>> okay, let's start, delighted to have you here, the call of the wild west is what i call this, jack london, rugged individualist or socialist? turned out to be both. so jack london, the most popular writer of his time, even more popular than mark twain since mark twain was in the twain of his life, jack london was the up and coming major figure and sold a half 1 million copies of books, really a phenomenal character. he was in individualist who spoke out against individualism. he was a capitalist to railed against capitalism. he was a socialist who criticized the socialists. he was a racist who hated racism. so now you know who jack clinton is. a very complex character. and so by the way we are going to have time for questions and answer butmany of you, i have been fascinated with the novels, stories and life of jack london, the most prolific novelist of the american wild west, there's probably no better eclectic writers in london. he lived as a minor, he lived and wrote as a minor, a sailor, writer, world traveler and agitator, one who experienced life in the west, in alaska, in the south seas, in europe, london in london. that would make a cool title of a book, mexico, lived among the american indians, native americans. london was a born rebel and like mark twain and charles dickens before him became a media celebrity. he cultivated an outlaw image in his novels and writings, born out of wedlock near poverty, 100 anniversary in the bombing of the united states, in the wild and lee san francisco he had been a teenage pirate. and 15 hours a day. a hobo spent 30 days in jail, a sailor who traveled to asia, europe and the south seas, a gold processor in the yukon, protester and boy socialist in oakland, california and war correspondent in japan and mexico and eventually became amera's kipling, an abscess of workaholic writer which eventually paid off. he became the highest-paid writer in the country producing more than 50 books in his lifetime. he adopted a policy of writing 1000 words a day every day, good or bad several of which have achieved status of world classics before his death at age 40. died in 1916 at his ranch in northern california, now -- i should mention i want to thank several people i've corresponded with in preparation for this especially mike wilson and dan which in and curl labor, these are top experts in the field on jack london. it was fun corresponding with them via email. there's a lot of false rumors about jack london. he was not a homosexual even though he was accused of writing homoerotic implications. he wrote i love women. did he commit suicide, and a semi-autobiographical novel martin eden which i have over here which talks of suicide, about autobiographical book on drinking, he was an alcoholic and often abused his body. he died too young at age 40. he was very liberated, liberal individual but he opposed women's right to vote because he knew women would support prohibition and he didn't like that at all. always lead to the saloon, 1000 words of romance and adventure drew together in the saloon and then let out all over the world, adding as a youth by way of the saloon i escaped the narrowness of women's influence into the wild free world of men. so he has often been compared to an early hemingway, parallels, both loved crawling and drinking in the company of men, both rebelled against her domineering mothers, both resisted higher education, both spent the time riding the rails as hobos, both served as war correspondents, both were hunted by the temptation of suicide. hemingway did more than being tempted. let's begin with a short discussion of his most famous novel the call of the world published in 1903 and considered to be his masterpiece and the most widely read of all his publications, go to any barnes & noble, has been translated into 47 languages, is considered the greatest dog story ever written. no other popular writer of his time did any better writing than you will find in the call of the wild, said hl mencken, the story of a half st. bernard who lives the life of top dog in judge miller's estate in santa clara valley, one day suddenly kidnapped, he is top dog and suddenly kidnapped and sold to dog traders who ship them north to work as a sled dog in the yukon gold mining district, this is all based on his own experience in the yukon. is a used, bought and sold, gradually learned how to adapt and survive in a primitive dog eat dog world. what does this sound like. in the last half of the novel he meets up with john thornton, a master who treats buck with kindness and love. but for thornton becomes challenge by his growing desire for the wild, he begins to disappear in the forest for longer periods of time but always returns to thornton. one day book returns to find thornton and his crew killed by some american indians. angry beyond comprehension buck attacks and kills several native americans, then ventures into the forest and becomes the leader of a wolfpack. despite being fully wild now bookstore returns to the place of thornton's to each you to mourn the loss of his best friend. interpretations. it is portrayed as a symbol of social darwinism. the survival of the fittest. that is what life is all about. representative the cruelty of capitalism, of exploitation. in many ways the call of the wild reminds me of the late 19th century era of the industrial revolution that jakelin to lived under, the golden age of john d rockefeller, andrew carnegie, j old and j.p. morgan, what became known as the robber barons. in his youth he experienced a life of exploitation, abuse and survival on a bare minimum wage. he is a work beast. he red marks and spencer but we see in john 4 and 10 an example of enlightened capitalism, a benevolent master where the boss is benevolent and treats his labors fairly indecently but there is a third interpretation and i thank my wife for this suggestion that the novel is an attack on the evils of slavery. after all what does buck represent if not enslaved by the dog traders just as african americans were enslaved by the slave traders who took them to an unknown land. he was beaten and abused. the plot of the novel is how the enslaved dog buck brought away from his masters and becomes free again running with the rules. kind of a cool interpretation. i like it. we are going to talk later about some of the novels, some of the films, i'm going to have mark elliott come forward and talk a little about the films as appropriate. jack london -- was jack london a radical socialist. often portrayed as a hard-core socialist who advocated the overthrow the capitalist system. he would be what we might call and 9 rand socialist, on the opposite of the political spectrum, experienced his own brutal exploitation working 12 to 13 hours a day minimum wage as a teenager and young adult and constantly, you encounter these stories where he is promised a wage increase and then is denied it and a lot of shenanigans going on in this wild and will be world of business in this california area, witnessed mass unemployment during the 1893-9060 pression and the abuse of workers and as a result joined the socialist labor party in 1896 and wrote a newspaper article in 1903, how i became a socialist and went on lecture tours across the country in favor of socialism. his daughter joan was an avowed marxist. jakelin saw things differently from iran who is you know creates heroes who do no wrong, because he recognized the extent of social ills associated with industrialization, urbanization, oppression of workers and widespread corruption of politics. he saw that an ideal brotherhood of man did not arise out of the decay of self-seeking capitalism. sent for that monstrous offshoot, the oligarchy. this will crushes labor movements and subjects workers to ever more difficult circumstances and economic insecurity in order to get more and more power and privilege to the wealthy who rule with an iron heel, the name of one of his novels, iron heel. very influenced by marx here, the iron fist of competition. this was far from ideal for individual freedoms and self-respect, you can understand his appeal towards socialism. in the seawolves which is his second most popular book he ever wrote and has been made, eight times, the seawolves mainly because of the female character introduced. he creates his own rules, there's a brief debate between wolf and the protagonist writer humphreys over the issue of selfishness, the classic debate in iran that's novels in philosophy. larson like 9 rand is opposed to offer wisdom and caring about others which he doesn't give a damn about others. he didn't believe in sacrificing for hours. it would be immoral for me to perform any act that was a sacrifice. who does that sound like? quote, the seawolves sold half 1 million copies in hardback, outrageous high number of books and has been turned into film eight times. the best version of the seawolves is with edward g robinson. he really develops himself as a character, as an evil person. edward g robinson does that in several movies. much better than charles bronson who just never could cut it in my opinion. kindergarten first as i never read a book whose pages i turned any faster than i have the pages of the sewell. me personally, martin eden, that is the novel i turn pages fast. that is how he felt about the seawolves, combines love story and adventure in one novel. wolf larson has a for multiple -- formidable intellect, strength and beauty of the powerful man physically and could at times be brutal. being this man and swearing at him with absurdities, cursing like a demon on occasion they tried to kill him in return. he was ultimately the wild creature, supreme in savagery, mystery, and beauty. it reminds me of some of my friends, reminds me of bill maher who you may have heard samples of on tv, on hbo. we fell into discussion, philosophy, science, evolution, religion but humphrey wonders why didn't he amount to anything? why with all your wonderful strength have you not won something? did you lack ambition? we could have been somebody, could have been a contender. larson was selfish and callous, a man of despair, black moods, unbeliever with no sympathy toward the man he abuse, no conscience, mom morals but his cabin was full of books. he could cite shakespeare and darwin, very much a darwinian. he was an individualist and have you ever met a plumber who like he had a phd and could talk philosophy? i meet these people every once in a while, how did this happen? have an example of that. critics say the book falls apart when a woman shows up, ms. brewster, chapter 18, halfway through the book. i think this is poppycock, i think this is fascinating. without the woman entering and creating this struggle the book would never achieve its success. you have to have the woman so i totally disagree with all the critics on this book. so the c will is a book -- seawolves is a book of adventure, this individual you wonder about, how can a person be so mean and yet so arrogant and yet so intellectual, so knowledgeable, fascinating person. then we come to martin eden who many, even though this was not anywhere successful as his other books, you still can get it in bookstores, i found it in barnes & noble, considered autobiographical, many now think it is his best book. because eden changes, eden starts as a young unsophisticated sailor who educates himself and becomes a world-famous writer. the opening lines about the rough sailor encountering civilized society of san francisco, for me was absolutely captivating. is there any water here? back there? i would appreciate that. services powerful reading. the one opened the door with the latchkey and went and followed by a young people who awkwardly removed his. he wore rough clothes that smacked of the c and he was manifestly out of place in the spacious hall in which he found himself. he did not know what to do with his cap and was stuffing it into his coat pocket when the other took it from him. he walked the other's heels with a swing to his shoulders and his legs spread unwittingly as if the level floors were tilting up and sinking down to the heave and lungs of the sea. you can see he has just gotten off the ship and if you have ever been on a ship where it was rocking and rolling, for the next couple of hours you are rocking and rolling like this even though you are on flatlands, right? this is powerful reading. and then he has this fascination, he says he saw the books on the table, into his eyes leaked a wistfulness and yearning as the yearning leaps into the eyes of a starving man at the sight of food. and impulsive stride with one lurch to right and left of the shoulders brought him to the table where he began affectionately handling the books, glanced at the titles and authors names, read fragments of the texts, caressing the volumes with his eyes and hands and once recognized a book he had read and then he describes he turned and saw the girl, the phantom of his brain vanished at sight of her. she was a pale if the real creature with wide spiritual blue eyes and golden hair. he did not know how she was dressed except the dress was as wonderful as she. he likened her to a pale gold flower upon a slender stem. now, she was a spirit, divinity, goddess, sublimated beauty. he has fallen in love right away. so this is great stuff. this captivated me from beginning to end. this is a book that i could not get enough of. martin eden was interpreted as an individualist, here is a great individualist who becomes highly successful as a writer when in fact he meant it as a criticism of the bourgeois society of material success because martin eden is becomes this uneducated sailor who becomes educated, who becomes a writer but struggles for most of the novel and then spoiler alert, becomes successful. and then he commits suicide because he is disillusioned with western bourgeois society, love, fame and materialism. and so you go from a novel that is for me just absolutely riveting, one that i could read over and over again but i will never get to the end of that novel because he commits suicide and to try to figure out why he commits suicide i suppose i should get into that but that is dark. i don't want to get into darkness like that but people who commit suicide going to that darkness. if you want to read how people feel when they do this sort of thing, can you imagine reading a novel that is so upbeat and optimistic, here is a guy living the american dream, becomes successful in every possible way and he commits suicide? what is wrong with this person? the ending is very interesting where he says at the end he knew, he ceased to know. but -- he was an atheist, jack london was an atheist even though god did him a lot of favors in life but he was an atheist but atheists never cease to know. you only know if you live beyond death. that is the only way you know. so he never knew that he ceased to know. that is how the novel ends. i interpret it differently. i think a better motive from his perspective since he is a diehard evolutionist, you could make the case for a darwinian materialist who commit suicide, because life is purposeless except for perpetuating the species. that is it. or maybe to enjoy pleasure and avoid pain and that is it, dog eat dog kind of world. i can see somebody committing suicide for that but not because you are successful as a writer. it is one of those books you read once and want to read and read again but you are afraid because of the ending so london preaches it is futility. he is writing about futility of the board was society, no way out, it denigrates capitalism, self-improvement, ambition and all the virtues we think are part of the american dream, provides no alternative so he commits suicide. it is criticized by capitalists but also criticized by socialists. interesting that martin eden is very popular in europe. a lot of europeans have self-destructive tendencies, why not write about that? popular television series, london himself insisted martin eden was an attack on individualism and randian philosophy. being unaware of the needs of others, the collective need, martin eden lives only for himself, works for himself, thought only for himself and if you please died for himself. he became disillusioned with love, fame and the bourgeois philosophy of materialism, nothing to live for. there is nothing in the novel about the christian alternative which is to live for others in christian charity. he never does any charitable work so there are plenty of opportunities for martin eden to find happiness but he was too self-centered. 's idea, he wanted to show up your individualist, selfish individual, what it leads to and it leads to futility and that is why he commits suicide. i noted that he railed against the excesses and injuries of the industrial age, the golden age but he wanted to change it. he didn't want to destroy it. london was a journalist in mexico, he expressed support for the us allies in the great war, earl labor in jack london an american leave, quote, what infuriates the socialists was not so much london's supportive american interventionism but his endorsement of the capitalist spirit of enterprise and efficiency in what we view as his version of marxist spirit of revolution so he said some words that sounded revolutionary but he really wasn't a full-scale socialist, never advocated nationalization of all the industry, never gave money to any of the socialist causes other than membership. jakelin was a passionate advocate collective bargaining, rights for workers, increased power for those oppressed in class struggle that he wrote a telling article called what socialism is in the san francisco examiner where he rejected revolutionary communism and politics in general is a way to inform politics. the revised the famous of marxist dictum, this was the biggest discovery i made in my months of reading jack london. in a book called what socialism is or in this article he revises marks's famous dictum, you've all heard it before, from each according to his ability to each according to his needs. it is a recipe for disaster. if everybody works hard but then you have to just give it to people for their needs it amounts to 100% marginal tax rate and that is what the system has collapsed because anything more than your needs is given, put away in a common pool and you don't get to keep it so there is no incentive, you destroy incentives so here's how he changes it. from each according to his ability to each according to his deeds instead of needs, he changes it to deeds. that is enlightened capitalism. isn't that interesting? that is in his story what socialism is. but i am fondest of his short stories especially his earlier stories. he wrote hundreds of them, he wrote thousand words a day, he said i have no unfinished stories. if it is good, i sign it and send it out. if it isn't good i sign it and send it out. so his earlier novels are better, to build a fire, it is fascinating, it is a classic, given most of his stories had a bad ending to build a fire is really good because it is the story of this man who falls into freezing water and failed to light a fire but amazingly survives in the end, limps into camp, he does survive. others include white fang about a wild dog tamed by civilization, the opposite of buck in the call of the wild. a piece of steak, a boxer past his prime who could have won the fight if only he had enough money to buy a stake but he didn't have the money. and eventually lost the fight. so this is typical of the pessimism of 20th-century writers. london fits in with hemingway, steinway, t.s. eliot, fitzgerald, all of them bad ending stories, always ending badly but my favorite short story by jack london is noon phase. you ever heard of it? of course not. you are about to hear it now. moon phase. i always send it to people during christmas time, very perverse. here you go. john was a moon faced man. you know the kind, cheekbones wide apart, chin and 4 head melting into the cheeks to complete the perfect round and the nose broad and pudgy, equidistant from the circumference flattened against the very center of the face like a dog ball upon the sea. perhaps that is why i hated him. for truly he had become an offense to my eyes and i believe the earth would be encumbered by his presence. perhaps my mother may have been superstitious of the moon and looked upon it over the wrong shoulder at the wrong time. be that as it may i hated john klaber house. not that he had done anything society would consider wrong or in ill turn, far from it. the evil was a deeper, subtler sort, so use them so intangible as to define clear definitive analysis. we all experience such things at some period in our lives. for the first time we see a certain individual, one who the very instant before we did not dream existed and at the very moment of meeting we say i do not like that mais why do we not like him? we do not know why. we only know that we do not. we have taken a dislike, that is all, and so i with john klaber house. what right had such a man to be happy? get he was an optimist, he was always gleeful and laughing, all things are always all right, kirsten! how it graded my soul that he should be so happy. of the men could laugh and it did not bother me. i even used to laugh myself until i met john klaber house. but his laugh, it irritated me, maddened me, and as nothing else under the sun could irritate her mad me. it hunted me, gripped hold of me and would not let me go. it was a huge gargantuan laugh, waking or sleeping it was always with me, whirling and jarring and against -- across my heartstrings like an enormous rasp and break of day it came whipping across the fields to spoil my pleasant morning revelry under the aching noonday glare when green things drooped and the birds withdrew from the depths and all nature doused his grade i and rose up to the sky and challenged the gun and at black midnight from the lonely crossroads where he turned from town into his own place came rousing me from my sleep and make me clench my nails into my palms. i went into the night and turned his cattle into the fields and in the morning heard his whooping laugh as he drove them out again. it is nothing, he said, the poor dumb beasties are not to be blamed for straying into fatter pastures. he had a dog named mars, a big splendid part dear hound and part bloodhound that resembled both, a great deal i and they were always together. i hadn't been my time and one day when opportunity was right lord the animal away and settled for him with strict 9, it made positively no impression on john klaber house. his laugh was as hearty and frequent as ever and his face much like the full moon is always had been. then i said fire on his haystacks but the next morning being sunday he went blithely and cheerfully. where are you going, i asked him as he went by the crossroads. his face beamed like a full moon. i just dove on trout. was there ever such an impossible man? his whole harvest had gone up in his haystacks and bond. it was uninsured i knew it yet in the face of famine and the rigorous winter he went out gaily in quest of a mess of trout, because he doted on them, had gloom but rested, no matter how lightly on his brow or had his countenance grown long and serious and was like the moon or had he removed that smile but once from upon his face i'm sure i could have forgiven for his existence but he grew only more cheerful. under misfortune. i insulted him. he goes on like that. all right. but i turned on my heel and left. that was the last, i could not stand it any longer. it must come right here, the earth should be quit by him and as i went over the hill i could hear his monstrous laughter reverberating against the sky. i find myself doing things neatly and when i resolved to kill john klaber house i had it in my mind to do so in such a fashion that i should not look back on it and feel ashamed. i hated bungling and i hated brutality. to me there is something repugnant in merely striking a man wins once naked fists. it is sickening. to shoot or stab or club him did not appeal to me. and not only was i impelled to do it neatly and artistically but in such a manner that not the slightest possible suspicion would be directed against me for the crime. to this end after a week of profound incubation i hatched the scheme. and wireless panel 5 months earlier and devoted attention to training. had anyone spied upon me they would have remarked this consisted entirely of one thing, retrieving. i taught the dog, to fetch 6 i threw into the water and not only to fetch but to fetch without mouthing or playing with them. the point was she was to stop for nothing but to deliver the stick in all haste. i made a practice of running away leading her to chase me with the stick in her mouth until she caught me. she was a bright animal and took the game with such eagerness. after that, the first casual opportunity i presented this to john klaberhouse, i knew what i was a wild for a nuovo little weakness and some private sitting of which he was guilty. no, he said when i placed the end of the rope in his hand, you don't mean it. 's mouth opened wide as he grinned all over his damnable moon face. i thought somehow you didn't like me, he explained. wasn't it funny for me to make such a mistake? he held his sides with laughter. what is her name he managed to ask. bellone. what a funny name! i gritted my teeth, though his mirth put me on edge and i snapped out she was the wife of mars, you know. then the light of the full moon began to suffuse it exploded. that was my other dog. i guess a widow now. i turned and fled swiftly over the hill. saturday evening i said to him you go away mondays? he nodded and grinned. you won't have another chance to get a massive most trout you doted on. i don't know, i am going up tomorrow to try pretty hard. i went back to my house hugging myself with rapture. early next morning i saw him go by with a gunnysack and below to treading at his heels and cut out by the back pastor and climb through the underbrush to the top of the mountain keeping careful site outside, i followed the crest along for a couple of miles to a natural amphitheater in the hills where the little river raced down to a large and placid rock bound pool. that was the spot. i sat down where i could see all that occurred and let my pipe. after many minutes passed john came down the bed of the stream, bellone behind him. her short snapping barks mingling with his deep chested coats, arrived at the pool, he sat and drew from his hip pocket what looked like a large fat candle but i knew it was a stick of dynamite. such was his method of catching trout. he dynamited them. detached the fuse of the wrapping of the giant tight cotton and ignited the fuse and tossed the explosive into the pool. like a flash, bellone was in the pool after it. i can only shriek allowed for joy. klaber house yells at her but to no avail, tilted her with rocks but she swam steadily on until she got the stick in her mouth. when she world about and headed for sure and for the first time realizes danger and started to run as foreseen and planted by him she took after him. i can tell you it was great, the pool lane and amphitheater above and below the stream to be crisscrossed on steppingstones and around and around, up and down across the stones. i could never have believed such an ungainly man could run so fast. bellone gained and just as she caught up he in full stride and she leaping, there was a sudden flash of smoke, a terrific detonation, where man and dog had been, the instant before, there was not to be seen but a big hole in the ground. death from accident while engaged in illegal fishing was the verdict of the coroners journey. i pride myself on a need and artistic way i would have finished off john klaber house. there is no brutality, nothing of which to be ashamed of in the whole transaction as i'm sure you will agree. no more to this infernal laugh go a going among the hills and no more does his fat moon face arise, my days are peaceful and my nights sleep deep. moon face. moon face. when i send this to my friends during christmas time they say there is a side of you i didn't recognize before. 1906 or something like that. so what is moon face all about? in the. judging others. obsession. lack of self-worth. i don't know that applies to him. he thought very highly of himself, very clever individual. you know what this is about? prejudice. he's talking about prejudice without reason, you don't like someone because of color of their skin, they look like, there's nothing wrong with the name john klaber house. that is not a name that sounds really bad. if you want you can come up with some much better names, he chose a name that is not offensive at all. a moon faced person, what is wrong with that cute you there was no rational reason for his prejudice. and yet he took it to this extreme of killing this person. i think it is an important short story because i think it does, even though he takes it to an extreme it symbolizes a lot of people's prejudices in life on race and religion, gender or what have you, it is a very modern story. you don't see this short story very often in anthologies. i have all of his short stories right there, 1000 words a day, turned into all these short stories, he did it to make money. he became a work of the state. he was a workpiece all of his life. so we were near the end, we have 5 minutes for questions. we ought to spend a little time talking about a couple of films, in particular if you want to say something about call of the wild being made into films. 2 of them in particular, the one with clark gable in 1935 and the other one with charlton heston, you're familiar with both. mark elliott, please give it to mark elliott. >> the thing about jack london, not sure how many people still read jack london, especially young people. they are more into jk rowling than jack london burns with good reason because jack london represents another century, the rugged individualist, the adventurer free from mastercard and american express and all the trappings we associate with taking away our freedoms. >> he still is number 8 among the classical writers, hemingway and other -- >> the classical writers >> you still in all the bookstores, >> tell us about the films. >> hollywood eats content and the reason why 20th-century, the last film was made before fox became 20th century fox as a side note was called the wild but they didn't buy it because the book was so great, they bought it because jack london was so famous at the time and they really bought it is a vehicle for clark gable and two factors will tell you, never work opposite dogs or children and so the film is 10% of the book and that much. >> it is a love story. that is not in the novel. >> forget about the dog, bring in loretto young and that is what people went to see, the dogs, there was an era dogs were huge, written tintin and lassie but we don't associate or at least i don't associate jack london with dogs. i associate him with clark gable and the remake of the film i spent some time watching, the charlton heston version which is true or to the novel. >> why didn't charlton meston like it. i thought it was pretty good. >> he couldn't realize what he wanted to get on screen. what he was going for when he was a child, he lived in the north woods of michigan where there weren't a lot of kids around and the only way he could entertain himself was reading books and he picked up call of the wild as a boy and fell in love with it. he wanted to make this movie but nobody wanted to go near it, no studio would touch a film about a dog in those days, loyal dog, disloyal dog and heston was not clark gable. he wasn't primarily romantic figure which made it even a tougher sell so eventually he produced it himself and you know what they say about hollywood, when the inmates run the asylum you've got problems and when he takes control of his own movies you have those problems and when you see it on a screen, shouldn't have done that or maybe i should have done this, or that camera angle was wrong with that line in the script, that is why film is collaborative, you need other people to help you in their part of the process of filming. >> you run short on time, you have a question? >> i read the books in high school, all of them very inspiring to me and a steppingstone time and and the question i have is based on that but i would say the real superman in the sea wolf was hungry because he started as a city softy and came to dominate wolf larson in the end. the final words were very poetic to me and inspiring, at the moment he knew he ceased to know which gave hope that everyone will have that moment of knowing. at what point in your life did you immerse yourself in london? before or after i ran? >> before i rent but i tell you when you read -- it was martin eden in particular those opening lines about books and stuff like that in the face of moon face was not how crazy he was but i have met people i think if we don't like that person and probably all of us and you have to learn those prejudices so jack london i think is one of the classics and will stand the test of time for sure so that was the reason especially with the wild west theme. >> martin eden maybe want to become a writer. >> hope you don't have the same ending. thank you very much. i appreciate it. >> when my son brandon was 8 years old, he told us about the story and teared up which is very inspiring. he expected hemingway to follow the same, we visited his grave a few years ago, might have read martin eden. >> that is a good question. it is possible. thank you all very much. let's go to our next session. glad you could come. >> i would've expected to go further. i've got to run.

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