thank you for service and thank you for your leadership. Particularly on the matters pertaining to American Leadership in space. It is a historic contribution, and i know the president feels as i do that we would not be at this the store moment without your leadership and your support. Later this morning well know more about our administrations progress toward a new unified Defense Agreement to defend Americas National security space assets and also ensure our collective defense. But for all that we have accomplished, the greatest triumph of American Leadership in space still lie ahead and you about those plans today. The National Space council today will send new policy recommendations to the president that will help drive even greater cooperation between our government, our commercial partners and likeminded nations across the world, nations that share of values of democracy, freedom and the rule of law. We will build on the success of the interNational Space stationn by working with our friends and allies to support a moon landing in 2024, to develop sustainable longterm lunar surface operations, and to build a spacecraft that will carry us to martha will also continue to unleash the creative powers of americas commercial Space Enterprise. This council recommend today steps that will encourage innovation and ensure American Compass have a level Playing Field they need to compete and win in space. And will continue to transform nasa into a leaner, more accountable and more agile organization. Isnt that right, jim . [inaudible] good. Well make it easier than ever to recruit and retain the worlds brightest situs, engineers and managers and will hit our goals and we will make new American History in space. President trump passed the National Space council with reigniting and reinvigorating the American Space program, and im humbled and proud at the same time to say thats exactly what this team has done. And thats what were going to continue to do with the support of so many of you gathered here today. As President Trump said in his words it is americas destiny to be the leader amongst nations on our adventure into the great unknown. And thats why the National Space council was reconstituted and thats what brought us here today. While the task before us involved hardship and hazard, sacrifice and perseverance, we know with the men and women of apollo 11 new 50 50 years ago,d that is simply this. That americans can accomplish anything we set our minds to. And america will lead the world back into the vast expanse of space. [applause] so thank you all for being here today. We are grateful to the members of National Space council, our Advisory Group, all the experts and Industry Leaders who are joining us here today. And i look very much forward to our dialogue and our discussion, and, and the support that i see in this room, the support that i hear from that only people involved in the great Space Enterprise across this country but from Everyday Americans from every walk of life convinces me that weve only just begun to renew American Leadership in space. So thank you all thank you all for your support. Thank you for your presence here today. And lets get to work. [applause] well, thank you everyone. Thank you for your kind attention. Were going to get right down to business. We are joined today here at the udvarhazy center. And lets give the smithsonian another round of applause, will you . This is a spectacular place that inspires imagination. [applause] in addition to all the members of the National Space council were joined by a number of testing was guest in the audience and i want to thank each and everyone of you for being with us today. Its hard for me to look around this room and that recognize virtually everyone in every seat, and yet this is just a small sampling of the incredible leadership of americas public and private Space Enterprise. So give yourself a round of applause. [applause] todays meeting will provide updates from our Council Members on ongoing work to help secure American Leadership in space. Well hear from scientists and Industry Leaders about innovations that will drive the next era of human Space Exploration. We will discuss a new set of recommendations as i mentioned in my formal remarks. To begin with i like to ask doctor marylin dittmar whose presidency of the coalition for deep Space Exploration to bring us some updates on our User Advisory Group activities at the last meeting in march. Marylin, we appreciate your leadership, your extranet career. Thank you for bring your experience to this and join me in thanking all the members of the User Advisory Group, many of which are here in the front row for the contributions to the National Space council. Thank you all. Would you all standing up . [applause] doctor dittmar, quick report on the User Advisory Group. Mr. Vice president , and establishment of the National Space council, thank you for inviting me to provide an update on the activities of the users Advisory Group. As you all know the objectives, scope of activities, and description of duties of the usg is to find the statute, executive order and the charter of the National Space council users Advisory Group dated december 6, 2017 signed by the acting as administrator. While the unga is a ministry of the charter and supported under nasa, the rggi functions exclusively in an independent advisory capacity to the National Space council. Reporting to you the National Space Council Executive secretary. Mr. Vice president , you have repeatedly challenged the unga to function as a think tank in addition to advisory role spelled out in this time. It is intended to be a conduit for new ideas. Also offers sometime different but hopefully constructive commentary on conventional wisdom which we often note sometimes to conventional and not nearly wise enough. Organizationally, a ua gs affiant into six subcommittees that reflect precisely the priorities that you and our chairman return at mall discussed prior to them for that its omission in the since a meeting in march we count to review the scope a specific task in which he gave us for this year. The exploration and discoveries subcommittee led by retired general liles is structuring and onetime review of nasas newly named Artemis Program. Focus on its architecture, tactical planning, organizational structure and leadership in the fact general chairs the National Advisory council will ensure the uag draws on the work of that nasa can you offer an independent advice to you where appropriate. As you know admiral ellis is chairman of the National Security subcommittee and leads a a very Capable Group with required security clearances if their focus also reflected National Space Council Interest has been on the organizational structure and functionality of the emerging space for spirit as part of the review last month the received a high level classified briefing from the department of defense and Intelligence Community on the process and progress of implementation planning in anticipation of pending congressional action. I and my colleague eric, president of the commercial spaceflight federation, cochair of the Economic Development and Industrial Base subcommittee. As you directed we are first assessing a best demand space related spectrum issues including both process and content in this critical area. We are considering additional recommendations for regulatory process to form a partnership to move beyond nasa and et cetera and the Economic Development of lower orbit and beyond. Retired colonel federal astronaut commander pam malware lead to the belt and innovation subcommittee. The committee is focused on assessing the status of the nasa space expiration roadmap specifying Space Technology to be explored alternative to be compared and timelines that must be met. The result of that review will determine whether Additional Support to the subcommittee on National Academy of sciences intimate and medicine is required. Retired colonel collins Space Shuttle, i will see more about outreach in a minute. On Education Training aside her committee is committed to developing actionable recommendations to enhance space related and achieving education at all levels. She has begun to drop and speakers on stem from the National Committee of state legislators and from universities with nasa involvement to gain a broader perspective on the education and workforce issues. The final group is base address space policy engagement subcommittee is led by dr. David wolf, astronaut space Walker Medical doctor electrical engineer and your fellow hoosier. The committee broad will include review both current and evolving National Space policy as well as the guidelines, people nor do tactical standards affecting interNational Space cooperation and deconfliction. We have followed the outcome of the 62nd session on the peaceful uses of outer space and a planned a session with the department of state to ensure we understand the administrations space goals and objectives in the diplomatic arena. Separately as a users Advisory Group to the National Space council enters its second year we regain the organizational charter for potential updating source to better define the organizational structure, resources and work processes the we believe and know from discussion with you that you agree that it ongoing an active role of uag is important to the success of the administrations effort to marshall a whole of Government Strategy to u. S. Space. Finally as i noted, mindful we on paratroops and all users in space members of the users Advisors Group have participated in major domestic and interNational Space events, and many in conjunction with the wonderful nationwide celebration of the 50th anniversary of apollo 11. We will continue to serve as the eyes and ears of your National Space council seeking input and ideas issues and innovations, scientists and engineers, students and teachers, experienced aerospace veterans at all levels, and importantly, the upandcoming new generation of space professionals. Mr. Vice president , on the half of the users Advisors Group and its chairman admiral ellis, thank you for the update opportunity. Wherever we go and with whomever we speak, we see a new energy, and new vitality in the space community. We appreciate the focus that you and the National Space council have brought to our nations role in space and look forward to continuing to support your efforts and to our shared contribution to the future of the nations Space Enterprise. I would be pleased to take any questions. Great, thank you, doctor dittmar. And i dont see him through the bright lights but admiral jim ellis is a chairman of User Advisory Group. I dont know if hes with us today that you can give them a big round of applause as well. [applause] great work he did. The apple and the whole team are doing [inaudible] will give us an opportunity, okay. Thank you, doctor dittmar thinks all the members of User Advisory Group for outstanding, outstanding work. Now we move to some reports by members of the National Space council, and im going to recognize our secretary of commerce wilbur ross, who is been involved in working on space Traffic Management, Regulatory Reform and, and is almost as excited about American Innovation in space as the president and me. So join me in thanking the secretary of commerce for his great leadership. [applause] thank you, Vice President pence, for the opportunity to update the National Space council on space activities at the department of commerce. Last year there were 114 government and private space launches worldwide. The first time in three decades that that number exceeded 100. U. S. Had 31 launches, including a Record Number of commercial launches, but china had 39. More than 80 countries have not entered the space industry, often playing under different rules from what we have. These countries realize that space is a strategic industry that create a highly technical workforce with spinoff technologies and Economic Growth. This was evident at the paris air show, which highlighted u. S. Leadership, but also made clear the substantial efforts of Foreign Government backed entities to surpass us. 75 of space industry revenues are now commercial. We intend to keep the United States as the flag of choice, as the global space industry moves from 415 billion of revenues to 1 trillion within the next 20 years. Commerce department is actively pursuing the space Traffic Management goals outlined in space policy directive three. Our Strong Partnership with the department of defense will modernize Space Situational Awareness capabilities. Market daily, a Senior Executive with experience in both market and space commerce leads the Commerce Departments assist a landing team at the 18 space control squadron at Vandenberg Air force base. Our joint ssa efforts will help avoid the destructive impact of space debris. Even as space activities grow more complex and global in nature. In response to our april 2019 rfi, more than 50 academic and Industry Partners submitted Creative Ideas to limit the creation of new space debris. Through satellite design, and proved ssa a and Early Mission deorbit. The Commerce Department role is critically important, given the plants of commercial industry to launch thousands of mass produced satellites in constellation. Commerce is developing an open architecture Data Repository for space debris information. This will allow us to provide conjunction notifications to the u. S. And global commercial Space Industries in the near future. The new repository will incorporate private sector innovations to track and avoid space debris, and that in turn will facilitate new commercial space services. Under space policy directive two, to eliminate or extreme line regulations, we are revising remotesensing and export control rule. We have received extensive feedback from u. S. Companies in the fast developing an extremely competitive Global Market for remote sensing. Our immediate goal is a new draft rule that encourages domestic innovation while ensuring Global Competitiveness and market leadership of american companies. Commerce is working with the state department and other agencies to review Public Comments on our march reposed rule so that we can issue a final rule this fall. An industry that i hosted in april, we discussed the need to maintain export controls with some countries while streamlining them for others. Within the Commerce Department we have reestablished the office of space commerce that had been dormant for decades. It is the only u. S. Government entity charged with pursuing the unique interests of the commercial space industry. The commercial industry has said repeatedly that it needs an advocate, a onestop shop in its dealings with both u. S. Government and Foreign Governments. So we continue to work within the administration and with congress to establish the bureau of space commerce that will give commerce the resources needed to execute the Space Councils directives. Thank you mr. Vice president. I look forward to our discussion. Thank you very much, mr. Secretary. You can give the secretary of commerce and round of applause. [applause] wilbur, thank you. Thank you so much for your tremendous efforts, and i want to offer my congratulations. You mentioned the work in april, but the Space Enterprise summit at the department of commerce cohosted in june, i think it also spoken about and i hope that our private Industry Partners see the tremendous commitment by the president in our department of commerce to enlivening, enlivening private investment and development. Ill ask members of the panel to throw a question at the secretary, but quick question. The new commercial remotesensing regulations are being developed at commerce. Can you speak about when those will be completed or amplify the point you made . Yes. We think by the end of october we should have that work completed. Okay. Outstanding. Any other questions from members of the panel for the secretary of commerce . Okay. Were very grateful, wilbur. Thank you so very much in all of your remarks will be included in the record. As prepared. Next, id like to recognize te administrator of nasa, jim bridenstine, who has become a great friend of mine. He is a great champion for American Leadership in space. He is, he was given a charge by the president of the United States to return americans to the moon by 2024, and make sure the first astronauts on mars are americans. And jim, i know i speak on behalf of the president when i appreciate the energy you are brought to this effort. We should not be terribly surprised that a navy f18 pilot was ready to move out and move out quickly, but join in thanking the administrator of nasa for his tremendous efforts, and jim [applause] thank you thank you so much,e president. It is an honor to serve in this position. Just yesterday i was at the White House Briefing members of the National Security council on our planned to go to the moon and on to mars. And while i was there, victoria coates brought in a box of m ms. And i sickened by the way, these are not just is our President Trump m ms. Not just any m ms. And i said now, what is it all about . She said in and him, moon and mars. In many of their gsib moon and mars. She said make sure you show this, but anybody know where going to the moon because are going to mars. The the president has been very clear. We will put an American Flag on mars. So mr. Vice president , you can have the m ms. A couple of things that think are important to note. Since you so i guess and poorly gave us that charge back in march and number things have changed. And ill just kind of go through one at a a time. As you mentioned earlier today, lowearth orbit. That is a great opportunity for us to figure out how to do things commercially. We have commercial crew on the brink of being ready to quit commercial resupply already resupplying the interNational Space station. Recently we announced that we have some objectives to achieve a more commercial nature in lowearth orbit, starting with creating both the demand side and the supplyside. So on the demand side we have yet to lines of efforts that we believe could have major breakthroughs for basically activities in lowearth orbit, starting with industrialized biomedicine and then advanced materials. Those lines of effort if we can do experiment after experiment iterating one after another, i believe in the next three threo seven years we can have a strong breakthrough that will result in demand for access to lowearth orbit. Now, thats going to take an effort and a change of philosophy on how we utilize the interNational Space station to it is also true, mr. Vice president , that just a few short months ago we announced that we are doing things to increase supply of activities in lowearth orbit. Were going to make available commercial crew seats for industry so that they can take space, whether its researchers or manufactures or even tourists, to the interNational Space station. We also want to make the interNational Space station itself available for more people so were looking at additional habitation, using the port for commercial operations on the interNational Space station. Each of these activities will increase supply while at the same time working really hard to generate the man with an eventual effort and, of course, weve got procurements under way that we are interested in seeing what industry can provide. But we want to have three flyers and lowearth orbit that are commercial in nature. These are things we are striving to in lowearth orbit. Remember why were commercializing. This is important for everybody on the National Space council. Why are we commercializing . Because we want to use the resources that the taxpayers give to us to go to the moon, falling space policy directive one to go sustainably, to go with commercial partners and international partners, to utilize the resources on the moon, the water ice, mr. Vice president , you talked to on the south pole. Use that as lifesupport. How do we live for months on another planetary body so that ultimately we can take all of that knowledge on to mars. What we do in lowearth orbit matters because we want to go to the moon and on to mars. And interestingly, just last week i was at the similar facility in new orleans and i know, mr. Vice president , you have been keenly focused on the sls rocket. And i will tell you what i saw there was i watering. We say the words it is fourfifths complete. I would sit it is well over 90 complete. The engine section was the long pole and didnt come on the Critical Path. We removed the engine section from the Critical Path that we integrated the rest of the rocket horizontally. It is a beautiful thing to see in the horizontal and this week and next week will be integrating the engine section into the rest of the rocket and by the end of this year as you quickly said earlier, were going to move that rocket out of the factory and we will test it. And i will tell you yes. [applause] so these, it was exciting to see that, and i will tell you, mr. Vice president , not just the first sls, but the hardware for the second sls is already being put into place and will start to be assembled very soon as well. So very exciting times down at the a similar facility and as you were there just last month, mr. Vice president , when you announced the online crew capsule complete with the European Service module, we are very close to shipping that to plum brook station where it will be tested, thermal vacuum testing as well as all those exciting activities are underway. We also since the last National Space council we have gone under contract for the first element of the gateway, the power and proportional element, solar electric proponent in orbit around the moon for the next 15 years access a great deal of it as well. And by the way, the reason that was able to go so fast, mr. Vice president , is because of the charge to be ready by 2024, two land not just the next man but also the first woman on the south pole of the moon. That charge is really what change the dynamic to make that go so fast, that acquisition element. On that gateway we are moving as fast as we can, rapid acquisition what we call just a small habitation module attached to the propulsion of the period that stuff a longterm solution thats which would help get our astronauts on the orion into a lander and land on the surface of the moon. We not last week we announced that that land on talking about is going to be managed out of the Marshall Space Flight center. And it is absolutely true, mr. Vice president , the Johnson Space and will be very involved in that. Certainly when it comes to Environmental Control and lifesupport systems there is no place on a plan that is in Johnson Space center when it comes to human to machine interface, no place better than johnson as well. And, of course, when it comes to mission planning, the Astronaut Office a lot of capability, both at marshall and that johnson to get this National Project underway. And as you are aware, mr. Vice president , in the last month since the last National Space council we also named the program. I think that is a significant milestone. It was you who wrote the speech yourself and i was there when you did and you said were going to put the first woman on the moon. And i will tell you that has energized so many people, my daughter included, who is 11. She claims she wants to be a teacher right now but she is certainly excited about landing a woman on the moon. To say, its, you know, 50 years ago we had apollo, and it just so happens that in greek mythology apollo had a twin sister, her name was artemis, the goddess of the moon. This time when we go to the moon we go with a a very diverse hiy qualified astronaut that includes women and it is long overdue. So were very excited about this. [applause] and then lastly i think that support remember the moon to mars. When we think about what we are doing next, the reason that gateway is so important is that is absolutely i gateway to the surface of the moon and we want to do long durations on the surface of the moon using the gateway. It is also evolve level. It is an opportunity for us to take humans, deeper into space and would ever gone before in Human History and, in fact, that is our ship to get to mars taken by the way, if we have the right investments today with advanced propulsion, i know well hear maybe little bit about Nuclear Thermal Propulsion, about as propulsion and the ability to do entry dissent and landing with 20 metric ton payloads into the Martian Atmosphere and onto the martian surface. These are investments that are not much more than what we are already spending. We can put together a really robust mars plan in keeping with the directions to put an American Flag on mars. So mr. Vice president , things have changed since march and were moving rapidly under your direction and the direction of President Trump. Thank you. [applause] thank you very much, jim. Thanks for the great report, and mostly thanks for your energetic and enthusiastic leadership of the president s vision for space. And im going to take this box of m ms back to the present right after you sign it. Hell know even better today that you got the message. Its eminem, thats worth remembering. The direct of the office of science and technology, administered just mention our efforts to update the approval process for launching Space Nuclear Power Sources, and he has a report for us on that. Give us some words on progress. Thank you very much, mr. Vice president. Its a pleasure and honor to be here with you today. As we more of that new generation of Space Missions that you so eloquently described in your remarks and administrator brian stein has said, this time we go to stay. The challenge is achieving a a persistent human presence in space and on other worlds. That is, staying there will require the development and application of wide range of advanced technologies including longlasting Energy Sources that can support human life and expiration activities in the most austere and inhospitable environments. Over many decades as will hear from others, nasa relents and space no persistent on the moon, on mars and in the outer solar system and also for other missions where alternative Power Sources have been inadequate. Some of these environments are far too dark for solar power or theyre too far away to carry sufficient supplies of chemical fuels. In the dawning new era of American Space expiration we just heard about expiration into deep space, Nuclear Powered sources will remain critical to the fullest realization of our scientific and expiration objectives. For modest power needs rate of isotopic thermal generators which are essentially Nuclear Batteries can use Energy Upgrade active decay to generate electricity for even decades. But for higher power needs, Small Nuclear reactors provide heating and electricity and also space craft propulsion needs. As we look forward and would also look outward we must ensure that america can safely develop Nuclear Space systems and has our ability for space expiration, are operational capabilities and also the potential for increased commercial space activities as administrator bridenstine just mention. Over a year ago the office of science and Technology Policy begin reviewing existing Nuclear Space launch policy and as i reported in the march meeting in a still that review led to the creation of an Interagency Working Group cochaired by ostp outer coats of the National Space council. That working groups mandate was to develop recommendations for the Space Council to establish updated and risk informed processes for launching Space Nuclear systems that are funded or license hide the federal government. Our primary objective is to ensure rigorous and effective nuclear, safety analysis and review conducted prior to the launch of any space new process to get into that want to leverage past experience wherever we can. To that end we much provide clear guidelines to a Mission Planners on launch Approval Authority to ensure launch safety is maintained. We want to ensure a a positive response, a positive safety analysis and launch authorization process that is forwardlooking. We think about the future allows the federal government as registered the private sector to effectively use Space Nuclear assistance as we return to the moon and we venture far beyond. Finally, we seek to strengthen the existing process for launching space new persistent in ways that will better ensure rigorous risk informed safety assessment. Without excessive redundancy or wasted time and cost. At the councils urging since last march with continued these review activities, mr. Vice president , in close cooperation with the National Space council is now finalize a set of recommendations we bleed meet the objective i just outlined. We asked the Council Approve these recordation updating the existing process to launch a space contract and trash and closing like to reiterate a point i made at our last meeting and namely that ensuring a rigorous launch safety process is essential using Space Nuclear systems but we cant stop there. We must not stop there. Moving forward must also focus on ensuring resisting the skills here in america and we also develop the technologies needed to provide Space Nuclear systems that are ready to propel as well as power future American Spacecraft. I look forward to working with all of you in the permitting this end of the policy initiative that will be necessary for sustaining strengthen American Leadership in space. Thank you very much, mr. Vice president , for your leadership and for your support. Thank you sir. [applause] were going to move on to National Security issues in the moment. Im going to ask of the members of the panel to submit your report in writing, with one exception, Stephen Bradbury is a general counsel to the department of transportation and the present and i couldnt be more grateful to secretary elaine chao for the energetic efforts that dot has made to update regulations with regard space launch and with our commitment that invigorating and continuing to see the private Space Enterprise develop. I wanted to recognize Stephen Bradbury for a quick update on department of transportation activities. Stephen. Thank you mr. Vice president , members of the Space Council and distinguished guests. On behalf of secretary chao, im pleased to update the council of the department of transportation efforts to streamline the licensing of commercial space launches and reentries, and on dods activities regarding satellitebased navigation. First, on april 15 of this year in accordance with the president s space policy directive two, to public of transportation to the faa published a notice of proposed rulemaking for a major streamlining of faas commercial space launch and reentry regulations. This proposal represents a great deal of work by many people at the faa and within the office of secretary. And it was produced in near record time. It was developed with input from experts in the faa, the commercial space industry, and of the departments and agencies across the federal government. Consistent with the president s instructions, the proposed rule would replace outdated prescriptive requirements with more flexible performancebased criteria. It would allow us to license different types of commercial Space Operations and vehicles to a single streamlined set of procedures. And it would dramatically reduce the size and complexity of the essays commercial space licensing regulations. Dot has received substantive comments on the proposed rule from dozens of companies, organizations and individuals including 15 submissions asking more than 100 clarifying questions. Which the faa has endeavored to address in the public rulemaking record. Its obvious the proposed rule has generated a lot of interest and a lot of questions. To allow for greater input the department extended the Public Comment period to 126 to 126 dd just close yesterday, august 19. Also in response to industry requests are face to face input, the faa held a series of meetings with individual commercial Space Operators and the representative. Faa honored all requests and met with representatives from blue origin, spacex, virgin galactic, virgin orbit, boeing, lockheed martin, united launch alliance, and the coalition for deep Space Exploration. Dot publish a synopsis in the public docket. The faas digesting the comments and information we received and will be hard at work over the coming months to address concerns and consider potential revisions to improve the final rule. We are committed to achieving the licensing framework that enables taxability and innovation in operations, including where appropriate by relying on advisory circulars and on methods of compliance develop operators in the prescriptive rules. Our goal goal is to publish a final rule by early fall of next year. We are confident this rulemaking will bolster americas and daschle base and leadership in the commercial space sector through a smarter, more efficient licensing process, one that lowers the burden and cost of Regulatory Compliance while ensuring protection of life, property, and National Security. Let me turn briefly to satellitebased navigation. Under National Security president ial directive 39, issued in december 2004, the United States is committed to developing, maintaining and a modernizing the Global Positioning system, or gps, and other satellitebased navigation system, including backup capability and event of a distraction of gps repair recent study funded by the department of commerce found that gps has enabled more than 1. 4 trillion in economic benefits since 1983, and that a 30 day loss of gps could cause 30 billion in economic harm and have serious safety of life implications. In spd 39 gives dot lead responsibility over the full range of silver uses of gps, and along with dod it makes dot coach of the National Space base position navigation and timing executive committee. Through this, were working closely with dhs and of the federal departments and agencies to address policy and technical issues, including the security of resilience of gps receivers. In light of the critical importance of gps, dot as for submissions from technology vendors, interest in providing gps backup technologies and where not organizing field demonstrations of those technologies. Another way to protect gps service is realtime monitoring of satellite signals to ensure they meet the necessary performance standards and are providing funding to the air force to support that monitoring. Working closely with the Commerce Department ntia and the fcc, dot inducted gps adjacent band study to measure levels of tolerance and interference from adjacent band radiofrequency systems to the Study Results show we need strong, consistent policies to ensure rf protection for satellitebased navigation. Let me close by emphasizing that for the secretary and all of us at the department of transportation, our participation in supporting the objectives of National Space council is among our highest priorities. My coordinate the efforts of all the members of the Space Council, we can achieve tremendous benefits for the American People at our national economy. Thank you. Great, thank you very much. [applause] give the secretary our best. Great. I can attest to the secretarys enthusiasm and we are very, very grateful for the efforts. One last before you go to National Security. Actually as the deputy secretary of energy to be here. The department of energy is actually not a part of the National Space council that is doing so much important work in the space. We wanted, we wanted secretary. And your team to be represented here, so to the deputy secretary, dan, maybe you could summarize her testimony and then will move interNational Security. Give a round of applause for the department of energy. They have really been leaning in on this. [applause] thank you, mr. Vice president , for the invitation to share a few thoughts with the Space Council. Its a personal honor for me to be here with such a distinguished group of individuals who are continuing to work on Americas Research on the next great front you. Because this is my first participation with one of your meetings of give my commas at a very high level, at a think i provided with each of you a summit with the departments historical contribution to the Space Program. I want to be clear, mr. Vice president , that the department sees space as a very important and Strategic Focus for our department. D. O. E. Is your partner in innovation in exploration, and in excellence. Our predecessor organization of the Atomic Energy commission was a collaborator during the Apollo Missions, and we are eager to join you in returning americans to the moon, establishing a Permanent Base there, and then developing the technologies that are needed to send us to mars and far beyond. Secretary perry likes to say that given the breadth of our efforts, d. O. E. Stands for the department of everything. Theres a lot of truth to that. Theres no question. D. O. E. 70 National Laboratories discovered dark energy. To the department of exploration. We are plowed to partnered with nasa and other members of the base counsel. For years we built the are tg, radio isotopic generator mentioned by doctor droegemeier a few minutes ago. There is a power to deep Space Missions like pioneer and voyager, pathfinder the curiosity and casino and new horizons we we provided detectors and sensors for study and earth and space and our user facilities engaged in a large range of space related research for modeling plasma and testing materials for radiation hardness, to analyzing, and asteroids samples. Last year we joined nasa, an event devoted stop Energy Challenges on earth and in space and collaborated on a kilowatt reactor using Sterling Technology but despite the funny acronym under this project we demonstrated heat conversion concepts that will provide design basis the effort was so successful that in may it received the president s award for making a profound difference in the lives of American People. Today we are working with nasa on initiatives to enable Nuclear Power Space Exploration over the next decade and these includes powering the mars 2020 rover and developing the dragonfly which in the 2030s will explore saturns moon titan. We are exploring other frontiers which may be of importance to Space Exploration. Exit scale computing in artificial intelligence. Our laboratories, the Fastest Computers including four of the top ten and the worlds fastest and we are working on developing three exit scale machines that will launch us into the next generation of computing power. Ai technologies at National Laboratories are already being used for many applications from Cyber Security to better treatments for cancer to traumatic brain injury. We look forward to applying these capabilities to the many challenges that come with deep Space Exploration but by working with interagency partners, private industry and members of the space counsel we can push the boundaries, overcome greater challenges, dream bigger and reach further. Im confident we will see more spacecraft exploring the great frontier and they will be enabled by the department of energy and will be destined for greatness. It is our desire to be of service to you. Thank you, mister Vice President. Thank you so much. We have our panel forward and i encourage members of the space counsel to take a look at the recommendations we will be certifying in the course of our meeting today. My duties will take me back to the white house with a departure in about 40 minutes. So we will work through that. If there are questions related to our recommendations we urge you to look into them. Moving to National Security we are honored to be joined on this fifth day on the job by general joe mcguire, the acting director of National Intelligence but he brings with him an extraordinary background of military service and service to the country. Join me in welcoming joe mcguire. Members of the council, thank you for allowing me to update you on your transportation space. Where we are in the task you should buy the president representing the Intelligence Community and the department of defense to look for ways to increase our effectiveness in Space Operations. Everyone here this morning knows the us and our allies have vital interest in space including military, commercial and scientific. However, these interests are increasingly threatened as china and russia develop to deal destructive weapons placing us and allied Space Systems at risk. Some examples china has deployed a groundbased missile intended to target and destroy satellites in low earth orbit. Russia has a similar system in development that will likely be operational in the next few years. China is pursuing weapons capable of destroying satellites up to geosynchronous earth orbit. Russia has fielded a groundbased later weapon that can blind or damage our spacebased sensors. In addition china and russia have established a dedicated space force, both countries view the capability to attack Space Systems and services as part of a broader effort to deter or defeat an adversary in combat. In short the threat to us and allied Space Systems continues to grow unabated. Turning to the president s task, february 19th of this year the president signed space policy director floor which established the requirement for the space force, the directors also stated the secretary of defense and the director of National Intelligence shall create and enhance mechanisms for collaboration between the department of defense and the United States Intelligence Community. In order to increase unity of effort and effectiveness of our Space Operations. In response to this president ial directive the Intelligence Community and the department of defense leadership created a working Group Consistent of representatives from 14 organizations and the part of defense and Intelligence Community. The steam generated over 50 recommendations how dod and the ic can increase collaboration and improve our Space Operations posture. The best of those recommendations are being concluded, the report presented to the president which is final coordination and review. I will summarize the highlights. For years, debate about how the nro, military space organizations can work. Early in this task we recognize the proposed establishment of Us Space Command provides us with the opportunity to determine the appropriate level of integration between the Intelligence Community and dod to assure effective Space Operations. Im pleased to tell you after months of analysis and deliberations the Intelligence Community and the department of defense of agreed to align Us Space Command and the nro into a new unified defense concept of operations with the National Defense sector. As part of Us Space Command, the National Defense center is a joint dod Intelligence Community organization and will become the center of gravity for defending our vital interests in space. For the first time it will be a unified structure that fully integrates Intelligence Community and see part of defense, Space Defense plans, authorities, and capabilities, to ensure seamless execution of Space Defense systems. Furthermore should conflict extend to space the nro will take direction from the commander of Us Space Command and execute defensive operations based on a jointly developed playbook and informed by a series of exercises. I want to commend Space Command and nro leadership for their thoughtful and innovative work to develop this new approach and assure this committee and the American People that adversaries challenge us in space, they will face a truly unified National Security team. Thank you again, mister Vice President and members of this committee for allowing me to update you on vital reforms which will increase our joint effectiveness and assure we remain safe in space. [applause] next we are going to go to the acting secretary of the air force, matt donovan and then i will ask general dunford to bring Closing Remarks before we move on to our panel but thank you, we are accustomed to the launch of the United States space force. It will be the sixth branch of our armed forces. Let me say to you and the team at the air force how grateful they are for the tremendous partnership you and secretary wilson have had in bringing this day about. Thank you, mister Vice President , thank you, mister Vice President for chairing this meeting, your strong leadership has been a unifying voice in the National Discussion on space. It is an honor to recognize the department of defense for the meeting. Our nation needs the United States space force to guarantee our preeminence in the space domain. It must be a new service to unleash its full potential. Of the congressional defense authorizing conference for fiscal year 2020 National Defense authorization act, you need them to take the necessary steps to fully establish the United States space force as a separate and fully equal branch of the armed forces in the department of defense. The house and senate provisions addressing the administrations proposal differ in several ways. They agree on two important points, a new organization is required to retain american dominance in space and it will reside within the department of the air force. The key component is reforming title x of the United States code. This will provide the necessary Legal Authority for the space force to organize, train and equip ready forces for our war fighting combatant commanders. Without modifications to title x the current legislative provisions do not provide all the Necessary Authority to establish a separate service and sixth branch of the us armed forces. The department is fully engaged with the defense authorizing committee to ensure the final language explicitly includes the United States space force as an armed force with necessary authorities in title x and thereby codifying it alongside its Sister Services in this bedrock law. This new service will reside within the department of the air force, does not mean it is solely an air force effort. Each service has its own cadre of space experts with a keen sense of how space affects their unique domains and they should begin the opportunity to contribute to this important event in our history. To be truly effective the United States space force must integrate with larger National Security space efforts collaborating across the whole of government. We will do this by consolidating the dods finest space professional and uniting, the Common Service with a common mission. As part of this effort last spring the department of defense established space developed and agency using streamlined Acquisition Authority and focus on rapid development, space developed agency is poised to synchronize the development and fielding of new military space capabilities. The space developed agency recently held its first industry day as it seeks publicprivate partnerships to incorporate commercial innovation and technology into the future of National Defense space architecture. This agility and responsiveness will be hallmarks of the United States space force which is white is critical to transition space developed agency into the new service after it is established. As you mentioned, mister Vice President , in the coming days the administration will stand up the Space Command, war fighting command responsible for military Space Operations, fully supported by the congress who unanimously confirm general raymond, the Space Command will be charged with defending our critical space assets from the increasing threats posed by potential adversaries while providing crucial Space Operations to support military operations on land coming in the air and at sea. Ladies and gentlemen, now is an exciting time for americas future in space, the space force will be a 21stcentury service designed for the information age. We are committed to building a flat, agile and Rapid Organization that will be the pathfinder for modern military service. We will continue to work closely with congress to bring this historic establishment to reality in reasonable, responsible and most importantly effective manner. The department of defense is ready, the part of the air force is ready, and america is ready for the United States space force. We must act now to ensure we retain our technological and military advantage in the 21st century and beyond. Thank you very much, mister Vice President. Very important. [applause] thank you for your leadership as acting secretary. For your tremendous collaboration. On this historic endeavor. I want to amplify one point, and china and russia have established their own space forces in recent years and Donald Trumps vision and imperative they can have issue, grateful for your Strong Partnership. No one, no one to whom we are more grateful than the chairman of the joint chiefs of staff. And thank you again for your active participation in the launch of the United States space force they spoke about the space force. This initiative is a positive impact on growing the capabilities we are going, like secretary donovan, the focus a Single Service will bring to bear has a profound difference. And and when the Vice President resides over the ceremony we will immediately assign 87 units under a single combatant commander. The step will put us on it have to maintain competitive advantage on as the president described it in this critical war fighting domain. When general raymond assumes command, he brings together capabilities that include missile warning, satellite operations, space control, and space support. Mister Vice President , members of the council, the direction is clear, we understand it and we are moving out. Members of the panel. Please make your way to the stage. Our first panel is rexjeveiden who will speak about the use of Nuclear Power in space but he is here also because hes a 17 year veteran of nasa and served as chief operating officer, great to have you here. Our second panel is doctor clive neil who will provide an overview of literary sources, professor of planetary geology at the university of notre dame in the great state of indiana. And thank you. Somebody said go irish out there. He has also helped train our current class of nasa astronauts. We are grateful that you are here. Doctor mark will be speaking to us as world renowned leader in womens health. And advisor to nasa, hhs, office of science and technology, as we launch the artemis mission, as the administrator said, what is today a diverse core of astronauts we will send to the moon and mars, grateful to have doctor marks reflections hear about the Human Factors in spaceflight. Doctor elizabeth title, planetary scientist with Johns Hopkins will share space given innovation with Robotic Exploration efforts to participate in the Galileo Mission to jupiter, the casino the mission to saturn and i want to offer congratulations to you as the selection of the dragonfly mission, join me in welcoming this outstanding panel, this terrific group of. [applause] let me start with rex jav d javaiden. We will submit your remarks in their entirety for the record, keep your remarks three minutes or so so we can move through it quickly and get to some questions which is oftentimes more important at the National Space Council Meetings. Thank you, i am deeply honored to speak today. I am here to talk about the application of Nuclear Power systems in space and the confluence of advanced technologies that were unable Nuclear Powered system to be a key capability of the nations robust space expiration program. As you well know, nasa has been using plutoniumbased Nuclear Batteries in space for decades to power such things as scientific spacecraft and autonomous rovers but my discussion today will focus on much higher power, compact Nuclear Reactors that can power entire spaceships, large vehicles and human space settlements. The company that i lead has a 6 decade history of supporting usbased declaration programs, designing and manufacturing Nuclear Reactors for military and civilian applications, delivered over 300 such reactors. As it happens i also serve as Vice President said for 17 years at nasa, concluding my career as associate administrator overseeing the full portfolio of projects in deep spaceflight, exploration technology, and science. What i learned at nasa and what i have seen as bw xt is america has the Technological Capabilities right now to push the boundaries of human exploration at the moon and further on to mars. Many space expiration and operations problems require high density power be available at all times on call and there is a class of such problems where power is the preferred if not the only solution. Technology is rapidly evolving to make relatively low cost Nuclear Reactors that are not just alternatives to options but also the means to accomplish things that were not possible before. For example, working with nasa on a Nuclear Thermal Propulsion system that will propel spacecraft from earth orbit to mars. The system has a number of advantages over other designs and contribute to significant shorter travel times and lower exposure to cosmic radiation for astronauts. Today there is no better option to send humans to mars and times to protect their health. Additionally the development of compact reactors for space creates collateral benefits for us National Security, Nuclear Energy is a compelling solution to offer secure power for remote military bases. We also envision highly compact reactors that could be used to asset protection, we are able to bring such technologies forward because of advanced manufacturing techniques progressing in the United States faster than ever. We are developing 3d printing capabilities to manufacture metal components that could improve the economic delivery timeline for Nuclear Reactors. In closing i would point out since the don of spaceflight we encounter the problems of power and propulsion, spacecraft must be propelled officially and every system, lifesupport, habitation, rovers, require electricity. Limitations in propulsion and power have curtailed Mission Scope scale speed and duration. If we were to fit fully objectives in Donald Trumps space policy directive to establish longterm presence on the moon, Nuclear Power is the most Important Technology to enable these national goals. Given the technological advances and nation renewed interest in space expiration there has never been a better time to employ Nuclear Systems in space. Thats great. Great comments, but particularly provocative on Nuclear Power when we talk about longterm missions, not just to the moon but mars. Doctor clive neil, lunar research, thank you again for keeping to three minutes. I want to get to questions. Thank you again. I am probably going to blow this but mister Vice President , administered bridenstine, members of the Space Council, ladies and gentlemen, i am from the university of notre dame the Vice President has only case that from my northern indian accent. I am deeply honored to be talking to you today about in situ resource utilization. The time is right to take a giant leap by using the moon to learn how to live off the land, thus enabling sustained human presence on earth while stimulating a new sector of our economy. As we look forward to the moon we need to learn from history. Apollo was a monumental achievement and last month we separated the 50th anniversary of apollo 11. However, apollo shows how not to conduct human Space Exploration because such a Program Based upon International Competition is not sustainable. This is demonstrated by the fact that 2019 also marks 47 years since the last human walked on the moon. In order to have an enduring am a sustainable, multidecade space expiration program two things are required. And the spirit of cooperation. On the lunar surface, to live and work productively off planet. Space exploration, and taxpayer investments. And in an investment in the future of this country. The moon and the moon to mars program has been interpreted by some to be a stepping stone on the way to mars. And making the journeys to destinations beyond affordable and sustainable. This is a human presence on them and that will create a demand for unit resource products. What are the resources . They can be subdivided into those that can be used in situ and those for export. In situ resources include water ice and other resources. The regolith could be used for 3d printing of learner habitats and refined for oxygen, titanium, silicon, etc. Resources include rocket fuel, beaming of solar panel back to earth. And rare earth metals and helium3 which is a potential fuel for nuclear fusion. And in that discussion the term resource used in reserve is what he meant. Geologic commodity that exists, that is the best interest. A subgroup of a resource that is a known composition and can be extracted economically. The most immediate and vital issue is defining if resources are actually reserved and economically viable. Those assets are needed to map out the area, brittle vertical extent and composition of any resource. It has conducted several in order to find the best places for infrastructure investment, thus geologic prospecting on the moon needs to be a campaign that cuts through nasas mission directives. The Artemis Program goes beyond camping trips focusing on increasingly longer human stays at one location leading to the establishment of a Permanent Lunar base, surface base of operations. A field station at the south pole by 2020, the capability of resource extraction before them will be vital. The fuel station will require local resources to sustain or redevelop and maintain it. The resources will allow humanity to survive and thrive on the moon and beyond. Based on the initial findings from the lunar workshop in july. And the lack of market for products for such resources, preventing commercial mining involvement. Nasa can provide me needed data and create markets for resource products. Water is a resource that many localities in the solar system, water is the oil of the solar system in terms of fuel for interplanetary spacecraft using liquid oxygen and hydrogen engines. And with that capabilities, this one new system implied when we go to mars. In summary, bringing the moon into our economic sphere of influence, will benefit society on earth can create a sector of the economy and reinforce United States leadership in Space Exploration. [applause] very good, thank you so very much. Doctor mark is recognized. Members of the National Space council, dismissed guests, thank you for the invitation to speak to you today. And gender impact every aspect of our lives in space. It is more than spacesuits not fitting female astronauts. The impact from shoes and clothing we wear, Electronic Devices and the medications we take. Modifying appearances through gendered innovation will never work in any environment including space battle fields, and in our homes. The National Academy of medicine defines gender as a person who self representation as male or female based on social interaction and is based on this, we know the environment can modify gene expression which is called epigenetic, that is the composition, men and women adapt to space differently where even small differences significantly impact the quality and safety of life including astronaut work performance. And commercial does address these differences on how they plan and conduct missions, develop products, High Performance clothing including liquid cooling and ventilation garments, tools, hardware and machines and how they established extra vehicular activity for training protocols. It was recommended nasa fully evaluated the influence gender has on the physiological and psychological changes that occur during spaceflights. In response nasa launch two reviews assess the impact, and adaptation to space in 2002 and in 2012. Every system in the body changes in the microcosm of space. It has been observed that some male and female astronauts experience spaceflight associated neurological or syndrome are found in which there is visual impairment and increase cranial pressure. Interestingly the signs and symptoms are more severe in mail astronauts. And the inability to stand without fainting is more prevalent upon landing in female astronauts than their female counterparts. Additionally real radiation is a major hazard for space travel. It has been recorded female subject to more susceptible to radiationinduced cancer than male subjects. And the exposure limits for radiation and then men astronauts. That will impact their ability to participate in longduration spaceflights. This is not about who is faster, better or smarter, just different. We have the capability to develop the tools and resources to ensure that everyone has the opportunity to live and work well on earth and in space. Most of us were influenced by the apollo program. And in the course is our lives. We need to ensure there will be an artemis affect. And the next suits on the letter surface will be worn by women, not only will it fit her but also inspire the next generation of explorers. It is interesting to see the gender sex lens. When we achieve this goal we are taking a major leap toward Mission Success for every one that will enhance Space Exploration and daily lives. Thank you for your time and attention today. Doctor elizabeth turtle and we will go for questions for doctor metz. Member the council and distinguished guests. We will discuss nasas next steps in robotic planetary exploration. Science, technology and very human desire to explore and charted territories have driven innovation since time immemorial. This is demonstrated by nasas history of innovation for the purpose of exploration beyond our earth and beyond our solar system. There are many exploration visions we can discuss given the recent selection of the next Frontier Mission and role as fiscal investigator and limited time i will focus on the example of the dragonfly mission to saturns moon titan. Our entire team is excited to be on a path to exploring and estrous terrestrial world with lakes, mountains, clouds and the rings with the space get derived from drones that have been become ubiquitous on earth in search of Building Blocks of life. It is the opportunity to work on projects like this that inspired us to pursue careers in science and engineering in the first place. For the Johns Hopkins Physics Laboratory dragonflies the latest chapter in the story that began shortly after world war ii when on a mission led to the Defense Department the first picture of the earth from space was taken from av to rocket. The Defense Department in that first milestone to highlight synergies that are possible. When it comes to space innovation. Community has benefited from the investments made not only through nasa but the National Science foundation, the permit of defense and innovations from the private sector. Benefits go both ways. Space exploration investments have further education and technologies leveraged for the economy and security. Dragonflies an example of the mission that involves multiple scientific and engineering disciplines. Working across boundary lines within and between Government Agencies and institutions, nasa centered industry and universities. Across international borders. The investigations dragonfly pursues will transform understanding of the chemical reactions that may have led to life on earth. Upon arrival in 2034, dragonfly is designed to take advantage of tight naps the get mister which combined with relatively low gravity, ideal for flight. It takes 38 times less power to fly there than here on earth. Put another way, a human being would only need to fly above the surface of titan. Tanks to considerable development and drone technologies dragonfly will be the first radioisotope vehicle to conduct exploration of another world. A critical point is dragonfly is a Novel Concept and architecture for ocean world exploration the design leverages prior Technology Investments and development in order to minimize cost and mitigate risk. We frequently say dragonfly demonstrates the power of innovative applications of technology. It was especially appropriate the dragonfly was selected during the 50th anniversary of apollo 11. Along with this administrations public support of going to mars and back to the moon this historic commemoration has rekindled interest in space declaration across the country. Interest that will be stoked again when dragonfly landed on titan and begins transferring images and data from this alien world. Dragonfly provides a crucial link between the teams the designed, built and operated Previous Missions and the next generation of technologists who will be ready to take the next step in space innovation as we enter the middle decade of the 21st century. In closing, the interdisciplinary missions of dragonfly, bridging diverse scientific and technical fields exemplify the innovation that has been a part of nasas Robotic Exploration of the solar system and beyond and this way nasa develops Technological Capabilities, investigate new horizons and inspires the next generation, and a historic opportunity and i look forward to your questions. [applause] thank you doctor turtle. Thanks for your leadership and we can tell that we tapped the right team. Thank you very much for your insight and enthusiasm. I am going to go to several members of the panel, questions, and we will start with administrator bridenstine. To those in attendance, before the hour, we keep our questions very brief. I want to add if you want additional record, at the National Space council made available publicly if you want to submit additional materials in writing, we will publish them in like manner. Mister administrator. Thank you mister Vice President. Before i ask my question, doctor clive neil is our lunar resource expert on the panel. Also in the audience we have chris carberry, you have a moon guy and the mars guy and i will tell you a couple years ago you put those two in the same room and it was not going to be a pretty site. But now we have this new direction, moon and mars. It may come they come together to visit me which i never thought i would see but it is a thrilling thing for our nation, the unity between these gentlemen. It is still not pretty. It is still not pretty. I want a question for rex, radioisotope there will generation, and to heat electricity. We are talking something else. We are talking Nuclear Fission for propulsion. That is absolutely a game changer for what nasa is trying to achieve. And we need to accelerate. Using Nuclear Fission, you can heat metals that make it exceptionally fast so that is accelerated faster than we can otherwise accelerate it. That gives us opportunity to protect life when we talk about the radiation belts the travel between earth and mars. Can you share with us how much time do you think we could save in that travel between earth and mars if we had Nuclear Thermal Propulsion. Nuclear thermal engines we talk about our twice as efficient as chemical engines and simpler for a variety of reasons. The transit time for a typical chemical rocket engine when mars is at its closest approach to earth is 6 or 7 months. The Nuclear Thermal Propulsion system and we anticipate getting a crew to mars in 3 or 4 months, about half the time. You can see those economies and efficiencies for scientific exploration as well. The next question is other applications, not just for reducing the radiation dose for humans flying through deep space but National Security implications. How do we maneuver with in low earth orbit us is lunar orbit so we can move to various spots based on threats we heard about today. Miniapplications who benefit not just human exploration and National Security. We anticipate this Technology Used in a variety of National Security operations, off grid power and military bases, you cant imagine using a compact High Temperature gas reactor to power directed Energy Weapon using diesel fuel but that is not sustainable over a sustained panel. Could that be used to protect earth from an asteroid . You could envision that for planetary protection as well. It is possible to put high amounts of laser energy on an asteroid. Whatever thread you are concerned about. It is a possible technology as well. Could be used to take debris out of orbit . It could take debris out of orbit. People talk about using laser energy to change the trajectory of space debris and it is a possible application for that as well. There is an amazing opportunity here the United States of america should take advantage of. Great comments. Secretary of commerce wilbur ross for questions. Doctor neil, what is the biggest challenge you face in training the current class of astronauts . The biggest challenge is educating them in the limited time we have for going to the moon, about the moon. Trying to make them understand about the environment, you dont know until you go there, i have never been, studied it a lot but i think the biggest challenge is having time with the astronauts to teach them about off world exercises and how they would maximize their time on the surface of the moon. Or mars. What do you see as the biggest challenge going from habitation of the moon to getting to mars . Comes back to getting to mars. I think we can learn about living and working productively off planet on the moon and take those lessons to another hostile environment for human life. I think they will translate quite well. There will be nuanced differences but i still think the journey, from what we just heard, one way to mitigate some of those risks by going faster but that journey is going to be the issue. We have a laboratory in our backyard, we need to make good use of it not only for economic benefit, but also training to go beyond their. It is enough for a laboratory that will prepare humans very well for exploring destinations beyond the moon. Next we go to the under secretary of state for Economic Growth and energy and environment, you are recognized. Thank you. Doctor turtle, i have a question for you because you spent so much time in space diplomacy over your career and as we develop and operationalize our Global Economic security strategy, the space industry is a priority. How does the United States maintain its leadership position and collaborate with our allies and their private sector partners and safeguard our ip and know how through global frameworks and some things you worked on over the years . Absolutely. There is so much to be gained from these partnerships and at the same time to balance that with sharing of information. That is an area we take very seriously in these International Partnerships and something we need to coordinate very carefully as we move forward. So many of these International Missions demonstrated the potential of those collaborations, something that is worth investing the effort in. Thank you. Let me let the chairman asked the final question. Women are an indispensable part of the Astronaut Corps at nasa and you have been a great advisor. You spoke today about the challenges, differences among the sexes, make opportunities for one versus the other. We set the objective to have women and men leading america back in human Space Exploration, the first woman in the next man on the moon will be american and we will send men and women to mars. You have spoken about the differences. Are there also, can you give us some examples of benefits as well of having men and women leading in Space Exploration, what it means to the signs and expanding American Leadership and capabilities. Thank you, mister Vice President for your question. It comes down to inclusion. The divers to find work forces have optimal team performance. It takes a little bit of effort up front to make sure people are communicating and sharing knowledge but we see improvement at the end of the day. We will have a mixed crew, american women are taxpayers, they support this program and need to be represented. The lessons we learned from the Space Program have extraordinary value for how we live our lives on earth. It is time for nasa as well as all agencies and organizations to ensure their programs and policies have a focus on Human Systems integration. It is the reality at nasa on the Advisory Group, some extra nearly distinguished female astronauts, hundreds of hours in Space Exploration. I want to thank you for your contributions, to understanding we have opportunities to celebrate that diversity. It is imperative if i hear you write that nasa and private sector partners continue to lean in, clear eyed, with unique differences and challenges men and women face in Space Exploration, we will do just that. I want to thank this panel, this is a Remarkable Group of panelists. [applause] with that, time is a little scarce so i trust members of National Space council reviewed the recommendations that have been presented to meet the president s objective on human Space Exploration and encouraging and promoting privatesector innovation and those looking on in the public will note these include specific timelines for reforms. Acquisition rules, management and Industrial Base issues, they create opportunities for international and commercial partnerships. I recommend the publics attention. We are setting specific timelines for the administrator in the next 60 days, designation of an office, submission of a plan for sustainable lunar surface exploration and developed of crew to do the missions to mars. The next Council Meeting reported on the technologies to implement sustainable lunar surface exploration, there are very specific goals for nasa. And we thank them for moving out on those directives, recommending nasa facilitate the developed of commercial and Public Private successors to the interNational Space station, set a timeline for the department of commerce on authorization of commercial Space Operations not currently regulated by any other federal agency. And since the interNational Space station the staff will present the Council Members a moon to Mars Development strategy. One of my take aways today is doctor clive neils term prospector to describe activities on the lunar surface on mars. Just exactly how we are to be thinking and ensuring developing resources of space. And return on investment. Calling for a moon to mars develop a strategy that will take in the Technological Capabilities and the director will be presenting the National Space council with a plan to modernize the workforce. With that, all those in favor of endorsing these recommendations by the National Space council signify by saying i. All opposed, in a. The eyes have it. The recommendations will be forwarded by the unanimous decision of the National Space council and discussing these recommendations with the president later today and looking forward to agencies at the president s direction. With that let me simply close by saying thank you to members of the National Space council and invite the crowd in thinking all the americans for American Leadership in space. [applause] i want to thank doctor clive neil, doctor elizabeth turtle, for tremendous contribution to this discussion today and your testimony today and your written testimony continue to inform our work so join me for thinking the panel one more time. [applause] america is leading in space once again. Thanks to the vision and leadership of donald trump, we have redoubled our commitment to lead on behalf of human exploration, nasa at the tip of the spear to engage our private sector partners to work in new and renewed ways with the American People, to advance American Leadership and with the president s direction as commanderinchief we are reorganizing our commitment to provide for the common defense in developing United States space force, Us Space Command and develop the technologies to protect this nation going forward. I know, looking out at this crowd, those looking on, there is tremendous enthusiasm for Donald Trumps leadership in space but i ask only today that those of you who share this passion for renewed American Leadership in space go tell the story. It is exciting to be here at the smithsonian. We have made a point, this being the sixth meeting of the National Space council, to travel. Our objective is to help relight the imagination of the American People for the Space Program. 50 years is a long time. I know what i am talking about. Our determination, our determination is to capture the imagination of the American People. Of men and women and boys and girls all across this country and inspire the world. I encourage each and every one of you and maybe it will be assisted before you leave here today if you take a long stroll through this historic place. If you look at these tremendous remnants of American Leadership in space. I want to challenge each and every one of you, interesting leaders that are here, looking on, and public servants, it is go tell the story. Go tell the story of American Leadership in space, told the story not just to those who represent you in washington dc to leaders at every level, tell the story in your communities, your state and all across this nation. I know with your energetic support with Donald Trumps leadership and vision, this Extraordinary Team he has assembled the work of nasa and with gods help america will lead mankind into the vast expanse of space. Thank you very much, god bless. Weeknights this month featuring booktv program showcasing what is available every weekend on cspan2. Tonight the theme is secret Us Intelligence programs. Journalist Arthur Holland shell reports on the pentagons aerial surveillance system. Investigators analyst Andy Jacobson talks about covert operations from the cold war to present day and cnn National Security correspondent jim s t scutto talks about shadow was with russia and china. Watch that tonight beginning at 8 00 eastern on cspan2 and enjoy booktv this weekend every weekend on cspan2. Donald trump tomorrow will deliver remarks at the American Veterans National Convention in louisville, kentucky, live coverage begins wednesday at 2 00 pm eastern on cspan, online, cspan. Org or listen live with the free cspan radio apps. Saturday on booktv at 7 00 pm eastern, in her latest book are women on the ground, author looks at the challenges female arab and middle eastern journalists face while reporting. All of the authors were able to push through whatever barriers they had it right openly and honestly about their deepest struggles. One of the essays that comes to mind as you mentioned, such an honest account of grief and loss and also reflects the state of the arab world today. This isnt an uplifting book. All modicum of decency have been cast aside. Not donald trump to his opponent but from his opponent to him. They call him far worse things. They are attempting to do far worse to him than what they accuse of him doing to them. They have no right, none. Watch booktv every weekend on cspan2. President trump accused google of manipulating up to 16 million votes for Hillary Clinton and the 2016 president election. He was referring to a study reported on fox Business News and mrs. Clinton challenge that study say it was the boat because its based on 21 undecided vote