The university of washington history professor Margaret Omara discusses her book the code. You have the biggest of Big Government programs, the space race. The militaryindustrial complex, that becomes the foundation for this flywheel of an incredible creation and innovation and wealth, private wealth creation, and an industry that considers itself that built itself up on its own, that has become invisible to many people who are in silicon valley, who are the creators of these companies. They think there is not a world, but there is. That is part of the magic, that it is a government out of sight. Cer on sundayun night, on cspan. Martinup, ibm cocreator on mark dean on technology and innovation. Then a hearing on the cost of raising a family. Now computer engineer mark dean. Harold good afternoon, everyone. Glad you made it in the inclement weather. We have a nice representation of people for what i think is going to be an exciting talk. So we are glad you are here. Harold conner, and im a member of the Museum Foundation board. Jim campbell, who just stepped in a moment ago, is the president of the board, so ive a stake in the series of talks. And dr. Mark dean agreed to do this talk several months ago. And he was the first one i saw when i came in. So he is here. I think youre in for a pleasure, and hear some really neat things about what is happening in his career. He went to the university of tennessee. Dr. Dean is an inventor and a computer engineer. He is local. He was raised in jefferson city. How Many University of tennessee fans in here . Show of hands. All right, way to go. So he got his first degree from the university of tennessee. Got his masters and doctorate in electrical engineering. He lost his way from tennessee and ended up at stanford for his phd. So that pretty good school. And we have some people here who know about that university. Is an ibm fellow. Is anyone in here familiar with the ibm pc . [laughter] i bet you cant tell what year you became familiar with the ibm pc . 1975 . I dont remember that long ago. [laughter] harold but this young man was who is going to today was on that team that developed it and he has patents to prove it. He was instrumental in that information technology. Im not sure what we would do today if we did not have the pc and everything that goes along with that. He continued his career with ibm and became a fellow, which is the highest level of distinction in that organization. And he is a member of the National Inventors hall of fame. He has several patents himself, connected with the pc and other endeavors. And it is just indeed a pleasure. He has been the interim dean of the university of Tennessee School of engineering, Tickle College of engineering so it is a pleasure to introduce dr. Mark dean. [applause] dr. Dean ok. Good afternoon, everyone. Thank you, harold, for the introduction. I will put that down there. I am not used to speaking in a microphone because even in this size room i usually can throw my voice. Im also not used to speaking behind a podium. So i may step out a little bit. Just to see better. I am glad you were able to come. Actually, i am happy with the number of people here because we can make this more interactive. Im going to spend a little time telling you about myself, about technology, its impact on society. A few things we need to think about going forward, or at least i would like to have a conversation around them, and then a little bit about emerging technologies. Then we can explore whatever you guys want to explore. So i do not have too many constraints. Some of you who know me may know that. As harold said, i am from a little town near here, jefferson city, tennessee. I started my academic career at nelson mary, a black school before integration. My grandfather was the principal. I like to pointed that out. That dates me. In the third grade they integrated the School System so i went to the integrated school. And i was the last class to graduate from our small high school. Of a picture of my early years. I went to the university of tennessee. Got my undergraduate degree. I cooped at alcoa aluminum, which paid my way through undergraduate. That is a good way to get through school. Then ibm hired me into development. I worked there 10 years on what the ibm pc and related technology for the first 10 years of its life. So ive got just over 40 patents and most of those are tied to the work we did on the ibm pc. It was called the isa system bus. And essentially the thing that defined pc compatibility for 15 years. And we actually i will talk more about that, but we were actually surprised at how long that existed. We did not expect that we would set the standards to that level. As harold said, i got my phd from stanford. I spent 34 years at ibm. And i have spent my last six years as a faculty member at university of tennessee and as interim dean for the Tickle College of engineering. I have been blessed. I have to say, i have been very blessed. Now many people ask. , this is the question i get more than anything else, when you were developing the ibm pc, did you know what you were doing . [laughter] and i say first you step back and say, what did they mean . I think they meant, did we realize the level of impact, good and bad, that the personal computer and related technologies would have on society, productivity, entertainment, information sharing, business models, communications and all that aspects of our lives . So when i recover, i answer the question as no. We really didnt realize what we were doing. We did realize that we were building something that would improve productivity for people that wanted to create and manage information. So this includes word processing, ledgers, anybody that bought the original pc, this is what you would do. You would design. You would have personal data storage. It was one of the systems that started to allow you to store data locally, versus out in the wasnt the cloud at the time. It was usually an ibm mainframe. Now is called the cloud. History repeats itself. So we did not realize how much it would affect everyone and enable so much innovation. Just like all previous innovations, the creators could not have fully understood how they would change the world. Now the pcs, laptops, tablets and your smart phones are all integral parts of our lives. Helping us create and share information, be entertained, and to get things done. So again, i was in the right place and the right time, not knowing any better and things worked out. So i have been fortunate. Fortunate enough to be part of a lot of teams that includes the ibm pc, that includes the first gigahertz microprocessor. Ibms supercomputer called blue jean in new york. We developed a discipline called services science. If we had a few hours i would tell you what it is. Just trust me it was , interesting. Then more recent work that was done with one of my colleagues in the audience computing , paradigms based on the human brain called noomorphic computing. So it has been great. I cannot complain. I have been able to explore a lot. Me what doesasks it feel like to invent . What is it like to have 40 patents . The real truth is most of my inventions are the result of what i would call my superpower. Right . Youre dreaming, right . A vividmy superpower imagination and confidence to believe you can build anything. That is my superpower. And i am not unique everybody , has a superpower. Most do not realize what it is or have the opportunity to develop it and focus on their superpower. I have had that opportunity. There have been two primary organizations that allowed me to develop and exploit my superpower. One is the university of tennessee. Without the education i got there, i would not have had the chance to go on and be a part of ibm. And of course ibm. Individuals none of you will recognize, but without them i would not have had the chance to do things i i have been able to do. The first is von schenklin in my early career at alcoa. Ted davis, who helped me when i joined ibm. Rod atkins, wayne davis who is now interim chancellor here. And it the reason i came back to be a faculty member. My wife, denise. She has been with me and made a lot of things possible. My parents, james and barbara dean. And my grandparents eugene and , althea. A shoutout to them. Because without them, none of this would have been possible. So, we have actually been able to change the world. I guess that would be the way i would have to put it. Not thinking that was the intent. But that is how it kind of turned out. I actually believe anything we realized. E can be there is just a simple matter of four key elements. Time, money, risk, and determination. Now, i use the word determination. But most people would call that not knowing any better. But determination sounds a whole lot better. So i will use the term determination. Also, most great innovations that have had the biggest impact on society, have occurred in the gaps between disciplines. Right . Putting ideas together from multiple sources and disciplines to solve a problem or to address an opportunity. Thats where most of the great innovations have occurred. And i would have to say the pc falls right into that category. Innovation being the application of invention to solve a problem is something i am far more proud of than my inventions themselves. I have all these patents. But the real value is what we did with them. Not the patents and the inventions themselves. So the invention is worthless unless it has an impact. Unless it changes peoples lives or helps people live better, have more success, be happy, so that is the true measure of a particular innnovation. And so i have enjoyed watching right . Use what we built, that is where i get my joy to , watch someone use a computer i have designed or take advantage of something we have been able to build. That is where the joy comes from. Theres a lot of innovations that we often take for granted. And have ignited significant change in the world. I just want to mention a few. Just to set up the talk after that. Harvesting energy from burning organic material, we would say diesel engines, gasoline engines, steam engines, these things have allowed us to find breakthroughs in transportation, manufacturing, infrastructure, mining, lots of areas. Thats a big deal. Trains, planes and automobiles. They have allowed society to spread out. And without that we would not be s we are today. T electricty, wired communication, and telephone broadband. , and wireless communication. So we wouldnt have television, cell phone, radio, satellite. Penicillin and vaccines are big. And i was telling someone earlier, i think the next great breakthroughs will be in biology. On penicillinigh vaccines, and other , breakthroughs that are coming in biology. Aspirin and ibuprofen. Atomic energy. A lot of it was developed here. Plastics. The transistor. Computers, obviously. The internet. And gps. These are things that innovations and many Others Society could not live without. Today. Right . They have also enabled new discoveries and new innovations. Theyre not just innovations in themselves, but they have enabled us to go further. So now engineers and scientists often build things as a challenge to their abilities. And i have to admit that is kind , of why i built most of the things that i have built. Or that it has never been done before. We are driven by being first. Or because it is fun to watch somebody use something you design. So these are the things that tend to drive engineers and scientists. Engineers and scientists seldom consider the impact on society a particular invention or innovation may have. At most this would be a secondary consideration and probably would not occur after the first prototype or demonstration model was done. So im going to question, this is going to be a question that all great innovations that have had a Significant Impact on society, also may have had some negative impacts on society. I want to explore what responsibility engineers and scientists have to help society understand both ends. The positive sides are easy. But can we explain and address and make sure society is aware of the potential negatives. I am going to cover a few technologies and then move on to talk about that in general. So computers. Lets take computers for example. Cell phones, tablets, entertainment systems, cable boxes, all of these are computers, basically. It is obvious the Significant Impact they have had on productivity, information and information sharing, new forms of entertainment, business models, complex systems modeling like weather forecasting, Business Opportunities for new applications and services, it is an endless list. It is part of our lives. Now, let me pose this. And i have yet to find someone we have a discussion but is an interesting thought. Think about this. Computers are the only product where we buy them expecting them to fail. [murmers] dr. Dean right . It is the only one we expect to have to reboot a computer or download a new version of software to fix it. I challenge people, is there anything else that we buy that we expect that of the product . Like refrigerators, cars. Light bulbs . Dr. Dean light bulbs . But they at least last 10 years. If my computer lasted a year without me having to reboot it. I would then accept that. But i do not get a week out of it. [laughter] [inaudible] dr. Dean ive never heard that recalled before. Im not sure you can upgrade that. Yeah, ok. Those moments only happen one moment in time. That is a positive experience when you look back on it. Usually. When you look back on your computer blue screen, that is usually not a positive experience. So, society now accepts flaws in Computing Products and the computing industry takes advantage of what we have trained society to expect. We will ship the computer industry will ship something before it really is fully tested. Right . Yep. Out becauselp them you test it for them, you tell them about the problems, and they give you an upgrade. We are used to that. We accept that. It feels funny, i was a part of this. And i feel funny about it. But i admit that we created this. And maybe it is ok. Im not going to say it is not ok. But it is strange. Like i said, i feel funny about it. Another i would have to say is negative that computing is insufficient at data privacy and data security. I have to admit that. We have exposed society to loss of sensitive or personal data. Especially to bad actors. And im going to talk more about that later. But i have to say that we have built computing and we have gone so far and we didnt take into consideration the effects on access to our private information. And maybe that should have taken more thought. So we cannot live without computers, right . And we did, things will slow if we did, things will slow down significantly. Some of you might say, that might be a good deal, right . Maybe slowing down a little would be ok. But no, the world is not going to slow down. So the question is should society expect some of our great computing capabilities to be used to improve computing reliability . I mean should we expect that , instead of more megahertz, more memory, more storage, more blah, blah, blah, that some of that could be used to make computers last more years, like a light bulb . Without me having to fix it or download a new application. I do not know. We could use the capability to provide better protection to our data. Maybe. Right . Maybe it could provide more independence for people that has no relevance to their social status or financial status. Right . Maybe it would open up new opportunities for everyone. Not just the few that can have access to it. The question is can consumer , expectation demand have a major effect on vendors and what they offer . Yes, it can but we have to decide that that is what we want. That we want something, something better. And expect that, and drive the industry, maybe. Like i said, the upside of computing, the productivity and efficiencies are significant. We see that and we accept some of the downsides because of the significant upside. There are other technologies that we use every day and have positives. Plastic. That is another example. Huge, right . I do not think we could live without plastic. Packaging of food, distribution of food, reduction in waste, it has been a big deal for us. But the challenge with plastics is, as you all know, waste. And the potential contamination of our environment. Again, im not going to blame the innovators of plastic or the technology, because it is something we can address. But obviously these are types of things we have to thing about. The internet is another one. Again, without the internet we would not have the great sharing of information, social media, all the great things we have come to enjoy having internet, even netflix and the things that provides, amazon would not be here without the internet. But i have to admit, the internet has exposed our information, personal information, our finances, our confidential records to exposure on a scale not before possible. Before the internet, you had to break into an Office Building and get something. Then it is local. Now i can sit in my living room. And i can get access to a lot of stuff. So, something to think about. Just something to think about. Again, im not trying to denigrate or downgrade these great breakthroughs. We just need to have these conversations. That is all im trying to expose. So, like a said, i do not wish to suggest that we should not have developed or deployed these technologies. The question is, should we as engineers and scientists, and im talking about myself, have identified and minimized the negatives of these technologies before they were deployed, or early in their deployment . And if we had, would anybody have listened . If we had said, wait a minute, heres some of the downside. Would people have paid attention . Or would they run off and say thats great, but im going to do this and this is gonna be good. It is an interesting thought. Could way as innovators have known ahead of time the downside of distribution and use of these technologies . Could we have predicted it . Like i said when we were doing , the ibm pc, we did not predict a lot of stuff. We do not know any better. It kind of took off. But we could have given it a lot more thought. Is it our responsibility as engineers and scientists to notify and protect society from the potential downsides and dangers of a Given Technology . The real question is who is liable for any damages or losses incurred from the use of a Given Technology . Who is responsible . Ok, i will leave you with that thought. Lets talk about the newest commodity to be leveraged by us, individuals, and businesses. Anybody want to guess . A. I. Dr. Dean no, it is a commodity. [indiscern