Then theyll look get you to say you are crazy. Order you talking about . My wife cannot solve off cannot sell their home. I cannot take other jobs if i wanted to. The i could read and write and i have a chance and i didnt have that before. But is that different from the time when you did not hold yourself for beaten for any reason . Of course,. Reconstruction and made a lasting but but to celebrate reconstruction in that sense. If anybody walks away with anything, number one human beings are not rational. They are irrational their feelings and fears and hopes can shape a and twist and distort what they do all times. Seconds coming keep in mind what we often forget that reconstruction but to bring the nation together to reunite and that is a done deal but it wasnt. They did not know how the story would turn out to they had no idea in 1865 that black men would let be given in the fall within the next couple of years they had no idea of the outcome. It seems looking back we have to remember that passed past. One. What you do hear professor in Northwestern University . A professor of africanamerican studies and i teach courses on the Civilrights Movement a survey of africanAmerican History and just finished teaching a freshman this america is america post ratio . Often do africanAmerican History after the civil for down to the present. Host what is your answer to the question is america opposed racial . What does that mean . Give interrogates the idea that began to circulate says a black man was in the white house maybe the United States had overcome the long history of White Supremacy so there was a lot of attention to that question after he was first elected and sadly in our own recent time we have seen very unfortunate and dramatic illustration is that it is absolutely not the case of the course explores a range of issues to Police Violence and Police Brutality to take up the question of what is the extent of racial disparities. Host some people might be watching to say she is a professor of africanamerican studies question marks . The field was fought for by black students with some black scholars and it was up quest to really read define and reshape the teaching of American History to gain control of the subject of black history and selfdetermination was the watchword of the struggle and a field largely written by and taught by africanamerican and scholars with there has always been a tradition of openness in the field and the goal has been to narrate the United States in World History from the perspective of black people and black subjects of the vast majority has been done by black people but there is a minority of nonblack scholars in the field. Host we are talking about your book. The black revolution on campus and you talk about the creation of ethnic studies. The black culture is often portrayed as antiintellectual and i felt those were both distortions of our history and rub was extraordinary about police 60s it is a period where young black people would risk their lives to go to college. That isnt often in taught about education but day went on strike with protests and demonstrations in which even risked their lives to open the door to Higher Education more broadly to black people and people of color. Host professor you write well of late Student Movement has garnered much more attention the black student protest produced greater campus change. Yes. When people think of student activism they think of the new left the students for a Democratic Society for example, or the fight to end the war in vietnam or other issues but the black Student Movement took place is that colleges large and small 1968 through 70 produced more wideranging comprehensive campus reform their of the right to left so maybe that is the untold story. Are some of those forms still present they are also under attack through the of British Federal Court decision but there have been conservative groups to see that as a threat to even though as studies have revealed the opportunity structure is so wasted whether because of wealth or legacy of mission mission, affirmative action was meant to be a very modest minor corrective to the opportunity structure that has favored people of color. So that is under attack and open admission was an extraordinary achievement in public Higher Education and university to say if you graduate from a private high school when not . You should be able. Why dont we let kids to want to go to college go to college . They felt that taxpayer funded institution and should be open to all qualified applicants that was known as open admissions and achieved in same francisco, chicago, new york than to it became very controversial but it was finally repealed after undergoing controversy for many years that the tonnage is it racist with open it wishes it was crucial to the black middle class so it did help to change the opportunity structure for many young people in the region and then black studies is the most wellknown and famous and longest lasting achievement of student activism from the late 60s and early 70s. And students fought for changes, it was very controversial and it is something Many Americans have forgotten. It is forgotten how eurocentric the curriculum was. Not just a handful but all of the major public universities and colleges as you approached the professor to say why are there no black writers on this syllabus . Paul plan or Langston Hughes . You were told they were not worthy of inclusion on a college curriculum. Students had to fight for their own education and id think what they have one has a rich Higher Education leading to a transformation of knowledge and College Teaching that has certainly influence black studies and latino studies but all disciplines have been impacted for the better. Given your book you address some of the critiques of africanamerican studies and that it is not a rigorous. When the students won the simeons the after first they started by negotiants and meetings to do research to demonstrate to the faculty at administrators it is inappropriate area of inquiry but so it was time to escalate the tactics. So they engaged in direct action protest they went on strike, occupied buildings organized demonstrations demonstrations, because this was the time with the summer after summer of very serious urban unrest many were nervous about the urban unrest coming into campus and nervous about escalating protests and all to believe day granted many student demands most notably for ethnic can black studies but what i found in researchs even though they granted the concessions we will give you the program, that does not mean they actually thought the fields were legitimate or serious but they were trying to placate toward dissipates after a while. Is his night to but they were absolutely wrong but they created the infrastructure for a whole new deal of American Research sold today we see africanamerican studies the diaspora studies is thriving at many colleges and universities although i should say it has remained under attack for the ensuing 40 or 50 years there are many conservative legislatures who would like to cut these programs and i am sure many faculty members took this day remains skeptical about the legitimacy of these fields but i think scholars have produced Award Winning a scholarship and have gained a firm place in american Higher Education so in that sense it think it it is a story of incredible resilience and a success despite intense opposition. Host what is this picture . Stoke the carmichael who was one of the figures of the late 60s that really inspired the phase of the black freedom struggle they greatly admired stowe three carmichael who himself was a student when he was politicized and drop dead of collagen was the leader of the student nonviolent were dating committee one of the most important organizations to topple legal apartheid in the south and after the achievement, leaders set their sights to take the Student Movement to colleges nationwide and with that shift away from the south but tears take action and improve their lives. At then theres the great question and it is counterintuitive that historically black colleges its universities are added time when many black students were at a time to why did opportunity at the White Institution but what students had come to learn is integration as it played to update for a new era of jews serve the needs of a new generation of black students. Host professor where is jackson state colleges and what happened may 15, 1970 . Jackson state is in jackson mississippi. That is one case of a season of violence inflicted on black students by Law Enforcement often called in to quell the student protest and sadly that led to a serious loss of life the most americans dont know about most people know about those killed at kent state a few people about jacksons state but a least eight black students killed many more wounded or injured on various campuses. At jackson state were police would open fire into windows of the womens dormitory. Can you imagine . They did that at jackson state to killed two young black man and they fired into a crowd