The divide was a little divide. There were political scientists that were just in town. The idea that this country itself is just wrong. I dont know a single political scientist that believes that. All realize that whatever theyve done in life is something that ought to be recorded and passed on to the next generation. Thats the way we learn, we learn by trying to understand the past. All of us have a past. You really only focused titan. This is a great question that goes to the heart of all the questions that we we talk about. We realize that theres no way that we could tell the whole story. Of course, the telephone book is not a story. I think all the opportunities are open for women now. When i was in law school, i graduated in 1967 there were 13 women in the class of 500. Today theyre 50 50. You never like people that put profit above the public good, and his view belong to the American People for generations unborn and they need to be handed on as places to awaken the spirit. I made a career out of my love for books and to help spread that love, i helped to found the texas festival and now National Book festival. I never thought i would write a book, certainly not about myself. The goal was in some ways a sense a sense of urgency to go to the older people in our families and get the stories before its too late to be able to i had a father and daughter who both came together and after hearing about the book, the daughter said to the father, im talking you to the coffee shop and youre going to tell me the story. History looks back, 30plus Million People. Thats going to be quite a change, quite, you know, a Martin Luther king change. I think that was a bonding between justice. The important thing is to pass. Once you pas it, its easier to go back and fix it. To bring back the dead. I try to do not only with the outside speakers that youre familiar, but also ores others that are less familiar. Theres no big person, you know, to go back to easily so im bringing all my guys in the room at the same time and write about leadership. Thats really what i care about underneath it all. Oh, thank you. Cspan is going to have questions from cspan and cspan will now now a look at Nuclear Power safety and security specially china, south korea and japan. Changes to Nuclear Power plant since the 2011 meltdown in the fukushima Nuclear Power plant. This is an hour and a half. Okay. Well, good afternoon, everyone. Im the director here delighted to see all of you in this beautiful summer day. There are lots of folks trying to get lunch and get seated but i will get started because i know were starting a little bit already behind schedule, so please cooperate with me and try to get the program started and get everyone seated as best we can. Pleasure to have jim plat here today. Jim has been an eastwest fellow visiting with nuclear engining and he can deal with some of the technical issues, but also the larger issues, in a way hes well suited to do that because hes been looking a subject for a while. He spent about a year in japan looking with Japanese Nuclear authorities and Japanese Companies and others exploring this topic. He spent a will the of time interviewing folks in korea and made trips to china as well. Delighted to have you, jim. I cant think of a better context to be taking off this topic. Japan has restarted a couple of its Nuclear Reactors but theres a larger issue of the direction of japans nuclear program. The president will come to washington soon and announced initiative with northeast Asia Corporation whichs which has cin energy component. Its a particular time in asia pacific relations, which has been to say the at least complicated within the last several years, maybe last year or so and also emphasis on emergency and power as well. The overall topics for jims topic is very timely and delighted to have him and you discuss. Let me lay a couple of ground rules. Todays program is completely on the record and it is being web cast live and we are also on cspan today. Please know that as we move into the q a section. Jim has a powerpoint. We will open up the time run to go 1 30 sharp close. To remind you, identify and your affiliation and we will try to make as many of those. Take it away. Your show. Thank you for a very kind introduction and thanks everyone here and out in the back. I hope everyone can hear me. Thanks for cspan for coming and putting me very much on the record here. But, you know, im just a visiting fellow so i dont have anything too controversial to say. Im going to be talking about Nuclear Safety cooperations in knot east asia. The state of it or the lack of cooperation maybe some of the details of what kind of cooperation can be built in northeast asia. But i also come at this with a larger history of looking at Nuclear Power in the region, security and nonplif proliferation as well. Well see by the time we get to the end the cooperation theres a lot of opportunity for cooperation so look forward to discussing it with yall, maybe you can give me some ideas of where to go next on my research on the topic. First im going to outline in my talk, give a context of the state of Nuclear Power in the region, both reactors and fuel cycle, then we will look at the northeast Asia Peace Initiative which is announced from the south korean government, the current administration. They have these little fancy pamphlets online. I dont want to spend a lot of time on it but i will briefly go over and whether i think its a type of model that could be replicated or should be replicated in northeast asia. Finally wrap up with some of my own conclusions or recommendations. But then i look forward to the q a with everyone. First to look at the Current Situation and Nuclear Power in the region. The region was an early adopter of Nuclear Power mostly in japan starting in 1960s. The orange is japan. I do want to point out this is operationals no necessarily operating. Reactors that are not in longterm permanent shutdown. So we see japan is the early adapter and really growing. South korea coming out in the late 70s has grown up in the years. China starting in the mid90s going on a construction pattern now. China is leading growth in the region, really in the world. Ill talk a little bit more about japan since they have a situation about where theyre going to go with their sector. But just to say that theres a lot of reactors in the region and heavy dependence on Nuclear Power. So still i want to make sure everyone this is operational. The current number of reactors, china and south korea there are in the mid20s. Reactors under construction in japan is unclear what will happen with them. China and south korea have several reactors. China have a few dozen under construction. Quite an ambitious schedule. Some are around not quite a quarter of current operational reactors in the region. The density is continue to rise in the region. Really with all Nuclear Plants or thermal power plants it needs to be located near a source of water so they are in the coastal regions, china, korea, and you see japan on the righthand side. Sister reactor at the site, will probably start next month or next couple of months or so. Well see what happens with other reactors. As far as Nuclear Generation in the region, and its important, all three of these states are really tagged Nuclear Power as vital for their energy mix, for various reasons. Energy security reasons, climate reasons, even maybe greater strategic reasons, reasons if you want to discuss that as well. But particular japan and south korea being very poor in domestic natural resources. Nuclear the way to grantee their natural resources. 30 of south koreas power came from nuclear. Big zero for japan. Japan was at 30 . China has a few percent of it overall, but again with the size of Chinese Market its hard to get to that 30 level that japan and to the south korea had. I want to be clear on what i want by nuclear cycle, that basically start from mining uranium and put it into a reactor and generate electricity, the waste that you produce on that, its back end of the cycle. Either whats call reprocessing or recycling where its been processed again and been fed to the reactor, and but you have to process of doing and the waste goes straight to depository. In theory no country really has a solid idea yet of how to handle their waste, but its an enduring problem in the region. Japan has had a close cycle that includes reprocessing. Its been a big controversial. Its been wholly developed. Enretch midnight reprocessing where special Nuclear Materials are made, and that can be used for weapons or for reactor fuel. I of course, focus on the reactor side of it, but its hard to separate the two aspects. Theres been talk about cooperation on that aspect as well. I will get into that a little bit. I think thats much more challenging. And, of course, everyone, you talk about nuclear in asia and the japan situation comes up. I wanted to go over this briefly. As china and south korea seem pretty solid in commitment to Nuclear Power and moving forward with it, japan after the fukushima accident eventually shutdown all of the reactors. They shutdown 13 months for review. By the end of 2012ish they all had shutdown, but then all of last year all had shutdown again, while they were making new regulation. Basically for a few years there there was no regulatory basis to restart the reactors except for special ordered by the Prime Minister. But, of course, changed from the Democratic Party of japan to liberal party of japan and Prime Minister abe in strongest way possible supported Nuclear Power. Some of the public reaction to it makes them not be so outward for it, but they have supported it and put out a plan in june that they want 2022 of electricity. Looking at the number, thats about 29 reactors. 25 so far applied for restart. One has restarted. The plan is quite ambitious. More than that, it may assume that theres going to be new construction or lifetime extensions, because right now the regular intlaicion is 40 years the layoff life of a reactor in japan. Theres been discussion on doing this, publicly thats going to be a very sensitive topic and im not quite sure how the regulator in japan is going to justify the lifeextensions. And thats done at a site called rekosho. I shouldnt say its done at because its never been open. It plans to be done there. The construction just finished about 2011 and then it had to be shutdown and new regulations were put out. As far as i know, theyre not inspecting that site yet. Not surprisingly the japanese regulator is completely flooded with reactor inspections and they simply dont have the capacity to be looking at everything right now. But theres still plans on the books for open march of next year, but its been opening for about 13 years now. So im not convinced its going to open next year, but still the government is committed to that. What they are facing i dont know how well you can see that. It didnt turn out too well for him, but i show this pick your one because the National Polling shows that the japanese people are still a majority antinuclear, that they want to faze out nuclear, there are a few people and they are all old, this is kind of emblem emblematic. Its not occurring at the polls either. Democratic party has won for the lower house. I dont know how the japanese public if they say they oppose Nuclear Power and dont demonstrate how thats actually going to demonstrate getting Nuclear Power to faze out. They have moved to putting in court challenges. The court in t a k a hama reactor is. T a k a hama had received authorization from the japanese regulator, the judge accepted it and said the reactor could not restart because the regulations are not good enough. The owner of pla plant has challenged it and will go through challenge process. In my opinion, the challenge will likely the appeal will win and it will eventually start. It maybe moving to the towards to try and challenge the restart. Specially, they have one president but ive also that judge moved. I dont know why but he moved. I dont know how much the president is going to last now. I think hopefully hahs thats why theres an interest and focus on reactors of the region lately. Cot south korean president announced. She named asias paradox. Theres very little or immature Political Security cooperation in the region to deal with some of the tough issues. She had this trust policy about Building Trust with north korea. We will build trust and confidence by dealing with soft issues first such as disaster relief, Nuclear Safety, counterterrorism, Cyber Security and environment. Very easy to cooperate, maybe not. And so the proposal says we will do this, create Greater Peace in the region. I know that this is a big blog of test to put on a powerpoint slide, pretty much what it says on Nuclear Safety on the next pamphlet. Ill explain what that is. Will be launched in northeast asia among the free countries. Thats all it says which is pretty vague on exactly what they had in mind. It might be purposely vague or it could be a vine that the administration didnt have idea on safety. Herein is part mentioning Nuclear Safety. When i looked at it this year from ten days ago, i didnt see a Nuclear Safety mentioned, but please someone correct me if i was wrong on that, basically she says theres a lot of Nuclear Power plants in the region and this is a threat to regional safety, so just like europe started and we will use Nuclear Safety as an issue to build Regional Trust and integration and propose its a typo create a body for Nuclear Safety in northeast asia. [laughs] with participation open u. S. , russia, north korea and mongolia , why open it up to these other members as well, or these oh other partners. We can talk about that. Im going to go over. Theres so little about Nuclear Safety. This grand vision for creating integration in northeast asia. Its related to korean dialogue. Trust policy with north korea, at least in the q a in the back. Why now . Obviously fukushima has brought the issue to the floor, but theres also the pattern of proposing this sort of regional and cooperation. They get fiveyear term and they seem to have a tendency to come into office and distinguish themselves from pred predecessor by announcing the plans. Making a plan every five years is not a good way to actually achieve regionalization. Another thing, korean president s have a tendency to leave office with terrible ratings. This is a new way that the president distinguishes himself or herself from the predecessors. But i also think that this requires any sort of serious commitment to a Regional Organization must go across multiple administrations. I also think its a good question if korea announces, does china and japan accept korea in the leadership. Some of you probably know korea has tendency of being shrimp between two whales. Im not sure the region is ready for korean leadership, but well see. And its also been when i talk from some other people from the region what do you think about napsi. The first question book is what is napsi. Regional cooperation is necessary and necessary to start it now. But thats going to be a big task. Ive done a lot of work on asia. Im not as familiar with europe, this has been interesting to learn a little bit more about europe. So the treaty was signed in 1957, came into force in 1958. Members, netherlands, italy, west germany. When a new state enters the eu they must enter the treaty. Its key objective is essentially they wanted to promote nonproliferation and the Nuclear Sector in the region. As this was starting at a time where Nuclear Power was in infancy in europe, they wanted to join region, industrialization, they made supply agency to grantee supply of uranium. That perception has not held true. Uranium, we continue to find more uranium, more viable resources. But a big thing on it was safe guard. This also was a time where the International Atomic agency which is the Global Nuclear safe guard body had just started. It was not really strong and robust yet. Now, the u. S. Didnt necessarily push it but being u. S. Was more on nuclear in the industry, much more dominant player at the time, they wanted to promote Nuclear Power but also in away that did not spread Nuclear Weapons to both allies and adversaries. They to get ownership of other Nuclear Materials. And also materials the military use are exempt from the safeguards. I was a key provision to get france to join on. But i look at all of these things and think this is a tall hill to climb in northeast asia. There is no asian court of justice. There is no supply agency that we take ownership of Nuclear Materials. So also as far