Transcripts For CSPAN C-SPAN Cities Tour Visits National Parks 20240712

Announcer there are more than 400 National Parks across america, covering 85 million acres of land with locations in every state. People 325 million visited these sites last year. Over the next 90 minutes, we will feature a mixture of Natural Beauty and history at eight different parks across the country. We began outside cleveland at the cuyahoga National Park. Situated along the river, we will learn how the canal system in ourayed a major role nations westward expansion during the 1840s. The ohio and erie canal is part of a system that was put in place in the early years of america, between 1825 and 1832. It is a water transportation route that connected lake erie with the ohio river, which is part of a larger idea. A National Water transportation route. In the early days of america we had colonies situated right along the atlantic seaboard. Our leaders at that time so i problem. The problem was, we needed that country to expand westward. However, there was a big obstacle. The appalachian mountains. Our first president happened to be a canal engineer. He had an idea. To create this transcontinental water transportation route using two canals, the earache canal through new york state, the ear can now erie canal, the ohio and erie, that would ultimately connect the erie canal, lake erie, the ohio river, sippy, all the way to the gulf of mexico. In the early days we did not have a big federal government. In terms of implementing the ee rica now the canal, it depended on the states. Fortunately, the state of new york had a champion who became their canal commissioner and got the job done for the state of new york. Then he rose to become the governor of new york. Ohio, facing a similar challenge in terms of funding, found itself on the verge of bankruptcy. The canal project is worth more than all of the value of the land in ohio. How do you find this thing . Believe it or not, the state of new york back the bonds. And it was Dewitt Clinton who for the groundbreaking. Why . Well, guess what . It made a lot of beneficial difference to the state of new york including the fact that new york city became the only port that could export and import goods, making at the Financial Capital of america. In ohio, we had a fellow by the name of alfred kelley, who became the canal commissioner and took it on as his lifelong legacy to make sure that canal got built on time and under budget. The ohio and erie canal is 309 miles in length. It goes from cleveland to portsmouth ohio. The actual construction of the canal began in 1825. By 1827, the first boat from akron to cleveland docked through the canal port in cleveland. By 1832 the entire system was complete from cleveland all the way to the ohio river. It made a tremendous difference. For the nation, it allowed us to rationalize our economy. It allowed us to have internal trade. Prior to that all of those seaboard states depended on exporting in terms of making money and delivering goods and services. This helped america expand westward. By doing so, i mentioned new york city became a Financial Capital of the country. Ohio rises from wilderness to become the third most populous and third richest state in the union by the 1860s. Canal life was a slowpaced life. Canal boats generally went about four or five miles per hour. We are standing in a lock right now. There would have been numerous locks to allow those boats to navigate the terrain and topography. These became elevators, watered elevators that lifted or lowered the boats as they made their journey. Often times, would find cattle and people sleeping in the same boat. Some were travelers. Some were goods being delivered. A pretty hectic life, but at a slow pace. Predominantly predominantly the , goods that moved along the canal, especially ohio eastward, were grain, things of this nature. We became the breadbasket of america for a reason. This was a good place to grow things. And new england became the early days of the industrial revolution, a good place to make things. Basically, we had this barter, trade system that was part of our National Economy that had, on one hand food, on the other hand services, goods, machines, etc. The canal in ohio pay for itself. What is significant, in cleveland we had our waylock. ,that is how you made money. You would have a canal boat get weighed. Its the difference between its original weight and what it docked at that you made your money. In 1874, when the canal was bought, the canal land in cleveland, to basically put in railroad tracks, we took that canal and moved it. We still used the weigh canal in 1874. That being said, we were still making money on that canal. Railroads arrived in 1851. Ironically the guy who helped , bring the railroads to cleveland, same guy who championed the canal. Alfred kelly. The canal is pretty much had a Immediate Impact on the canal. However, the canal did stay in use all of the way up until 1913. It had a different use. It started to become a place where people would go leisurely on the weekend. They would have a boat. They would travel up and down the canals. Many times, the canal us, when they were put in place they , would have General Stores or taverns. People would go pubcrawling on a sunday afternoon using a canal boat. Especially, the river valley became the center of storage. It became a port. It became a Manufacturing Center of the city itself, so that is where the wealth of cleveland grew, and it was all based on the fact that you had that canal. As time went on and manufacturing obviously rose, the city of cleveland grew, and we became the fifth largest city in the country. We had major steel mills and Oil Refineries thanks to john rockefeller. There was a consequence environmentally to those uses. Prior to the Environmental Agency and regulations about what you could put in water, rivers, etc. , there were no water regulations, so in cleveland, you had situations where, for example, standard oil and john rockefeller, basically, they refined oil along the banks of the river, and when they did so there were certain byproducts that he could not find a use for. And therefore, they ended up in , the river. It was told and reported that at one time we had a fire in 1957 they went and measured the gunk on the top of the river and it was more than eight , inches deep of oil and other byproducts. But the story itself, although it is bad, it really has tremendously positive outcomes. It inspires earth day. It helps pass legislation that creates the United States epa. It helped pass the clean water bill and the clean air bill, so if you look at the consequences of that particular river fire, there is the positive that far outweighs the negative. Cleveland, due to that fire and the exposure it got, we pretty much are the salvo of that environmental movement. Then, in 1974, Congress Passed legislation to create the Cuyahoga Valley National park, and that became the central feature of that National Park. Anare still what is called area of concern, so there is still some work to be done in completing the job of cleaning up the need river. But the needle has gone dramatically to the positive end. We are just about through the area of concern. In 2000, thenpresident bill clinton introduced a program called the american rivers program. He basically put the invitation out to anyone who thought their river was significant enough to the story of america to compete for this new designation. We did. We competed for the Cuyahoga River as a part of that. The story was told, they went through that deliberation process to choose which was going to be the first 10 rivers to be nominated for American Heritage river status. They got to bill clinton. They gave him the list. He said, where is the cuyahoga . Didnt they apply . The answer was, they did apply, however they didnt make the cut. He goes, this program is all about the Cuyahoga River. Add the reason he said that was, it is the comeback of the Cuyahoga River that is the story today. This area that we are in right now became the Cuyahoga Valley National Recreation Area in december 1974. It became a National Park in the year 2000. With that comes a new idea for ringing National Parks to people. Most of us are going to get to the gates of the Arctic National wildlife refuge, but if we have National Parks nearby you can , get to those. They started making National Parks in urban areas. We have a backbone with the ohio and erie canal, the railroad, and the Cuyahoga River. This park was created out of land that has been used, in some instances abused, because it was a wasteland in some places that people did not see any potential for. And yet, we cleaned it up. We let nature do what nature does, and now we are the 11th most visited National Park. There is a huge story here. A story of can i say redemption . A story where if we allow nature to do what it does best, if we give it the chance to do what it does best and not interfere or help it, then the land can recover. Most environmental legislation , welaws and what we have now have a river that is coming back to life. Has recovered. Yes, it was degraded because of man. Man,t was also helped by and with that help, it has this area wecreate have now. Announcer from the Cuyahoga River we now travel to the , banks of the Mississippi River and gateway arch National Park in st. Louis, where a monument to americas westward expansion has become a recognizable symbol for the city that played such a vital role in it. I think most people are like i was when i first saw it. When you see it from a distance , you think, oh, that is kind of interesting. That is kind of cool. And then, the closer you get to it, you realize how massive it is, and getting up to the base of it and touching it looking up , 630 feet to the top, it really is very, very impressive. I think the closer you get to it, the more impressed you become. Right now we are standing very , close to the famous gateway arch in st. Louis. Tall, stainless steel structure that was designed back in 1947, but not built until the mid 1960s and completed in 1965. Each year we get 2. 5 million , visitors who come to see the itorial and see the arch, so is a very busy place, especially during the summer months. The gateway arch was designed by a man born in finland who came here to america when he was 10 years old with his father, who anda very famous architect, he mainly worked just with his father up to the point in time where an architectural competition was announced for what became the arch that you see behind me. The competition was for Jefferson National expansion memorial, which was a National Park service site founded by president ial proclamation in 1935 to commemorate st. Louiss role in the western expansion of the United States. So 12 years after the founding of the park, an architectural competition was held to decide what the memorial would look like. And, basically, they had about 90 acres of land to work with. 40 city blocks have been torn razed of all of their buildings, to make way for the memorial on the riverfront. Each architect that submitted a proposal could really do whatever he or she wanted. It could be a huge sculpture. It could be a series of museum buildings. They did want one central feature to be in each of these designs. Some people put an obelisk in. Some people put a big kind of monolithic, rectangular block or something. Saarinen decided to go with the idea of an arch. It was only after he designed the arch that he realized, oh, it forms a gateway. It is really appropriate for the idea of a memorial to st. Loui role in western expansion, st. Louis role as a gateway to have a gigantic gateway on the riverfront. The arch is made out of stainless steel, one quarter inch stainless steel on the outside, and on the inside it is , made of carbon steel. Basically you have a sandwich. Portions it is , filled in with concrete. In the upper portions, there are tie rods they keep the sections apart. It is a unique structure, because it does not have any superstructure on the inside. There is no girders or things like that that form the shape of the arch. It is not just clad with stainless steel. Sometimes visitors are surprised because they have not read about the arch to learn they can actually go to the top of it. They think maybe it is just like a big piece of outdoor sculpture, and you can just look at it. There are little, barrel shaped cap schools that fit five persons in each one. On each leg of the arch there is eight of those capsules that form a train that run on the track. When people get into the capsule , it is hanging from the track. As they go to the top, by the time they get to the top, it is on top of the track. So in order to accommodate that and make sure people are not going to be flipped upside down, it actually shifts and turns to keep the car level. It is not a thrill ride. It does not go really fast like at six flags. It is a unique experience. A lot of people really prize the experience of writing in these capsules up to the top and getting the nice view they get from the top of the arch, from that Observation Deck at the top. Right now, we are in the midst of a multimillion dollar project that is being funded by many different entities that are partnering that National Park service to kind of revitalize the park itself and make it more accessible to people. For many years, we have been kind of an island surrounded by high speed roads, and what is going to happen if kind of a lid is going to be placed over the highways so you can walk directly from the city where you will park your vehicle, directly to the arch without having to cross any major streets. It is really just this iconographic symbol of st. Louis, sort of like the space needle is to seattle or the Empire State Building or the statue of liberty is to new york. There are certain symbols that immediately identify a place on the map to people, and the arch is one, the one, for the people of st. Louis. Announcer right now, we leave the city once considered gateway to the west and travel through the great plains and over the Rocky Mountains to the Colorado National monument near Grand Junction to hear how one man helped preserve this area on colorados western slope. I think everybody is just amazed by it is not a widely publicized presence here. The park service does not advertise. So people find out about this because they read magazine articles, or they see features like you are preparing. But it is not our typical colorado scenery. Its not what most people think of when they think of colorado. So it comes as a pleasant surprise for folks to find it here. John otto was a vagabond, not in the sense that he was a neerdowell. But he just did not have any permanent routes. He was attracted to this area 7 by the promise of employment on a waterline project, and i guess this was the type of country that was really appealing to him. He began to agitate for the creation of a National Park here. The first thing he did was, he wrote a lot of letters to prominent people and so on, trying to get this established as a National Park, and he also constructed a lot of trails for forward access into the canyons up on the ridge of the monument. I am sure the local people came out on sunday afternoon and would hitch up the wagon and for a picnic. One of the other things he did is, in 1926, he started collecting buffalo nickels from the kids in town and he used that money to transport a couple of bison in here. He wanted to establish a herd of bison in the monument. The elks club conspired to bring a couple of elk. John got some money from the chamber of commerce to build some fences to contain these animals. And for many years we had a , bison herd. The elk kind of took a look around and said, we are out of here. They went south into the high country. Oddly enough, they are coming back into the monument now. The bison we removed in 1983 because they were confined to a small area and had a really adverse impact on the resource. But that was the kind of thing that he did. He was constantly interested in hosting the area and promoting it. There was no concerted effort until john otto came here to set this aside as a National Park or a National Monument. There are a couple of distinctions between National Parks and National Monuments. One of the distinctions is legal, related to the method in which it is established, and the other is more based on its resource qualities. Otto agitated for the creation of a National Park here, but the creation of a National Park requires an act of congress. So it is much more difficult to do. A National Monument can be established by president ial proclamation. And so although john otto wanted a National Park, it was much easier to establish a National Monument. That is what happened when president taft proclaimed the area in 1911. The other distinction is resourcebased. And generally, a National Monument is set aside in recognition of one spectacular feature. In this case, the erosional qualities of the monument. Multiplel park is like National Monuments thrown together. So, for example, yellowstone, which is the first National Park , it has wildlife values, and has a mountain range, has a huge, highelevation lake, it has all of the thermal features, and so on. That is generally what set the parks apart from monuments. There are you know, it is a fuzzy boundary between them. There are areas that are National Parks that probably rightfully should be National Monuments and vice versa. Ottos early attempts to make the monument accessible included trails into the canyons and pioneering a road up the east side of the monument called the serpents trail. The serpents trail served not only to afford access to the monument, but also afforded access for ranchers living south of the monument access to their land, and so on. At some point, otto envisioned that that serpents trail would starting point for a road that he called the union road which will continue from the Grand Junction area southern california. He was a big schemer. He was always dreaming of these huge projects. That is one of the reasons he eventually left the monument. Other forces thought they would like to have that same road, not running over the monument, running through the grand valley along the route of the railroad and basically along the route of interstate 70 today. So otto ended up on the short end of that argument. And that was one of the things, because he was so vociferous. That is one of the things that helped ease him out the door. Beyond the serpents drill the park service that there would be these rimrock so people would have these spectacular visits in the entered the monument. In 1929, the park service had already established drawings for what is todays rimrock drive. And some work actually started on it with money from the and somef commerce other sources. But the Road Construction did not start until after the start of the great depression. 1930 three, after president roosevelt, Franklin Roosevelt was inaugurated. In his first 100 days he did all kinds of things to stimulate the economy. One of them was the stimulation of the civilian conservation corps. There were several camps of ccc enrollees in the monument. Basically those men, along with local folks build the rimrock drive. Not beroad that could built today. For environmental reasons and cost reasons, and so on, no one would attempt such a project. I think at the peak of the project there were as many as 600 people working on it. Was handworkwork and picks and shovels and so on. They did a lot of blasting as well. And it was not just the ccc. The Work Progress Administration had a presence here, the emergency Recovery Administration and so on. There were socalled alphabetical relief agencies that worked here during the depression years. They built a lot of these fabulous sandstone structures, but most of that work was done by local stonemasons. Local experienced men, they called them. They endure today, and they are on the National Register of historic places. Really gorgeous buildings. John otto said this place was like the heart of the world to him, and i think that is the feeling a lot of us have, who have been privileged to work here. It is a terrific place, and i would urge anyone who has the opportunity and is coming this way to take the time to pay us a visit. You can spend two hours driving across the road, or you can get out and enjoy and experience with a short hike, or you can commit to a longer stay. There is a lot here to see and do. Since the establishment of yellowstone in 1872, the National Park system has grown to 419 sites across the United States and u. S. Territories. We now take you to one of the most recognizable, Mount Rushmore National Memorial, near rapid city, south dakota. AMount Rushmore memorial in the heart of south dakotas flat hills. There it is, the 60foot head of George Washington. Three other units will follow jefferson, lincoln, and Theodore Roosevelt will be honored in an unveiling ceremony. Maureen when i look at the president s, the first thing i think about is some individual achievements from each of those people, but really what they do for me, and what this whole memorial does for me is it reminds me about what they stood for. Standing for freedom, for democracy, for the republic. I get to think about that every day. I get to share that with people every day, and meet people from all over the world who may not know who those president s are, but they understand what freedom means. The original idea was by Doane Robinson, he was a state historian. And he had conceived of carving statues in the round, and he was going to carve all the way around and have people like lewis and clark, chief red cloud, fremont, and when he hired his artists, they said you are not thinking big enough. Selecting the four people who are up there, the four president s, that was the artist, gutzon borglum, and when you look at it, you can see why they were selected, George Washington, our first president. The person who gave up the power, he could have stayed in power. He was so popular. Thomas jefferson, people were wondering if it was because of the declaration of independence. But thats not why he chose him. He chose him because of the tennessee purchase. Lincoln, you can kind of figure that out. Keeping the country together during the foot during the civil war. Taking care of the nations. The challenging one, theater roosevelt. Selected by the artist, but he was not the most popular guy at the time. Borglum selected Theodore Roosevelt because of the panama canal. He took the nation from being bound by the ocean and expanded, went international. He was also the president who was standing for the common man. And both of those things resonated with the artist. Two of the four were slave owners. That gendered the discussion as well. You all talk about that in your interpretation of the president s, washington and jefferson. Maureen some of them were slaveowners. There is discussion that pops up around the property about that. Theres not as much discussion as you might expect. Because you think that is a major controversy. When it does, it is certainly something that we set forward and we are talking about. All of our interpretive programs here, anytime you are a park ranger talking about something, presenting programs, they did their own research, they put their own program together, they do their own presentation. We dont focus on one thing in particular, its the passion of the interpreters. And we have had some, their focus was slavery and what that meant to this country, not just president s who were slaveowners but president s who wrestled with slavery. Can you describe where we are located . Where Mount Rushmore is and put in context of the black hills. Maureen Mount Rushmore is in the state of south dakota. South dakota has the black hills. We are here on the western side of the state. If you are looking at rapid city, we are about 2000 feet higher than rapids. Some people had referred to this turtle on the prairie. You can see it for a long distance. Tribes consider the black hills a sacred site. They were referencing they could see it in a distance. It looked black because of the pines. You can see a long way across the state of south dakota. Now, over the years, there has been, you know, discussions from native americans, and others, about the location of the black hills, sacred to native americans, and right here you have something that represents to some people the u. S. Governments policy toward the native americans has not always been, you know, they have not looked at it the same way. How do you all what do you talk about when you tell people about that issue and Mount Rushmore . Maureen so it is a controversy right from the start, carving in the black hills. That controversy came from tribal people as well as people that today we would call people who are ecologists. The tribes, they were looking at a place that they would come in and honor and have honor ceremonies. Spend some time. And that, at that time period we are talking 1925 that was not looked at the same way we look at it today. Today we do still have tribal people who are concerned about the black hills being carved, People Living in the black hills, and we try to honor that, some of it through our interpretive programming, but we also have a place that we set up in the park that is called the lakota and dakota heritage village, so every summer, we hire cultural interpreters. These are people who are lakota, and they come in and talk about the lakota stories, so we try to share the importance of the black hills for all of these people as well as what that sculpture means. It is a balance. The sculptor, gutzon borglum, had started in georgia, stone mountain, georgia. There was a conflict there. He left, he came up here to work for dont robinson Doane Robinson in the state of south dakota. He wanted to find something to carve. He and his son lincoln traveled until they found this big granite outcropping. The next challenge is how do you turn that into a sculpture . As an artist, the first thing borglum had to do was make small sizes and make them bigger and bigger until he gets to a 1 12th model, and we today have that 1 12th model. So every inch on that model is a foot up on the sculpture. As your sculpting, that might be nice and easy in clay, but when you are looking at the mountain, you are talking granite, very finegrained, tough stuff, so 90 of that sculpture is carved with dynamite. I do not think of dynamite as an artists brush, but it certainly was in this case. In 1927, when they start the blasting, that is the very beginning. There were people coming up here, visiting the sculpture, watching that whole carving process the entire time. So there was not that formal opening date. They had multiple dedications for each president , and borglum was big on dedications and celebrations, because he knew that was how he would get everyones attention, and ultimately, that is how more funding would come in. He was constantly going to washington, d. C. , approaching congress, approaching the president , trying to get more money, always trying to get more money. There were times when workers were not getting paid. Borglum was putting all of his personal money into it. So he was making a trip to washington, d. C. In march, 1941, to ask for more money. He stops in chicago on the way, he has an operation, and he dies as a result of that operation. So his son, lincoln, takes over the work. Lincoln had started here when he was about 12 years old, so he was brought up with this. He knew all the different jobs blasting, drilling, pointing. He is an artist himself, so taking over the sculpture must have been both sad and wonderful. And lincoln declared that sculpture was completed october 31, 1941. People talk all the time and ask all the time about adding someone up on the sculptures. Many president s have been mentioned, many other people have been mentioned. It wont happen. The sculpture is complete. The great stone faces of four president s stand in lonely silence, as the last workman leaves on borglums mighty project. The machinery dismantled, for with the death of the sculpture last spring all the cleanup work , was abandoned. His son, lincoln, puts away models. Theodore roosevelt and Abraham Lincoln were the last of the four phases. Faces. Borglums hand carving tools are laid away, tools of the unfinished masterpiece. Even though unfinished, it the Mount Rushmore National Memorial stands as an internal front of democracy and the four great americans who helped carve this enduring nation. There are 83 National Monuments in the National Park system, the most of any designation. Next we visit petroglyph National Monument, one of the largest sites of its type in north america. Today, we are at petroglyph National Monument, specifically the volcanos use area, still located in albuquerque, new mexico. The volcanoes day use area provides trails to five volcanoes and it looks out toward albuquerque, the sandia mountains. The volcanoes are important to petroglyph National Monument, because they begin to tell the story, the geologic story. About 200,000 years ago, a in theformed, a crack earth formed. A hot molten lob a poured out in a series of volcanic eruptions. Some spreading a couple of miles to the east. As these you options you ons flared erupti out, they took place, they flowed out over layers of foil here in the rio grande value, and as these layers hard and come hardened into the salt, so what we have got here is a 17milelong curvilinear escarpment on which we have got over 24,000 petroglyphs. So while we are here at the volcanoes, the story of petroglyph National Monument is not just about a single petroglyph or petroglyph concentrations. It also includes the volcanic cones and the mason top that spreads out and the mesa top that spreads out toward albuquerque. The pueblo people would come out, and we have evidence of them carrying water and farming. Sometimes they would send their children out here to keep the rabbits away from their crops. So we see many ancient trails up here, and this becomes part of a larger, spiritual landscape that is important to most pueblo people. We are here at boca negra canyon, about half a mile up the about halfway along that 17mile escarpment, and we will be walking up the trail. What we see here is the volcanic escarpment. This is 113 feet tall. These black boulders once came from severals sheet several sheet flows from the volcanoes. Boca negra canyon is the easiest place to see petroglyphs, and most about 150,000 visitors stop here first. This is what people might see. It is a carving onto the rock, and pueblo people would use stone chisels and hammers and carve out the dark black patina, exposing the light color of the rock, which vary from a gray to a light brown to sometimes a red. Some people ask how these petroglyphs were discovered, but for the pueblo indians, they are as old as time. They were known about them since their creation story. Archaeologists date most of these images from about 1200 to 1650. If you are older, those which a few are older, those which are done by early spanish sheep herders who were out here as part of a landgrant. In the 1970s, archaeologists came out to the west mesa and began to inventory these images. Later interest in these grew, and eventually it became a National Monument. To the pueblo people, they believe that the petroglyphs choose when and to whom to reveal themselves. Sometimes it is the shadow, sometimes the glare, or sometimes just the attitude and the sensitivity with which we look at these petroglyph images that reveal themselves. Sometimes telling people not to touch the petroglyph is not enough. We know that nobody should touch the petroglyphs, but we do give people an opportunity to touch an artificial boulder that we have created for such purpose, so they get the touching out of the way. We want people to understand that these are sacred images, and they continue to be imported to the pueblo people. Eventually over time, a patina will form, and that is what is meant to happen, but until that time, we asked people not to touch these images. Petroglyph National Park is one of the few National Monuments that is actually owned and operated not by the National Park service. Petroglyph National Monument is managed by the city of albuquerque and the National Park service. We Work Together with the city to help protect and preserve these resources for the future. In the last 20 years we have had several challenges, land acquisition, being everything for everybody, the creation of vandalism, the construction of roads through the monument, the expansion of a general aviation airport, but probably our biggest challenge is stormwater runoff from upstream suburban development, because we are completely surrounded by the city of albuquerque. As you walk the trails of petroglyph National Monument, and you are looking along the escarpment, you might notice large concentrations of lack black boulders, and that is where we often see concentrations of petroglyphs. We are in the heart of Piedras Marcadas canyon, where there are just where there is a dense concentration of petroglyphs. There are over 24,000 petroglyphs. This canyon is home to about 5000 of them. You see an animal over here. We are not really sure what it means. One thing that looks like a sheep and maybe a cross, so it might have been carved by early spanish sheep herders. We see something that looks like a bird and some unidentified animals up on that rock. Here we see a concentration of boulders with many hand images of different sizes. Some of which have an additional appendage. Believe thatople if a child is born missing a finger or with an additional toe, that is a sign of power. With a concentration of hand images here, we often wonder why. Maybe because people pass through this way. Maybe this is type of a calendar. We dont really know. Only the people who carve these images know for sure. What we do know is if you follow the arroyo from the heart of the Piedras Marcadas canyon, we would end up in the Piedras Marcadas pueblo in 1100room adobe multiple plaza structure, located on the rio grande. And it was important to them because of the location to the petroglyphs. The high peaks where mother earth meets father sky, and they would come up here, they would follow spirit ways, they would say prayers, they would make offerings, and they would carve images into the rock. Sometimes it is a form of passageway or a map. Others might be a counting mechanism or clan image, but to many pueblo people, they say that spirits would leave this world and go on to the next world through these petroglyph images. The pueblo people called this place the place that people speak about. It belongs to all of us. All americans. Not just today but future generations. It is a place of respect. It is a place of solitude. It is a place of wonder. While petroglyph National Monuments story predates the United States of america, the selma to Montgomery National historic trail in alabama marks a watershed moment in our nations history. Stretching 54 miles through central alabama, in 1965, protesters walked this route to the state capital, demanding equal Voting Rights for African Americans. National park Service Guide April Baldwin tells the story of the march and what led to it. April many people think that the selma to montgomery marches sprung up overnight and was a oneoff idea, but there had been a Voting Rights Movement Brewing here in selma, alabama since the 1930s. Here in selma, alabama, and many places throughout the south, African Americans were denied the right to vote, not because it was not their constitutional right, but because they were folks throughout the south, especially in positions of power that did not want them to have the right to vote, therefore they could be considered secondclass citizens. Poll taxes and literacy tests were two of the methods used to discouraged African Americans from having the right to vote. The poll taxes would be a price you would have to pay per year in order to get on the voting rolls. Lets say i live here in Dallas County, i live in a rural area, and i am making 60 a year. But the poll taxes are a dollar a year. We might have a rent that is 40 a year, so 40 out of the year of my 60 entire year income is going to go to the rent, but then i am going to have to have 20, and which i have to feed, clothe, and provide some sort of comfort for my kids. So there are not many black people who are going to have extra money left over to pay poll tax. Lets say on some whim that i have an extra dollar left over, and i go down to this courthouse right here, the Dallas County courthouse, and i show up saying, i would like to register to vote. So i would go to the county registrar, i would have my poll tax ready. Now, if mr. Colonel, lets call them that, will take my poll tax, but he will administer a literacy test, which is another type of barrier that africanamericans faced in attempting to try to vote. And that literacy test could take many forms. Countiessay how many are there in alabama, to which i would say seven. He might ask me to name every probate judge in the county were in the entire state of alabama, so now im going to have to try to scramble to find the names of all of these probate judges who are in charge of enforcing the laws of these particular counties throughout the state. There was not any google or wikipedia that would tell you this information in 1965, so it would have been pretty difficult for me to do that. So that is one form of literacy test to take. It could be in the form of a question, as in how many gallons flow through the Alabama River . He could ask me, how many bubbles are in a bar of soap. Or he could give me a political literary literacy tests. I had time to complete this test, and this was done in a more formal setting. So there would be a larger group of folks who would come in to take it. Whereas a white person who was coming into register to vote, they might pay their poll tax and only have to answer 20 of those questions, where African American would have to answer all 68. Right now, we are standing at the Dallas County courthouse, and this is one of the most integral pieces of the Voting Rights movement. The Voting Rights movement did not just start in 1965. There were protests everything will day, beginning in 1963 when the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee came to work here in some a. They began rallying the youth in selma and come down to protests, where their parents were not joining. Where marcheslace were being led to almost every single day in the summer and fall of 1963 and then resurging in 1965 when sclc, the southern christian leadership congress, came in with dr. Martin luther king and they came throughout that time going from january to bloody sunday in march of 1965. On any given day during the Voting Rights movement, if you have a protest that is coming and directed at the Dallas County courthouse, most people are going to actually line up on the sidewalk here, down the side of the building. You might have the sheriff standing up a top of the steps. If you see where the door is, that is where mr. Clark or sheriff clark would be standing. You would have protesters lined up into the Voter Registration office, so you would have folks lined up, wrapped around the building, singing freedom songs and protest songs and doing ts and things of that nature. So anybody who was walking by might hear woke up this morning with my mind set on freedom i woke up this morning with my mind set on freedom i woke up this morning with my mind it was set on freedom hallelujah hallelujah hallelujah here we are at brown chapel ame church, and this is one of the movement churches, one of the main churches that was used during the Voting Rights movement to hold mass meetings, to hold training sessions, and to also hold meetings of civil Rights Movement leaders. So here at brown chapel, which is one of the oldest black churches in the city of selma, dr. King gave his first speech in the city january 2, 1955. 1965. [video clip] dr. King i am here to tell you tonight that the businessman, the mayor of this city, the Police Commissioner of this city, and everybody in the white power structure of the city must take a responsibility for everything. [applause] [end of video clip] april pretty much announcing his presence and also letting the folks here know that the movement now had a kind of new voice. Throughout the 1930s, the Dallas County voter league really had been the Main Organization working in selma to achieve Voting Rights for African Americans. They were the main People Holding Voter Registration drives and also conducting Voter Education classes for black people throughout the county and the city. So they worked throughout the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s, in order to really attack the problem of African Americans here in selma not having the right to vote. So in 1963, in february of that year, sncc sends its first representative here, Bernard Lafayette and his wife, colia, sncc ine voice for the area. Sncc was beginning to going to places that had not been touched by the civil rights. They were the main people working with young folks here in selma to prepare them for civil for the work of civil rights, to march in protest for the streets for rights they were not even old enough to have, so sncc really laid the groundwork for them to come in and build off of in 1965. They did not meet here at brown chapel ame church, but the but they began in the basement at tabernacle church. The interesting thing about tabernacle baptist is the fact that the church has two faces, so a black architect in the 1920s, during that time segregation orders prevented African Americans from entering a building on broad street, which is in the middle of the city. When Tabernacle Baptist Church was built in the 1970s, the architecture played a trick on the city officials, so there is an entrance, like the facade of the building has an entrance on broad street, but the real entrance to the church is on mentor avenue, so it is called the church with two faces. This is when sncc began its own nonviolent resistance training for High School Students and others who are interested in protesting the right to vote. Sncc did not just work out of the tabernacle baptist. Over the course of 1963 they moved their operation over to first Baptist Church, the black first Baptist Church here in selma, alabama, which is right down the street from where we are now. So First Baptist was the headquarters for many sncc mass meetings. Including one right before freedom day in 1963, where Dorothy Height was the main attraction, and she was the speaker for that evening, and she gave a lot of encouragement to those who would go out and protest at the Dallas County courthouse. Selma was the logical place for the Voting Rights movement to really have its push, because of the fact that there were so many factors that made it a real hotbed for this particular issue. So you had a population that was mostly African Americans, only 240 registered black voters throughout the entire county. And then there was also agitation, a proper type of agitation that would be needed to make this movement successful. That isave a sheriff very belligerent towards africanamerican protesters, towards those who were not just his cup of tea at the moment, and his name was sheriff jim clark, and he provided the type of resistance that groups like sclc needed. Needed in order to make selma have full Voting Rights. Dr. King brought three things when he came down to selma. He brought money from the sclc and their donors who were able to get people bailed out of jail. Talk about motivation. When you have a figure like dr. King come into a small city like selma, he had been already seen as someone who could lead the masses, who could speak so eloquently and inspire people, so he brought a lot of motivation with him and that was the inspiration for a lot of adults to get involved with the movement. He also brought the media. And the media is what really put the nail in the coffin for the Voting Rights movement here. They were able to show that even though these protesters were nonviolent, and they were only practicing civil disobedience, they were still being mistreated because of sheriff clarks attitude toward them. So we have made our way from brown chapel ame church over here to the Edmund Pettus bridge, which is a movement that africanamerican protesters here in selma during the Voting Rights movement would have made three separate times. The first is what we know as bloody sunday. On sunday, march 7, 1965, about 600 protesters actually gathered at brown chapel ame church in the playground area in order to get their wits about them and get prepared to go all the way from selma to montgomery. How did they get the idea to have a march from here in selma all the way to montgomery . It was actually the direct action they wanted to take in response to the death of jimmy lee jackson. Jimmie lee jackson was a 26yearold veteran who lived in marion, alabama, and during the night march on february 18, 1965 in that city, he was actually shot by an Alabama State trooper while trying to protect his mother and grandfather from being assaulted, and about eight days later, he died. The marchers here in selma wanted to do something that was in honor of jimmy lee jackson. And they decided by taking his body all the way to the Alabama State capital and laying it on the steps to show George Wallace how important Voting Rights was to them was the right thing to do. So instead of actually taking his body all the way to montgomery, they did decide to continue with the idea to march to montgomery, but they marched in spirit. So the first attempt, march 7, 1965, protesters left brown chapel ame church in the afternoon and progressed down village street, took a right on alabama avenue and then walked right out here on broad street to cross the Edmund Pettus bridge. As they crossed the top of the bridge here, those who led the march, Hosea Williams and john lewis, met up with a group made up of Alabama State troopers and sheriffs deputies, citizens that had been deputized by the local sheriff here, jim clark. When they crossed the top of the bridge, they did feel a twinge of fear, even though they were a little bit scared and fear revised inside them, they continued to put one foot in front of the other and march about 100 yards past the edge of the bridge before they were stopped by major john cloud. Who was over the Alabama State troopers for that day. Major john cloud, as the marcher marchers approached them, said, this is an unlawful assembly, and you have two minutes to disperse or go back to your churches or your homes. John lewis said, may we have a word with the major, and the major said there is no word to be had, and minutes later, he gave the order for troopers to advance, and they did. And the melee that ensued is what we know as bloody sunday. Alabama state troopers, the deputized citizens, actually rushed the marchers right here on this bridge, back across the bridge, beating them with billy clubs and even furniture wrapped in barbed wire. Teargas canisters were going off and they beat these marchers not just here on the bridge, but back into the city and in through the George Washington carver home where we just were. There were even accounts of the Law Enforcement officials throwing young women into pools. Al pulls into first Baptist Church, so that was the first attempt. And what made this a significant is the fact that there were so many media cameras that were there that were capturing this moment. Not only were their cameras from spider margin of the birmingham news, but there were actual news hosts who were there filming this action. The footage from bloody sunday actually appeared, so the entire country got to see what was happening on that day here in selma, alabama. After dr. King found out about the march and all the things that had happened to the protesters here in selma, alabama, he put out a call to clergy members across the country to come down and march on tuesday, march 9, so he wanted these folks to come and be the face of this particular march. But the next morning, when he arrived in selma, he got word that there was an injunction by George Wallace. The injunction had gone to a frankl court judge, johnson in montgomery. Frank johnson notified dr. King there would be an injunction against the march, and he would set the court date for march 11, two days after dr. King had already promised all these folks that we are going to go out here in march on march 9. So how to dr. King keep his word to all of these people, who had importance to selma, beginning on march 8 all the way through march 9, to march in protest for the right to vote for African Americans but also not violate a federal Court Injunction . So he got on the phone with some of the top people in washington, including the president and fbi representatives, and they came up with a solution that he would march to the spot of bloody sunday, where they attacked again, then turned back around. And this march became known as turnaround tuesday. On the morning of march the ninth, there were folks who gathered, about 2000, they gathered at brown chapel ame church to walk down the street, to turn right here on water avenue, and then cut off the bridge right here. So as they crested the top of the bridge, this time, that same sea of blue stared them in the face. It was the Alabama State troopers and also the Sheriff Deputies from Dallas County. So as they saw this sea of blue, dr. King, who led the march, knelt and prayed, they saying freedomhat sang songs, and then they turned around. The majority of the people on the march, virtually all the people on the march, did not know that those were his intentions. Only the very top people in sclc were privy to this information. So you had about 2000 folks who assumed that they were marching all the way to montgomery, but indeed they turned around. And there were many, some who were happy about the turning around, because they did not want another bloody sunday attack but there were some who , were extremely disgruntled, and that even led sncc, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, to leaving selma and continue their fight for Voting Rights in montgomery for Alabama State university. After the ministers march, there was the death of another young man named james reed, who was a unitarian minister from boston. Mr. Reed had come down from boston to be a part of the march, and that night he was brutally beaten by white citizens in selma for his involvement with the movement. He actually died about two days later from his injuries, and he is known as the second martyr of the Voting Rights movement. But his death actually inspired a lot of thoughts from white citizens across the country, so that is another reason that this day is known as turnaround tuesday, because white citizen white attitudes towards blacks having the right to vote started to change. Frank johnson, the federal judge began hearings on march 11. He heard from many civil rights leaders, from Hosea Williams, john lewis, miss robinson, others involved in the movement, and from the opposition, sheriff jim clark, governor wallace, and others who were not fond of the marching and thought it would disrupt southern safety. And after he issued his decision pretty much saying that this march would be necessary in order for African Americans to actually attain the right to vote, that they had injustice had such an injustice done to these folks, especially here in the city of selma by those issuing the injunction that a march of this scale seems to be appropriate. That ruling was actually issued on march 17, so these folks only had four days to get everything together in order to make the entire trek from selma to montgomery. So beginning on march 21, more than 3200 people gathered right at brown chapel ame church to begin the march all the way from selma to montgomery. So they came down, they took the bloody sunday route, they came down sylvan street, turned right on alabama avenue, progress on broad street and across the Edmund Pettus bridge, this time with no sea of blue, and continue to march for five days and four nights, stay at different campsite, which were typically black farms in Dallas County and a complex and montgomery county, for four nights, and continues to march all the way until they got to the Alabama State capital on march 25 of 1965. [video clip] dr. King last sunday more than 8000 of us started on a mighty walk from selma, alabama. They told us we would not get here. There were those who said we would get here over their dead bodies. Well, all the world today knows that we are here, and that we are standing before the four sins of power in the state of alabama, saying, we aint gonna let nobody turn us around. [applause] [end of video clip] april the Voting Rights act was act of 1965 was signed, ensuring that African Americans would be granted the right to vote, and this march was the direct cause for African Americans having the right to vote injured by the federal government. So this march and this demonstration had been the realization of the desire for African Americans to have the right to vote for over 100 years, since the end of reconstruction. God bless you. From selma and civil rights in 1965, we travel back 100 years to virginia and the end of the civil war. Appomattox court house National Historical park preserves the house where robert e. Lee surrendered to ulysses s. Grant. We will hear the story of that historic event and what life was like in that village after the war. Name standing in front of perhaps one of the most famous courthouses in the United States, where we where really nothing of significance happened, Appomattox Courthouse. The court house is situated in the village of Appomattox Court house, two words, which is the village. Appomattox courthouse the village is famous because its where general lee surrendered down in virginia to ulysses s on 1865, effectively bringing the beginning of the end to the American Civil War. This little town has a lot of history for its size. Today, we would like to talk a little bit about why Appomattox Courthouse is so famous. We would like to spend a little more time talking about some Untold Stories. As it stands, the courthouse is a village complete with a tavern, stores, lawyers offices, and homes. The town was not more than 130, 140 people in 1865. It is an unlikely place for it for its two large military forces to meet, general lees army in Northern Virginia and general grants army of 60,000 dash 63,000 men, all totaled about 93,000 soldiers all within a sixmile radius here, unlikely because it is not were either army wanted to be, but it is where they ended up, and as fate would have it, for general lee, his army was practically surrendered here by general grants forces, and on the morning of palm sunday, april 9, 1865, general lee arrived in the afternoon, around 1 30 in the afternoon. General lee meet general grant over at the maclean house, one of the nicer homes in the village. They would meet in the parlor of the home to discuss and agree on terms of the surrender of the army of Northern Virginia, again, bringing about the and of the war. That is certainly a crucial nationally significant, and no doubt there is the reason that this was designated a National Historic site. Plenty ofhere are Untold Stories about appomattox. For over 150 years, many people appomattox as a place where the nation reunited. Of course, for students of history, we struggle with that idea. If that were true, the 150 years that have followed the American Civil War dont make a whole lot of sense. In fact, during the centennial, the 100th anniversary of the centennial of the ending of the civil war in 1965, a tremendous celebration took place here, marking the occasion. Meanwhile, the schools in appomattox county and many across the state are still not even integrated. In fact, appomattox is still five years away from integration in 1970. So why isnt that the place where our nation reunited . Part of the story starts with the large field behind me. Something a lot of people do not realize about Appomattox Courthouse is there are two battles fought here. General lees was not arbitrary to surrender. He was brought to that decision because of the military realities, literally, that surrounded him. In the field behind me on the morning of april night, the battle of Appomattox Court house was fought. Roughly 9000 confederates would engage a large federal fours that would eventually put over 20,000 federal soldiers on this field behind me. During this battle that raged on the morning of april 9, there was one known civilian casualty of Appomattox Court house. It was a woman named Hannah Reynolds. Hannah reynolds, like 52 of all human beings that lived in appomattox county at that time, she was enslaved. She was enslaved by dr. Samuel coleman. She lived in a home about one mile to the west of where i am standing, in the epicenter of the battlefield on the morning of the 9th. She was very unfortunate to be hit by a confederate artillery shell that morning. She was attended to by surgeons of the eighth main infantry unit. She died on april 12, that wednesday. April 12 is a very important date, too, in the history of appomattox, because it is on this very road that i am standing on, on april 12, that confederate infantries stack their arms and ammunitions all along this road. In fact, you say the individual confederate soldier actually surrendered on this road, not in the parlor of the maclean house, the way general lee did. Hannah reynolds dying on april 12 meant that, in a way, she was mortally wounded as an enslaved woman, and, in a way, she died as an emancipated woman, three days later. That is a powerful notion, that really struck this park and its visitors in 2015 during the 150th anniversary, and it has given us cause to explore this story and others like it a little more deeply. Exactly what did happen in this village and in fact throughout the south and the country in the weeks and months that followed the surrender . In history, it seems to almost always be a good idea to ask the question so what . General lee surrendered to grant on april 9, 1865. So what . The army of Northern Virginia would fight no more. That is a big so what. But what about the enslaved population of appomattox and the rest are virginia . What was their future . What was the future of former slaveholders . And middleout lower class whites that did not own slaves but would still be deeply affected by what was about to happen . We will head to the other end of the village of Appomattox Court house, and we are going to visit the kelly house that would also be known as the robinson house, and explore a story right here in the village that sheds some light also of the National Significance of what happened after the surrender. Here in the eastern edge of the village of Appomattox Court house, we find a contrasting building. Behind me is a home that was known as the kelly house at the time of the surrender. Unlike the maclean house, and upper middleclass home, 3200 3300 square free, perfect for the surrender movement with lee and grant, the kelly house far more represents what most people around southside virginia would have lived in in the mid1860s. It is down here that we find an excellent example of an untold story. We talked about what happens to a Hannah Reynolds immediately after the war, and unfortunately, she passed away from wounds received during the final battle. But down here at the kelly house on the eastern end of the village, we find an excellent example of what happens next, after the surrender. The kelly house was actually completed in 1855. The kelly family was a large one. In fact, there were five sons in this family, and all five fought in the war. In fact, at least one, maybe two, over here for the surrender, in their own hometown come on april 9, 1865. But in the years that followed the war, eventually this house will be purchased by a man named John Robinson could we do not John Robinson. We do not know a good deal about John Robinsons early life, but this is a good idea of what emancipation looked like here in appomattox. Perhaps two of the most tangible examples of emancipation you would have seen on the landscape that summer of 1865 would be the development of a freedom school, the legalization of black education, and the second would be the ability of black citizens of appomattox county to be able to form their own churches. In fact, in many of these cases, these were people that were members of, ironically, integrated churches, at least physically integrated. Their congregations were separated within, but it was the larger white churches where many of the black residents actually attended, and as a result of the surrender, got permission to leave those churches and create their own church. The first such church to be creative here in appomattox county, the galilee Baptist Church. One of the founding members of that church was John Robinson. In fact, he was the first treasurer and trustee of that church. Initially, our understanding is coming in the months that followed the surrender, the convocation would form in what was known as an arbor church, simply meeting outside, under the trees. But by 1867, the congregation had been able to form enough money, resources, to actually build a log church, that exists just about a mile to the west of the courthouse. About 50 years later, in 1916, a new church would be billed on built on those same grounds, and that is the church that is still there today, more than 100 years later. So the story of John Robinson, he is not only a homeowner and a cofounder of a church, he is also a businessman. He is a shoe cobbler. And apparently a pretty good one, because he ran a business here for more than 50 years. John robinson did not pass away until 1933, but after raising a very large family, a successful business, and, in fact, some of the Robinson Family members are buried in the backyard of the Kelly Robinson house. So right here in the Little Village of appomattox county, we can see the so what . Of the surrender. It unfolds right here before our very eyes. We only had to look a little more deeply to see these Untold Stories. Almost 150 years after the establishment of yellowstone as americas first National Park, there are now more than 60 designated National Parks in the u. S. Today. Next, we take you into the sonora desert of arizona to saguaro National Park, where we will hear about its history and its efforts to reach a more Diverse Group of visitors. Scott the landscape, the amount of wildlife you see, amazing sunsets, the variation in the terrain. This part goes from the saguaro desert ecosystem all the way to a mixed conifer ecosystem in the top of the mountains, which get close to 9000 feet, so that the diversity is amazing. And i think that is probably one thing that makes this part park pretty special is the diversity of the education, the wildlife, and that landscape that you see everywhere. Saguaro National Monument was established in 1933, and one of the primary reasons for that was for the protection of this Cactus Forest surrounding us here. And in the 1930s, it was a vast and very dense stand of large and small slugs that covered the whole valley. And throughout repeat photography of this site, it showed that the Cactus Forest appeared to be disappearing. Mature saguaros were dying and leaving the population, and not very many new saguaros were being recorded. The impact from grazing and also from a widespread harvest of mesquite trees and other trees, palo verde, impacted this Cactus Forest. Saguaros depend on a nurse tree early in their growth, first for getting established, being protected from the extreme heat and sun and also from the cold temperatures during the winter, so if a seed falls, and a young saguaro is able to get established under that nurse tree, it helps to ensure that it is going to grow. They are very slow growing. In here aree cactus approaching 200 years or potentially even older. That really large ones with all those arms could be a couple centuries old. Usually by the time they are about 50 years old, maybe 15 feet tall, they are starting to grow their first arms, so even a saguaro that is only a couple of feet on the ground, it has been there for decades. So as time has progressed, you can see now the mesquite, you know, healthy mesquite here in palo verde. One thing you do not see behind me because of all of those trees is the fact that there is a lot of young saguaros. Have done extensive surveys in this area and have used a lot of volunteers and citizen scientists who would come out here and help us walk the landscape in a grid fashion to document all of the saguaros in a milesquare area here, and what we see is that even though you cannot see it, looking out across this valley, there are many, many more saguaros that are going to be turning up and turning into the grand, majestic saguaros in the decades to come, because they are now thriving. So we are monitoring. We continue to do a saguaro census for every 10 years, coinciding with the u. S. Census. We have these established plots where we go out and we count every saguaro, we measure its height, we count how many nest cavities are in the saguaro, how many arms are on them, and the cash and monitor the population of the saguaros through time. And monitor the population of the saguaros through time. That will help inform as to what is happening in the population. We are on the historic tactics flew of our East District of the park. We refer to this as the Rincon Mountain district. This roadway was constructed by the tpp, and it has served as a primary tourist loop, a way to get out into the park. You have kind of an opportunity to see most of what is in the park. Jackrabbits, road runners, probably up over 100 bird species, essentially, and all of this unique desert, many species of cactus, obviously, our main focus our saguaro cactus and many other species. One thing you have to look pretty close to find, and then others that are pretty large and prominent on the landscape, and then people refer to the desert as sparse landscape that is hot and there is nothing there, but actually, as you can see out the window, this place is thick in vegetation. We are still really green right now because of the monsoon rain. It is a sea of plants and wildlife out here. 2015 was our highest visitation highest vegetation on record, and we continue to see those numbers increase on a monthly basis this year, so, you know, people are finding their part here at saguaro National Park, and i think across the country, visitation has been increasing, and certainly the centennial, the advertising campaign, all of the different initiatives to get people engaged with their parks, you know, in their community and across the country, i think has been extremely successful. You know, we want to be reaching out to the diversity of our communities, improving our visitation, not just in numbers, but in the richness of the visitors that we have in our parks. Representing what america is today. Cam i grew up just south of here as a kid, but then i came up here to the university of arizona to go to school. I got my undergrad and my graduate degree here, and i have been in tucson for about 26 years. We have got a diverse population here. We are about 44 latino. I have lived here for 26 years and i have never been to a , National Park in tucson. I got recruited out of the local county government here, a Community Engagement coordinator, because i was, as they said, the target audience of the next 100 years. So it was almost an experiment to see what it would take to engage folks of my demographic to attend the parks. Historically, the park service inviting, butery i would say the past five years, there have been an effort to try to engage not just folks of color but folks of different abilities. A lot the facilities have been made accessible for folks with disabilities. That is part and parcel what i think is keeping some folks away, they still think its the old National Park service and is very limited to immigrants. It is almost like we are set up for professional hikers, and we are not. It is laidback, designed to be accessible to all. Here in tucson, we are trying to establish an alladaaccessible walkway. The walkway, unfortunately, was part of the old horsing trails, and we had a horse vandalize , whether purposely or voluntarily, they damaged one of the trails, and the Community Came out, the Horsemens Association said hey, we are sorry about that. We want to help out. Here is a small contribution to help repair the trail. Folks take care of each other here in tucson. They really care about making sure the parks are accessible to different folks. Scott having National Parks, you know, it is one of those true american ideas that originated in the United States. The people of this country know that they value the National Park system and all of these wonderful places and different resources that we have, natural and cultural resources. You know, advocacy is something that is really important, and being relevant to our current park of visitors is extremely important. We wanted to provide an opportunity for them to get outside and learn about the theoors, these resources, wildlife is dependent upon but we are also dependent upon the more people that can visit and understand that, the more likely we are to have a new generation that embraces the importance of that and wants to protect it in the future. Travelsns cities tour the country exploring the american story. We bring you the history and literary life of a different city on book tv and American History tv. To watch videos of any of the places we have been, go to cspan. Org citiestour. Us at cspan cities. President trumps a News Conference from this afternoon as he reviewed the state of the economy and answered reporters questions. Joe biden campaigning in lancaster, pennsylvania, talking with Union Leaders and workers. Cspans washington journal. We are taking your call live on the air on the news of the day and we will discuss policy issues that impact you. Coming up tuesday morning, the author of discusses Law Enforcement, Police Accountability and Minority Community relations. Author and commentator Armstrong Williams on his new book, what black and White America must do now. Watch cspans washington journal live at 7 00 eastern tuesday morning. Be sure to join the discussion with your phone calls, facebook comments, Facebook Messages and tweets. Which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org] we will hear from mac mccarty, andy card, Denis Mcdonough and mick mulvaney. Theyll talk about their experiences handling the attacks on 9 11, the 2012 u. S. Embassy attack in benghazi, ebola, the 2008 financial crisis, and the current coronavirus. Georgetown university hosted this event. I wanted to thank everyone for tuning in tonight, both here in the zoom chat, members of the georgetown community, but also the broader public who is following us on social media or other channels