History and future of human spaceflight. My name is deeann. I am an engineer. I have never been to space. [laughter] in brevard county, florida, and have watched many of you launched into space. It has been an inspiration and one reason i chose to pursue engineering. Im and engineering tv host nowadays, founder and ceo of future engineers. We have a challenge where students can name the next mars rover. It is until november 1. If you have kids or grandkids who want to be a part of space history, i encourage them to go online and submit their names. I am going to tell you about our panelists. Isir placement tier onstage not a coincidence. We have a chronology here, from apollo onto thinking about going to mars. Tomy left we have General Stafford, former nasa astronaut with the gemini and Apollo Programs. Crippen,aptain bob shuttle astronaut, joined in 69, the apollo days. We have dr. Sandy magness, former shuttle astronaut to spent four and a half months on the International Space station. We have captain chris jorgensen, former shuttle astronaut, now a commercial astronaut. , the vp of flight at spacex. Since itsspacex inception in 2002, and hans and i share the title of never having been to space. But i want to caveat that, because i am hoping maybe all of us will have the opportunity to go to space one day. And we have Major General charlie bolden, former shuttle astronaut and former nasa administrator during the Obama Administration, and oversaw the transition from the Shuttle Program to a new era of Space Exploration where lowearth orbit is being turned over to commercial entities and we are looking forward to new technologies going on to mars. We are going to separate this into three segments. The first, we will give our speakers time to share a bit about themselves. We will have a 30 minute qanda, and then we will go to the audience, so start thinking about your questions. General thomas stafford, are you ready . Stafford received his bachelors with honors from the u. S. Naval academy and graduated first in his class at the u. S. Air force Test Pilot School in 1959. He went on to become an american legend. He piloted gemini six, first rendezvous in space, in 1966 he commanded gemini nine, demonstrating a rendezvous used in the apollo lunar mission. He did Mission Planning analysis and Software Development for apollo. Incommander of apollo 10 1969, he flew the first rendezvous around the moon and designated the first Lunar Landing site. He commanded the apollo so use mission which culminated in the historic first meeting in space between u. S. Astronauts and soviet cosmonauts, ending the International Space race. He hosted the mock 36 world speed record. He has flown four types of spacecraft and more than 100 types of aircraft. He presided over development of and startedcraft the stealth program and the roadmap for the f22 raptor. Honor and pleasure to introduce general thomas stafford. [applause] General Stafford thank you. It was a pleasure to talk yesterday about the Apollo Program, how the decision was made in only about three weeks, the assignment al sheppard flew. Other factors entered into it like the bay of pigs invasion, eureka garins flight, and what gagarins flight, so it was a real dynamic time and i sod the knowledge i gained, i really enjoyed it yesterday. It was a lot of fun. Gemini,k at apollo and we didnt know what we didnt know. Whate first rendezvous, would happen, we would lose a computer, the radar, and later on the first spacewalk, i could have been killed. We evolved and we have to train better for it. So today you train underwater before you go out and do a spacewalk. Virtual now they have reality, you can see with goggles, so you train that way. That came from gemini nine. Gemini six had our engine shut down with tzero, and we knew we had a dead mans signal. Need a system, not complete automatic, but a manual override, and all of this has to be a very complex thing. You do it and you do it right. We also learned lessons from apollo 13. Im sure you have seen the movie, and that is a lesson like you learned back in high school acidstry, where you mix and acid. You always pour acid into water, you dont pour water into acid because you have bad results paired we learned from apollo 13, you dont mix liquid oxygen with compounds that have carbon in it. Apollo 13, we had 5. 5 pounds of rocks. And 300 pounds of you have probably all seen the pictures that blew the double steel wall and a quarter of the service module. It was one of the better days to get apollo 13 back. So that was a series of things. Was involved in the shuttle return flight after the columbia accident. We shared with the accident. Oard a whole series of things wordcould have used the challenger anywhere they had the word columbia, the same lessons. So there are a lot of rules. We set these tools in place, and they are all there. So the main thing is, dont screw up. [laughter] time to begreat i started allo these stealth programs for the theforce and i have had experience of being in the soviet union and crippen was there with me, and the first experiment with the stealth airplane when i was commanding general. Bomber,s for the b2 the f22 raptor fighter, so just a whole series of things and it was a great time to be there. Short to a couple of questions. In other words, there are rules up there, there are tools up there, and you do not violate them. [laughter] short to a couple of questions. And do not screwup. [laughter] we have captain bob crippen, pilot of the first shuttle flight in 1981, went on to command three other Space Shuttle missions. During his 30 years in the navy he was an attack pilot and test Pilot Instructor at Edwards Air Force base. In 1969 he was selected as a nasa astronaut and was almost and was on the support crew for skylab missions, and the apollo so use project. Captain crichton became director of the Shuttle Program at he entered the private sector as Vice President at Lockheed Martin and served as president of the propulsion company. The captain earned his bachelors in Aerospace Engineering and was elected to the National Academy of engineering in 2012. It is my pleasure to introduce bob crippen. [applause] captain crippen thank you, and good morning. Im pleased to be on this panel of friends of mine. It is great to be a fair, especially with her former boss and friend tom stafford. He selected me as one of his support crew were the apollo to russia toook us star city and the soviet union. And even out to their launch site, which i think we were the first foreigners to ever visit that and i had the pleasure of tucking tom and the rest of the curve into the command module. Go back a long way as he indicated, but it is also a measure to be with Chris Ferguson, who flew the last myttle flight and one of fondest memories, i was telling , the was john young commander and i got to do a photo op with them because we represented the bookends of the spatial program, if you will. Nasa right after apollo 11 50 years ago. Im older than dirt, too. I had come off a program that was highly classified and the , it wasnt of defense highly classified. A two years ago, it was finally declassified. Our job was to take highresolution photographs of the soviet union but when the program was canceled, they took seven of us crewmembers off of that and transferred us over, all of us. We didnt do any training, go through a selection process, we just went through the door at nasa and they put us to work. There were similarities between the Skylab Program and what was being developed by nasa. That was my first assignment, to go follow or birddog what was going on with the development of skylab and make sure it was acceptable and i have worked throughout the program and its flights, which started off kind of dramatic but ended up being a great program. When that was concluded, i was assigned to do the same thing following the development of the spacious shuttle, which had just been announced. Jobt of people think of the in nasa as mostly training but in nasa wasareer spent doing Engineering Work following the development of the spacecraft. That the current Astronaut Office is doing the same thing with vehicles that are being developed today by lockheed, boeing, and spacex. There is a lot of Engineering Work that the astronauts are assigned to do. Honored whened and john young, our most experienced astronaut in the office at the time selected me to be his crewmate. It was great training with john and flying that mission. Certainly one of the highlights of my life. Went on to command three other flights and it turned out most of those flights were also engineering test flights to make sure the test shuttle spatial would do spatial would do what designed to do. Looking back, i am very proud of the space Shuttle Program. Yes, we had to terrible accidents and i lost very close friends, but when you look at the sum of the 30 years it was flying, early on, we did Important Department of Defense Missions that i think contributed significantly to us winning the cold war. The shuttle made it possible to fly payloads like the Hubble Space Telescope and other observatories that have revolutionized our knowledge of it also made and possible the building of the International Space station, which is an engineering marvel that is still up there today doing its job so in summary, i think the spatial program is something we will look on fondly and it will be a long time before we see a vehicle that is anywhere near capable of that. I was sorely disappointed in 2011 when the program was terminated. I was primarily disappointed because we didnt have another capability to put our cruise in ws in space ande we would be dependent on russia to do that. We have been for the past eight years. I am anxious to hear how the star liner and capsules are going to correct the problem very soon. Thank you. [applause] deanne all right,. For our next speaker, we have dr. Sandy magnus. Dr. Sandy back this has flown on four Shuttle Missions, including the final shuttle flight in 2011. She flew to the International Space station in 2008 where she spent four and a half months aboard has science officer. She served at nasa headquarters and as the deputy chief of the Astronaut Office. During her time at nasa, dr. Magnus worked extensively with the international community, including europe, japan, brazil and russia. Dr. Magnus is now the Deputy Director for engineering within the office of the secretary of Defense Research and engineering. Prior to working at nasa, she was an engineer at mcdonnell douglas, got her bachelor in physics and masters in Electrical Engineering and her phd from georgia tech. Help me in welcoming dr. Sandy magnus. [applause] dr. Magnus i want to take a moment to talk about this space station. Thank you, al for the invitation. There is a big difference between intellectual knowledge and experimental knowledge, between learning and going into a lab and touching something. That is when you really understand, when you have the experience with the knowledge. I think that is one of the biggest changes that happen with astronauts when we fly in space. We need to experience that environment and experience the planet a different way. When you fly on a space station, it is really interesting. You adapt into the environment at a completely different level than when you are just up there as a tourist for 10, 11 or 12 day flight. I didnt even realize that was happening until the crew came to pick me up in march. When i saw them float across the hatch and they looked so awkward motions,sure of their and just tiptoeing well, not tiptoeing, but very gingerly moving their bodies as they moved through the spacecraft try not to touch things. I said let me take you back. He was replacing me. I said let me take you back to and show youodule how to use the treadmill. I just took off. I knew, i was going to bounce off that handrail, that handrail and straight to the pa. I knew how it was going to translate through. They caught up with me and said you move really fast. I did not realize it. Thats when i realized i had adapted to a whole new level. It is interesting because when you experience that, you realize it was normal for me to get up every morning and float through my day and talk to people around the world in Different Countries about all of the amazing science and things we were doing. It was normal to have the earth out the window to the extent that after maybe a month or so, i almost took it for granted. I did, i took for granted looking out the window. There was an earth flying down below me and the beauty of it and how amazing that really was. We have this ability to adapt. I think it is really important. When youre up there and you are experiencing it, it changes your perspective. Let me share one of the greatest perspective changes that i had. That was the perspective about gravity. Everybody on this stage who has been in space has experienced this, but to me it was incredibly amazing. As we were reentering and falling into earths gravity well, to experience gravity for the first time as an external force and i was a polish how horrible it was. Appalled at how horrible it was. Everyone in this room understands ravi intellectually because we are engineers. That isuantify it, but not the same thing as understanding it instinct of the because you have experienced it. The fact that when you hold your arm out like this and when you think of all the little diagrams in physics where you get the vertical forces and horizontal forces [laughter] magnus there is a vector acting on your arm that you are using your energy of your muscles to fight against and it is weird to experience that and it makes you look at the world in a different way and this is the power of sending humans into space, because we have these new experiences. It shifts our view of the world and we start thinking about questions that we should be asking that we dont think about asking because we take for granted the environment we are already living in. It opens up our minds to new universe,oking at the and it makes us think just a little differently. It is just that little shift in perspective. That is what is so powerful about sending people in space and that is what is so powerful lot having people in space for a and doingd of time the kind of experiments that we do up there. Maybe not all of those are cutting edge but i guarantee, as we continue to put people up there with different skill sets, as we continue with different kinds of experiments up there, we will learn more from the questions that we learn to ask than from necessarily the answer we are getting from those experiments. We are just at the beginning of wandering out of the earths gravity well, wandering out of the norms we have established here on the planet. To open our minds to new ways of thinking and new questions to ask. That is really what is the power of sending people out in the into space and the space program. I am really excited about where we are now. We are at the point where we can get more people into space to have these perception shifts based on their experiences. We will think of some really amazing questions to ask the next decade. I will stop there and i look forward to your questions. [applause] all right, and on to our next speaker. We have Chris Ferguson. Captain Chris Ferguson is the boeings first commercial test pilot astronaut and he will be among the first to go to space aboard boeings star liner. He has met the developed of the Spacecraft Mission system and crew interfaces, working handinhand with nasa. He was also a leader in the development of the testing for the spacecraft launch and run tests. He is a retired u. S. Navy captain and former nasa astronaut, having piloted Space Shuttle atlantis, commanded Space Shuttle endeavor and commanded the final Shuttle Mission of 35. He is a spacecraft communicator for multiple spatial omissions. Holds aferguson bachelors in Mechanical Engineering from drexel university, a masters in aeronautical engineering from the naval postgraduate school. It is my honor to introduce captain ferguson. [applause] captain ferguson i always love listening to sandy magnuss stories. She makes space seem incredibly compelling. Even the audience, those who have been to space, listened very intently, myself included. Maybe i would like to talk a little bit about the future. It was mentioned that the Shuttle Program ended in 2011 without an immediate replacement to get us back into the lower earth orbit. We have been working diligently over the course of the last eight years, 2014 specifically was when the big contract was let to return americans to lower orbit. It warrants an explanation of what is a commercial spacecraft. What really is happening here is nasa will begin purchasing services. They will begin purchasing services to take astronauts from the service of the earth up to the International Space station and return them safel