neuroscientist, a world expert on the psychological science of smell and someone that i'm eager to have as a colleague and a friend. in addition to numerous awards and grants for research record accumulated over the last 30 years including more than 80 original research host, multiple scholars handbooks and several academic and popular books including the college textbook sensation and perception the fifth addition the sense of desire discovering -- and that's disgusting unraveling the mysteries of propulsion. she is a sought-after professional consultant in various industries and is frequently called upon as an expert witness in cases involving olfaction. among commitments as two things are likely to work with dr. rachel herz adjunct professor and i love dealing with her with studies at brown for research teaching and projects related to food. this evening you are in for quite a treat to hear her latest and fascinating book "why you eat what you eat" the science behind a relationship with food. please join me in welcoming dr. rachel herz. [applause] >> thank you so much emily and i hope i can live up to that introduction and thank you for being here. what i thought it would do is give you a sample from my book reading various sections to you and afterwards we'll have a q&a and see what happens. not necessarily in the order that things are written the book i'm going to start off with something which is in the beginning in a chapter and i'm going to read to you about happiness. it's not surprising people at the proverbial -- have less control over their ability to resist and. extra liking for sweet tea is coupled with extra pressure or media. sweet lovers get more happiness from sweet treats and experience stronger positive moves from eating sweets than those who aren't as drawn to sugary foods. how much of a sweet treat you have determines how much people like you and how like you are. in an extensive research project at north dakota state university in gettysburg college in pennsylvania david done eating sweets and being sweets were highly correlated. first it was confirmed that we believe liking sweets and being sweets are connected. strangers who were described as liking honey were rated as friendlier more cooperative and more compassionate than strangers who were described as liking grapefruit lemons, bitter or sour salty and spicy taste. to further experiment show people who reported higher preferences for sweet foods were indeed more cooperative kinder and exhibited more outgoing behaviors such as helping in a local disaster relief effort for completing a survey to assist a stranger. another study demonstrated after brief taste of the sweet foods such as chocolate compared to non-sweet foods such as a cracker people felt they became more agreeable and proving it wasn't just talk. they also volunteered or their time to help someone else get this means a little sugar can give off more sugar. tasting something sweet makes us happier regardless of how much of a sweet tooth we have. sweet treats brighton or mitt appeared in the flipside how sweet something tastes is affected by the mood you are in. a study conducted at the university of minnesota investigators how stressed might be able to change taste perception. participants watched a nature film for 30 minutes and i must stress that the under 130 minutes of distressing time including preparing a public speech doing difficult mental arithmetic problems and submerging their hands in ice water for 30 seconds. each day following the stressful experience participants rated the intensity in practice -- and pleasantness. feeling feeling stressed the ercis relaxin has no impact on how pleasant they were rated to be a ghana ghana stressed that it takes a sweets though not salty sour or -- perceive is noticeably weaker. in other words stress make sugar taste sweet. this means we need more sweetness to get the bang for a buck we are looking for when we are stressed out which may cause us to go for extra sweet treats when we are frazzled and tense. tasting a little sugar can make a swig of that would need to be careful not to over indulge when we are not feeling so nice. now i'm going to move on to a section on the psychological aspects of the things that influence how we consume food and the consequence of eating and we do a section called the milkshake placebo from a chapter mind over munchies. the placebo effect and which will we thank alters how we feel can be a foundation in an emergency situation. aganay wind pain medicine is in short supply has convinced the soldier that a pill is more than one something the sugar amazingly applied. a wide range of other placebo effects rarely occur. if employees are told their jobs have exercise benefits they will lose more weight than they are co-workers who are given this information. people are convinced there's a correlation between athleticism and visual acuity youtube better on a vision after working a. of sleep-deprived individuals believe decaf coffee will relieve their fatigue and mental thoughts and runners getting a shot of saltwater and telling them they are getting a performance-enhancing drug will run faster and report spending less energy and having a speedier recovery. these are just a few examples. believing that we will feel healthier stronger because we have taken a magical pill is powerful self-fulfilling effect that the mind over matter changes are just that, distractions, mental control and positive emotional states generally within our conscious awareness in the up consequences on other psychologically driven state such as energy level and perception is not surprising for what would be surprising is if a mind implements what we seem to have no conscious control over such is our metabolism. in a fascinating experiment colleagues did a shape testing study. in one session of volunteers evaluated a french vanilla shakes served in a bottle with a label indulgent and you learn tagline decadent but smooth rich and delicious on the package. on another they were given a french vanilla shake taglines guilt-free satisfaction and promoted as having 0% and sirrotta checker. on both nutrition stats are highly visible. the topline content rang in at 6 hundred and 20 for indulge in but only 140 for -- unbeknownst to the participant to shake was identical opposed sessions and contain 340 calories. the experiment involved more than just drinking milkshakes. both sessions separated by one week an intravenous catheter was placed in the partisan as arms of blood could be drawn before they drank the shake when i first tasted the shake in a happen now or after they finished. a hormone secreted by the gut when the stomach is empty. it signals the brain that it's time to eat. adrenaline flows from that haslam so we burn fewer calories when we have to hunt for food for sustenance. after hard e-mail it signals the brain to stop feasting. this drop also wraps up the metabolism so they can burn the calories we have just ingested. by contrast after eating a salad holds addressing levels barely budged. in theory the rise and fall of adrenaline occurs in proportion to the calories we have consumed. in order to achieve a healthy metabolic balance. the communication between her brain and metabolism don't always follow the same theological rules. the study found when participants drank the indulgent shake their adrenaline levels rose after the first taste and 30 minutes later dropped an astonishing three times more compared to when they drank the other shake. when they drank the low calorie shake their levels remained virtually flat. in other words at the participant believed they were drinking a high calorie milk shape their body responded as if they just consume three times more calories than when they thought they had down the low calorie shake her despite the fact that the two shakes were the same and the number of calories they contained were high. this means simply believing you have consumed a whole lot of calories speeds up your metabolism. you burn more calories and makes you feel less hungry and your assessment of the energy content of what you have ingested. a milkshake magician who is now at stanford university told "national public radio" that labels are just labels. they grow a set of beliefs and our police matter and virtually every domain in everything we do. the cautionary take-home message is that buying foods with low calorie labels may backfire by slowing down your metabolism so you burn fewer calories than if you didn't know how many calories were in the low yogurt. the body's attempt to convince yourself what you're eating his extravagant even when it isn't. this is very hard publish some labels on containers to carry content. the better alternative would be to take the full full calorie version of whatever you're buying since the calorie difference isn't that much. a half a cup of whole milk in frozen yogurt with three and 4 grams of is only 1100 for calories. not only will your metabolism not be suppressed the higher content will make you feel full for longer. beware that low-fat often means high sugar. our physical environment has a tremendous impact on our experience of food in the consequence of eating psychological and physiological whether we want them to or not. now i'm going to move further ahead into how the environment can influence our experience of food and our interactions with it and this is about how the shopping environment influences what we buy when we are at the grocery store. this is a section called byob or bring your own bag and you're buying indulgences. increasingly stores are compelling customers to bring their own shopping bags. by penalty or persuasion protests of 201530 u.s. cities have imposed some sort of fear regulation of the use of thin film disposable bags. elsewhere too the process of bringing your own reusable bag is becoming they were awarded in many stores encourage this process such as donating money to a charity of your choice are entering you in a raffle to win free groceries. bringing your own reusable bag is certainly good for the environment but can also you're purchasing behavior in ways you may never have imagined. in a groundbreaking collaboration business school professors from harvard university and duke university conducted an analysis of shoppers behave for large commercial grocery stores in california between 2005 and 2007. using data obtained from royalty cards the researchers were able to ascertain what the shopper spot and whether the shopper brought their own bag. total information was collected for 884 households and almost 143,000 shoppers. the results in the two-year study revealed two major findings. shoppers who brought there on bag bought more than shoppers who relied on the stores bag. second byob shoppers put more indulgent foods such as deserts candies and chips at the checkout. consumers who favor organic items are likely to care about the environment and therefore are already consciences about bringing their own bag. this study demonstrates anyone is buying organic planet by reusable bags because buying it makes you think about the environment as it itself is an environmental events only -- environmentally friendly item. since organic products are considered to be more environmentally ethical bank to mention the products into the shopping cart those organic avocados go. seeing food as a classic example. the effects can also be more subtle. for instance when people see a picture of an exclusive restaurant before eating a they eat with better table manners and if they were shown as something completely irrelevant. this is what you need to do as little kids. [laughter] white is an earth friendly bag encourage you to buy more food friendly treats? you feel virtuous because of your bag. this leads to feeling entitled to giving yourself a pat on the back because you have done a good deed and it comes in the form of tasty calories. .. >> people do not by themselves in a candy bar. they're more likely to purchase organic over conventional eggs. you have to feel like you're being virtuous over your own free will even though it still -- another observation is if a shopper had children buy groceries for the family there is no difference in the number of organic things they brought. you have to buy food just for yourself or this to take hold. a fir for the factor was whethee cost of those trees were made filling. there's a big sign with the price rewarding yourself was eliminated because seam price tags reminds you to be thrifty. that only happens if you bring your own bag freely. if they you buy freer fewer treats in the first place. the bottom line is that shoppers who bring their own bags are more likely to treat their environment and themselves well. doing something virtuous might not be as grand. really doing something beneficial to yourself. when the cards of over a thousand shoppers were tracked to us from a after shopping in the britches produce aisle customers next to was one of the vice sections, the alcohol or ice can department. we report our good behavior we are especially assiduous about balancing act when it comes to calorie intake. in a recent study that followed hundred 26 people over six weeks more weight someone had lost the less they would loosen where they would gain the next week. were good at keeping our behavior and weight balanced whether we like words that are not. it's why diets fail. we extend this far beyond food and eating. will we make more decisions in one aspect it can make us feel entitled to act morally and others. move back and talk about my favorite since which is the sense of smell and reach a section called aroma kit craving distractors. 2013 the study conducted in the united kingdom exposed women who are trying to diet to the sense of fresh oranges or chocolate into session separated by a week. the faster for at least two hours and neither had chocolate and broke it into pieces are segmented in orange. in each case they inhaled the aroma several times. it was then removed and then they participate in the snack in which orange slices, cereal bars and chocolate were placed on a tray participants could help themselves to judge how good it was. they then came back a week later and were exposed to the aroma they had not been exposed to. no differences were found and how they rated the two sessions. on the day they smelled fresh oranges they consumed 60% less calories than the day they did when they smelled chocolate. one is that since a warm starts the memory sensors in her brain acute and memory reminding dieters of their long-term weight loss goals grapefruit aroma affects the same way. alternatively, the sense of chocolate solar the participants were driven to eat a balanced meal because they couldn't resist the chocolate aroma. chocolate is by far the most craved food in western culture. attempting to resist it only increases your desire for it. this fits with the elaborated intrusion of desire. once you fixated on it thinking about it more makes a craving stronger. industrially they conducted experiments and found non- chocolate aromas and nonfood aromas can help reduce cravings for chocolates by intruding into our food fantasies. in the first study they presented college students with high resolution photographs of appetizing chocolate such as chocolate cake and brownies. his display for five seconds and they were to think about the food and how much they wanted to eat it. while there thinking about it they simultaneously sipped water, nonfood order such as jasmine or food order such as green apple. on then rated how much they wanted to eat it. what they smelled had a big impact on what they wanted tea. when they smelled jasmine it was 13% less than when they sniff green apple or water. it went on to show that nonfood orders are better than others at reducing our food urges. for this study they compare the effectiveness of -- when participants were presented with things such as pizza and ice cream a pitcher was first shown for five seconds and the participant was told to imagine eating it. this time all their thinking about it that either smelled an unfamiliar order to smell like lupita known good way heard meaningless words or stared at a blank computer screen. the blue light smell reduce craving by sweet foods. the 2016 study further confirmed that between tempting treat and food aromas when they were shown pictures of chocolate desserts and charlotte's citrusy sat there and cravings with 30% lower by contrast when they smelled vanilla the craving shut up by 20%. most likely grapefruit : olive oil, clean and fresh mint to censor the secret to diet therapy. nonfood aromas help us resistor temptations by triggering associations that distract us. sense of healthy foods can remind us of our food intentions as in the study discussed in which it was introduced and for dessert. in other cases since connected can make things more decadent and so were satisfied by eating less of it. a simple technique to try is a nonfood order when you're daydreaming about donuts what about your aroma now get back to work. the fact that your ability to smell is extremely cute at this time of day. we don't have a stash of aromas try a different sent from the library which has over 200 different every day since. this crayon, green health and citrus and sweet decadent aromas. odors trigger most memories. find some that triggers personal memories. similar take a trip down memory lane to transport you back so moment when you are fulfilled inspire you with feelings of confidence can deliver a punch of positive emotion to give you the fortitude to move further. the key is to find the aroma that's particular to you. once you found aromas that carry you to special moments in time uplift to try inhaling one when a craving hits. even after the intensity fades now that you're free oriented yourself your crib and should be diminished so you can get on with what you're doing. odors and taser powerful sensory forces guide and shaper experiences in extraordinary ways. there many others sensory and psychological factors that play roles and whether we reach for a burger banana and how much we eat when we do. thank you. [applause] anyone has question the should be a microphone movement. [inaudible] i wonder what the factory be on a negative smell how that would affect you regarding your desi desire. >> i'm good talking and inspiring. >> there's two things going on. this case it was just to be a nonfood order so the food to not relate but if it were in order that was some pleasant i expect to be more of a deterrent. so should be a turnoff or food. most people are not willing to smell things disgusting or that they don't like. so the key is to find a nonfood order. if you get into this in a practical way you'd really want to smell it. >> anything on restaurants movie theaters stew to make us want to eat more? >> there are some different small things you've notice in the shopping mall but make it seem as though their cooking. so the butter is a classic example. the aroma is intense and there's no baking salmon pence nearby. that's a coffee establishments will do the same. restaurants as well. when this is to were people and by their noses. often we were not hungry if we smell something appetizing will make us believe that specific food. >> there's things restaurants don't realize are doing which have counterproductive effects especially the fancy ones which is playing loud music. even though it might be cool and has a detrimental effect. really loud music and fast music makes it more quickly want to leave quickly so you're not getting the full enjoyment of the mill. another thing has to do with the fact that loud noise influences our ability to taste. swine airplane the food never taste very good. that's because the loud noise affects the cranial nerves involved in her ability to taste through. so the cranial nerve is often involved in this perception. it has a dampening effect on sweet and salty. to taste we like a lot. whatever your eating when it's really loud is going to taste less sweet and salty. it doesn't affect the bitterness so the great food that you get in your transcontinental flight doesn't have as much sweetness as he would've gotten. so loud noise has a detrimental impact. >> other different patterns or desires with food intake if you're eating alone or at the dinner table? >> the number of people here with influences how much elite. so if hearing with six other people it's much more than that. even eating with strangers makes you eat more. another factor you introduce what you're doing with those other people, talking or being excited and encourages more eating. the food is in front of you for longer another thing is if you don't see the discard from your food. so if you to a bar and ordered nachos and the server is clearing the table see don't see how much you consumed, you keep ordering compared to if you see the bones piling on your might more likely to say hold on. what you recommend and balancing? how to balance but yet. >> i have a basic take-home message is. one is moderation. i want people to love food in it which you will but not to an extreme extent. with that is common sense. you can realize when you're over consuming something and you should rain it back in. in the example of salt is a good example to see were comes into play right now the american heart association recommends salt and a low round. it turns out from a major study people who are consuming with the american heart association was recommending in the lowest round versus people consuming more much more than that, those in the middle where the healthiest there healthier from high blood pressure and so forth. another thing that's important is variation. you want to vary the foods that you eat. you have to make sure you're getting different foods because that's the healthiest phone the wider and you'll get more from the pleasure of it if you mix it up. if your go to his chocolate caramel ice cream and yours have that maybe one day. he's it would taste better than going back to the ice cream would be a bonus. so we want to actually take in as many types of sensations as possible. >> i've had the habit of breaking diet soda night get hungrier after having it. certain effective that versus sugar lace soda? >> diet sodas bad for friday of reasons. their studies being done showing that aspartame one of the main ingredients is a sugar replacement increased appetite people tended to you more this is something to do with the aspartame itself. using non- caloric sweeteners has other detrimental effects and it's as dangerous if not more than 12 been diabetes two reasons, one is that these noncaloric sweeteners alter micro bio. the constituent in a part of this regular intake of our food so our bodies respond differently in their race produce different bacteria in our internal physiology changes. the microbiota is linked to metabolism and obesity and the likelihood of developing metabolic syndrome. as well as links to cancer and depression. in addition, what happens is the trickster brain into thinking were getting sugar. while we normally eat sugar your body releases insulin. then it stealing with the carbohydrates but if you're consuming a lot of noncaloric sweeteners you get into a chronic level which is a precursor to diabetes. another reason to avoid those unless there's a real metabolic reason why you can have them. it's better to just have the real thing occasionally or just choose something else. >> search any reason -- >> there's many interesting dichotomies between the smell and taste of things we want to eat. defend aroma of things people find is disgusting and fruit in east asia people don't bring it inside because of their clientele don't like it. there's a few things going on, liking or disliking comes from our experiences with it. if we think it's a disgusting think that we will like it. but connected with food for a wide range of the population means it's really good. she's a similar. in fact i've done some research and another instance we call parmesan cheese. people just think we've done a magic trick. that same chemical could be either or. such a great connection between why we would like something or not. the flipside of that is coffee. depending on your taste sensitivity can be extremely better. >> when i was young my mom would be like just try something a times when you like it. to their bodies habitability to override that? >> you just said maybe it is. >> i don't know the magic number is a, but the more familiar we are was something the more appealing it is. just in the context of smell they become more familiar with it start adapting to the smell and how they notice it. you have to -- i think encouraging children to tried again and again by the time he stopped talking and become familiar enough. and then with members of association foods often become comfort foods. speaking of tunafish, my mom used to make this tunafish and rice surprise. if i describe it it's not very appetizing. that's what she would make is there going out for dinner and to me it's something really good. but only because it was given to me to certain contacts never had that association with tuna, rice, mayonnaise. it has to do with the connections. >> what about the tax year. >> so people are very different in terms of sensitivities. tactile sensitivities also involved so we feel foods of events and we feel like it has a people very in terms of assets that are. those more sensitive to the tactile's of food are -- with some of my not notice it. has to get simpler with touching different things. before you start trying to force them to eat foods that can actually help with the transition of foods that have textures that may not be so accepting up. >> along the line, is there like a said time, sure as a kid i didn't like mushrooms or something like that or if you had a bad night with a certain out colonies smell it and you like no i know it happened because a certain time had passed so many come to terms with the more you overcome that food version. is there science behind the? is it all based on experience? >> yes everything. >> the classic example of certain alcohol to kill is the classic one the difference evaluated mushroom casserole and then coincidence only came down with the stomach flu and spent the night in the bathroom. the smell of blessing it would be a subversive to you. this is based on good biological mechanisms. because if you ate something got sick you would not want you did again. you want to know what specific of that. typically those are hard to undo. time can help heal but it often doesn't. one thing is to try to force yourself to eat it again. i think it could possibly work to a certain extent. as these associations only feel sick and been physically ill we tend to stay away from those foods for a long time. we can bring those but there's a lot of research behind it. think that this is study where there had a false memory. they were told of a story spent a lot of research on means and so she had subjects with a computer-generated information. one of the things it said this as a child they became sick after eating strawberry ice cream. so some people are given that information and then later been rating of foods people rated the strawberry ice cream is slower. you can create those physiological aversions. i don't recommend it. lesser trying to avoid your favorite food. >> to send now changed does her sense of smell change is your age? in your 20s are so stuck ther there. >> everything declines as we age. a sense of taste that is less than her sense of smell. bitter taste in all the taste for good biological reasons but maybe not for culinary delight reasons to clients the lease. so then others taste become less intense. but aroma definitely decreases with age and faster and earlier for males and females around age 55 -ish is when the decline starts. it's different for everybody. just like some people don't need hearing aids or glasses, some people have their sense of smell remains high well into their 80s. what's interesting is if in this earlier age group if you're in your mid- 40s and have serious difficulties with aroma it could be assigned for other serious neurological disorders specifically early-onset alzheimer's or parkinson's. well before the other symptoms the memory systems, born, the ability to not know what your smelling is a classic symptoms. someone in that age group has that problem will be wise to get that checked out. the sooner you get medication, the better the prognosis. [applause] i'll be sitting over there if anybody wants to have a book signed or talk to me. [inaudible conversation] [inaudible conversation] [inaudible conversation] >> when people hear that they say there goes the crazy leftists again. i will the world where people are held accountable and where they feel safe. if we look at prisons and police are people actually held accountable? no. i talked to people were victims of crime, my family, they're in idea of who the victim of crime, white family in suburbia. victims of crime are actually also black people in poor neighborhoods. asked them if they got accountability when someone was sent off to jail will say no. i still don't have a job, they're still currently, so feel safe. >> as much as they're dealing with the criminals in their neighborhood when the plea sure things get really bad. >> the other pieces we've spent the last 40 or 50 years completely investing in place and prisons. and not investing in things like housing, access to healthy food or access to public education, adequate public education. we seen that impact. imagine if we flipped it if we took half of the police budget and put into social programming, what can we do for human beings? >> afterwards airs some but to be. >> 's. >> today had testing it's a sitting president when he signed a proclamation about doctor king diffuse a racist. again, said today about that but with the patterns going on and all the other issues happening globally this is the perfect place to be in for the conversation to be had, not only assist the 50th anniversary year of the assassination of doctor martin luther king jr., is tumor anniversary, one for the poor people's campaign, 50 years and another anniversary, 50 years after the commission report. the big year. i think back to a few years ago when i was with barack obama celebrating the 50th anniversary of blood a sunday. if you took a black-and-white picture of that day and put it up against today it will look the exact same. the economics hasn't changed the black boys and girls can go to school with white people but soma still looks the same. but the irony is just a few weeks ago that to include selma alabama, my friend john king likes to say the black belt is about the richness of the soil. i say is the richness of the people. the fact that someone put jet doug jones over the top in alabama 50 years later, the spirit and change but what does that look like in 2018? what are the lessons to be learned? i want to start with doctor mary frances berry who i love sitting and listening to her wisdom and the stories. when chris scott king was a live they used to talk on mlk day and the question was, what was the question. >> use your microphone. we would talk about two things, we talk about what would martin do about whatever was going on what would martin do it we talked about it and then we would say will martin say and we would talk about what he would've said about whatever was going on in this was for years and in between martin luther king day depending on what is happening around the world. so is ask myself is came back from speaking in tampa when i talked about was martin would say what he would do about all that's going on. one of the stories was the lgbt groups have been wanting her to come out say something in favor of the rights with regards to sexual orientation and she said you know the men who are with martin, and we knew which man, set i shouldn't do it because it's not my issue and it's not your issue and don't do it but she said no we have to think about it, what would martin do and we talked about in and of course martin was not only a race man but he was a human rights man. he believed in the rights of all people. they said that's how we have to think about it she said yeah, so martin would do it but if you come down here from atlanta and stand with me, oakmont do it. she said now what would martin say? that there were other things over time but i think one of the stars you think about it myself when i'm in crisis over some issue of social justice who we would say well would martin do and i think that's an important way to try to think about on a day like this. >> you also said there were components about what he would do. >> one of the things he owes would do about issues and he learned over time he was inches board was so much wisdom he didn't need to learn anything, when he was chosen to be the leader by the people in montgomery because he wasn't born with a little thing is saying he's the leader but they learned when they made a mistake there were some failures throughout and he would learn to strategize, how to organize and conceptualize and how to pick targets and how to figure out what you're going to get out of some situation because he was an effective leader is not someone who tries to meet the people figure out what the end result other be not enough to even be courageous and be willing to sacrifice, you have to be smart and strategic about what you're doing. so, that i think is something we should all learn but what he did and how we go about this resistance that we are engaged in smacking leverage and resistance. >> i sometimes think and i said this to the folks in tampa, he said if i were dick durbin and white house and the president said whatever he says, you have two guys who like you say didn't one guy who doesn't like him he said he did i've been in the white house and say stuff that they wouldn't want me to say outside that they did number can tell that story but i used it, leverage. margaret would say about using for the people know say to him in the ground tell people you did so and so now this issue that i'm trying to deal with that i want you to take care of the fine get to take care of it that i might forget about what you just said or did. if you will do daca for me to shut up so that the cantilever chiming. >> fencing interesting. i used a watch when he said get ready. bishop jakes, we started out with the presidency and i want a bill of love and then it turned something drastically different. is this about love, this whole situation with any kind of policy on the table. >> thank you for allowing me to be here it occurs to me that it is in fact about love. but my was hard to legislate. you cannot pass an amendment that causes people to love. you can get them not to think them or meet them. the futile pursuit for us as american people to try to manage the hearts of people, i sometimes wonder if we can manage her own feelings or emotions. he will not rise and falls on the back of what one or two people think or say. will rise or fall because we have systems in our society. when you look at those like the criminal justice system and the immigration and education system that cause these underprivileged not to have opportunities, while the story is aggravating many other adjectives i will use the distraction from the deeper issue. it's not about personalities about policies that will affect people

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