What took us 50 years to build since the war on drugs from nixon will take us decades to undo. We are thrilled to be working with koch industries. We are thrilled to be working with the american legislative executive council. We are thrilled to work with Interest Groups who come to this not just for the economic imperative but with a moral imperative. At the end of the day this is not just about balancing budgets. This is about to do unto others as you would have them do unto you. This is about turning the other cheek. This is about whether or not america is a country that believes in the value of redemption and whether each one of us should be judged for the rest of our lives for the worst act we have done on our worst day of our life. And if we dont believe that rule should apply to us than it ought not to apply to her criminal justice context and that is where i think the opportunities are enormous and i look forward to working with anyone else with whom i was i disagree on other fronts. Peter arthur and others will Work Together when we cannot can and get some things done so thank you very much. [applause] asus zen a superb constitutional conservation conversation. My expectations were high and you surpass them. I have heard i would not say rancor but engaged debate and ive also heard some important agreements on fundamental issues like the moral foundations of american liberty and the importance of opportunity and the dangers of the mass corporation. As for the center what we will do to keep up your charges continue to be the Central National hosting platform for precisely this kind of constitutional conversation aired on the web here in philadelphia and around the country and what we will do is educate the citizens of the United States about the u. S. Constitution hearing the best arguments on both sides like we have heard today so each of them to make up their own mind about how best to celebrate freedom. We are now going to celebrate her own freedom by taking a 15 minute break and then we will return to hear the great Walter Isaacson interview mike bezos. [applause] [inaudible conversations] that is basically when a Business Owner doesnt like the review of their business and says i am going to sue you or im going to threaten to see you. They may actually go forward with that but the user the person who wrote that reviewer share that experience you know its firsthand and that its factual and true like you are the little guy and you might not have the money to really go to court over what you wrote about a chinese Food Restaurant or that car mechanic so instead of doing that you just take off your review. So while yelp is protected because of section 230 of the Communications Decency act what we are really worried about is the Chilling Effect that those types of lawsuits or threats of lawsuits would have on people that would otherwise share their firsthand experience. We are attempting to deploy initially about 600 satellites. 600 satellites in our first consolation. Their regulatory items we have to address. Clearly thats one reason is we want to be on the hill as well but also to express the mission in the mission is to bring an affordable Internet Access to the masses and also to be able to provide services to Public Safety military, nongovernment uses that would benefit the population in general. Wireless is very different than wireline. Our hope would be that wireless could be treated differently in terms of Net Neutrality recognizing its a scarce resource and so its not exactly the same as data flowing over a Fiber Network or sample so we think the wireless piece of the does need to be given careful consideration. The story is reported by the Associated Press to end the u. N. Arms embargo on the country a parallel deal that the United States opposes. Diplomats are and it tends straight day talks seeking a court over the program and the miami herald asking as iran Nuclear Deadline nears analyst ascot and will follow. [applause] thank you. Its great to be here at a park not just being here in the library where a good deal of research for this book but also being in the hometown of Ernest Hemingway a writer that did not fail to stir some emotion. I live two blocks from the home in which Ernest Hemingway lived when he did his first writing. Im hoping some of the karma will blow over towards my part of the block. The raiders will have to be the judge of that. I felt hemingway story was as exciting as the one that i am covered and tried to put together while writing this book. It was just 50 years ago in august of 1953 that the cia overthrew a government for the first time. That was the democraticallyelected government of Mohammad Mossadegh and the Prime Minister of iran. That episode was hardly noticed in the world press and certainly the involvement of United States, the truth of what really happened was completely unknown at that time. At the time this coup was launched it seemed like a success for the United States. We have got rid of someone we didnt like and put in someone we did like. Indeed for 25 years the period of the shah was in power we could still from the perspective of the u. S. Government consider this operation to weapon a success. Its only now looking back on it from the did the 50 years of history that we can begin to understand what a fundamental turning point this 1953 coup was. This was an episode that really shaped the whole second half of the 20th century and had a great influence on the violent currents that are racing through the world today. It would not impossible to realize this even a few years ago. Its only now that we are able to understand the meaning of this episode and for that reason it teaches us a real object lesson in the longterm consequences of foreign intervention. This isnt just a story about foreign policy. This is a wild spy story in which a reallife james bond set out almost singlehandedly to overthrow the government of a foreign country and a cast of characters that is truly amazing amazing. One of the things that i have to most fun doing in writing this book was piecing together all the different accounts in the different interviews in the different interviews and the different dimensions and various books and articles have been made of this episode and try to reconstruct almost on an hourbyhour basis what happened during those days and nights in august of 1953. I had always asked myself how one actually does go about overflowing a government. If you have a the assignment to go into a foreign country and over low overthrew the government what do you do on the first day and what do you do on the second day . Now i know. In fact im available for consulting. Let me talk first about why this coup took place and then i want to talk a little bit about how it happened. Finally looked back on it from the perspective of today. Along the way i want to try to introduce you to some of these largerthanlife characters who populate this fascinating drama. In the years after world war ii in the late 40s and early 50s 50s, the currents of nationalism and anticolonialism were sweeping through africa and asia and latin america. Now in iran nationalism had one meeting. Meant the desire of iranians to retake control over their own oil resources. Iran sits on one of the greatest cities of petroleum in the world world. It was very early in the 20th century that a small group of visionary british politicians led by the Young Winston churchill who was at that time first lord of the admiralty realized that oil was going to be the key to domination in the 20th century. Winston churchill saw world war i on the horizon. He knew that he was going to have to transform his ships from coalfired to oil fired. He knew the country that control the oil would have the decisive advantage in the coming war and they would also have the ability to dominate the world after the war, but britain does not produce any oil nor did britain have any colonies that produced oil. This led churchill and a group of other british officials to concentrate great attention on this problem. It was in iran that they managed to seize control of the huge newly discovered oil resource. The british did this by the simple expedient of writing the three iranian negotiators at the table and they signed a fantastically lucrative agreement which gave them 100 monopoly on all of the production extraction and refining and sale of iranian oil oil. In exchange for this they were to pay iran 16 of the profits. These profits were calculated after the company had paid a huge tax to the British Government and since the company was owned principally by the British Government, this is essentially paying taxes to the company itself. So even when the iranians asked to see the books as to how the 16 of what was remaining was calculated they werent allowed to do that. So naturally during the period of the late 40s and early 50s as iranians became more and more aware of the injustice of this arrangement seeing the british at the peak of world power while iranians lived in some of the worst conditions anywhere in the world their resentment began to grow. Winston churchill knew exactly what he was getting when he signed this very unequal agreement. He called iranian oil a prize from fairyland beyond our wildest dreams and it was that oil that maintain britain had a High Standard of living altering the teens and 20s and 30s and 40s. Iranians begin to chafe bitterly if this arrangement and it was his bitterness that propelled to power their the remarkable figure of Mohammad Mossadegh. Mohammad mossadegh shook the world at the middle of the 20th century. In 1951 Time Magazine chose him as its man of the year. They chose him over winston churchill, harry truman, Douglas Macarthur and Dwight Eisenhower. And they were right because during 1951 mossadegh had a greater influence on the world than any of those other men. He rose to power at a time when he was already advanced in age. He was a highly sophisticated intellectual. He had been educated in europe. He was the first iranian to win eight. Youre at at the university. He was known as highly incredible. He never accepted a salary from the government. His political platform had really only two planks. One was democracy which meant and it ran that the shah should rule as a figurehead National Symbol like the queen of england while political power be exercised by avila did Prime Minister. The second plank was nationalism and that meant nationalizing the Iranian Oil Company which for years had been making fabulous products by using irans valuable resources. On the day that mossadegh was elected by parliament to be Prime Minister before accepting the honor he made a condition that the parliament should vote for the bill that he had prepared nationalizing the british oil company. The parliament did so unanimously. Mossadegh rode into power on a huge wave of popularity. It was based principally on the consensus that he would be the one who would carry out this transcendent act of nationalizing the british oil company. Now besides being a visionary nationalist mossadegh was also a highly unusual personality. He was extremely emotional. He would break down into tears literally on the floor of the Parliament Blog giving speeches about the suffering of iranians. Sometimes he would even fate that awaits from the strain of the one occasion he was known to wink at the doctor from the floor. He had a great sense of political theater and although he had many physical ailments, altering the period i was writing this book i was never able to tell where the physical ailments and where they psychosomatic ones began. He spent a lot of time in bed and he used to receive diplomats in his pajamas. Now these aspects of this his personality were used in the west to ridicule mossadegh and make him seem like an unserious person but actually in iran where centuries of shiite religious practice have sensitized people to public displays of emotion that are far beyond anything with which we are accustomed in the west, these aspects of this personally only seem to endear him even more to iranians. He seemed to suffer with them even as he was chastising them. Mossadegh offered the british the chance to carry out the nationalization of the oil company according to british law law. If you can remember in the late 40s and early 50s the british were nationalizing many of their own industries at home. They were nationalized coal nationalizing the cole and are worried industry and had an elaborate system developed for deciding who had to compensate who in the case of these nationalization so mossadegh offered lets just put it in front of one of your tribunals and we will decide who owes who money. Now the management of the oil company was famously obstinate. For years the friends of the british and iran in the friends of the angloIranian Oil Company and i ranted about urging the oil company to compromise to avert this crisis. The American Consortium known as aramco the Arabian American Oil company reached a deal right around this period with saudi arabia and they gave saudi arabia a 50 50 split. This was an agreement that had the air of fairness that the common person could understand and many of the probritish people in iran urged anglo iranians to make this. They cheer flatly refused and simply said when they need more money they will come crawling to us on their bellies. Now how did the british react to the unanimous vote of an Iranian Parliament carrying out the nationalization of their oil company . This oil company bear in mind was the largest British Commercial enterprise in the whole world. Its principle asset, the refinery on the persian gulf was the largest oil refiner in the world. This was not some out most of the british empire. This was an operation that was central to british political social and military power. The first british reaction was disbelief. They thought mossadegh was just trying to blackmail them for a few extra million. That turned out not to be true. It became quickly clear. When it became clear to the british that he was seriously decided as they have been conditioned to do over centuries of colonialism they would simply invade iran and take back the oilfields. Actually discovered to invasion plans. One plan to take over all of iran and a more limited one to take over the oilfields and the refinery at avedon. But when harry truman heard about this he went. He told the british this was absolutely out of the question. Americans could never tolerate britain landing troops in iran. Then the british decided they would bring the matter to the Security Council. The americans warned them not to do this. Americans told them if your case comes forward and the iranian case comes forward youre not going to look very good but the british, so caught up in their colonial mentality dismissed this. They believed their case was remotely see that they had been robbed at the oil company. Back in tehran mossadegh loved the idea of the whole thing being taken to the u. N. He liked it so much that he decided he personally would fly to new york and present the iranian case. When he got too he got to new york he caused a media sensation and it was sort of an eccentric figure baldheaded with enormous arms and a very big nose. One of his american translator said that he makes Jimmy Durante look like an amputee. [laughter] he gave a lot of speeches on american tv comparing the nationalization of the oil company to the american revolution. He seemed very much like your very endearing if mildly eccentric uncle and americans released it to on tv. He majored maybe huge impression of the Security Council. Theyre there are in mind this was more or less the first time that the voice of a poor country had ever been raised in such an auguste setting challenging the governing rule of law in the world. He made such an impression that the Security Council refused to accept the british resolution. Was the first defeat for a major british resolution in the history of the u. N. After his triumph at the u. N. Mossadegh was invited by president truman to come to new york to come to washington to negotiate and consider the possibility of compromise compromise which was never a last reach. The scene of mossadegh arriving at the train station in washington is a wonderful example to weigh mossadegh carried himself. Mossadegh often seem to be at deaths door, completely unable to move or even speak. So it was as he was carried off the train at Union Station he was leaning heavily on mccain and his son who was also his doctor was essentially carrying him on his left side. He gingerly was brought down the three steps onto the platform. He was able just to raise his head a bit. As he looked down on the platform he sought to everyones surprise an official delegation and who was at the head of the delegation none other than the secretary of state dean acheson. He had never met acheson but had admired him from afar. He was so thrilled to see him he leapt up, pushes on the side through his cane onto the Railroad Tracks and according to acheson skipped merrily down the platform a