U. S. Needed greater capacities to wage peace as effectively as we wage war. It was a bipartisan effort drawing broad support from both parties, and in 1984, president reagan signed into law the United States institute of peace. Nonpartisan, National Institute charge with the mission of preventing, mitigating, and resolving violent conflict abroad. We fulfill that mission by linking training and analysis, research and policy, and by working with local partners on the ground in conflict zones around the world. We have offices in iraq and afghanistan, tunisia, just to name a few and when it comes to violent extremism, we know that significant knowledge gaps still exist and they continue to pose obstacles. We are proud to host the resolve network which stands for researching solution to violent extremism. It is a Global Consortium of researchers and research to moretions, committed understanding of violent extremism in the sources of resilience. We have seen through our work and through research that the rise, spread, and evolution of violent extremism is one of the most challenging issues we face today, especially as it interacts with existing conflict, or create new ones, or further damages fragile contacts. Violent extremism is on everyones mine following the attacks in el paso and dayton. Empty the newly empty side of the bed and those reading the text messages. Weekend, more families and friends were added to the list of the forever injured, forever scarred from a forever home to buy violence. This is a type of grief and the type of violence that exists in way too many countries around the world today. Fact, a task force on extremism in fragile states, worldwide, tags have increased fivefold since the year 2001. Have spreadt groups to 19 out of 45 countries in the middle each, the middle east and the horn of africa. Committed institute to the notion that peace is possible, we want to help uncover new ways to do better at addressing some of the most Wicked Problems involving violent extremism. Today, we are tackling the problem how governments and communities are grappling with what to do with their citizens to travel to the socalled Islamic State and other conflicts and they return home. With the territorial caliphate extinguished, more than 100 countries could face the task of not only reintegrating their citizens, perhaps 10,000 in total, but also preparing their communities for a future with living with people nextdoor. Some who were part of these violent extremist groups will face trial, and some will face incarceration, but not all. Some will eventually be released from prison, and many others will reintegrate directly back into committees. So local communities need to be prepared and society has a Public Safety imperative to pursue rehabilitation and reconciliation. People need processes to enable them to abandon their violent attitudes and behaviors, but communities also need avenues to enable social cohesion and to avoid reradicalization. Yet, we lack the language in our Public Discourse diva talk about people or disengaging from violent extremism. As far as most of us are concerned, once iteris forever, terrorist and while the radicalization is a very complex process, there are many, many different paths to violent extremism. It is social in nature, so disengagement needs to address social factors to not only help someone to disengage from their violent attitudes, but rebuilt the bonds between that person in society and generate a new sense of belonging. Scholars, we committee members, can be unintentionally using language that underscores, anger, and fear. We reinforce a persons identity as a terrorist or a fighter, and it may contribute to a self fulfilling prophecy. Luckily, for those of us who study violence and conflict, we are not the first discipline to work with highly stigmatized populations. In Public Health and criminal justice, and social work, practitioners have learned to leverage language as a tool to shape attitudes and behaviors, to reduce the burden of stigma, and to ease open spaces for engagement. In the spaces, communities can be presented with opportunities for social learning and rehumanization and reconciliation. Let me be clear, i am not pollyannaish about the real violent risk that violent extremists groups pose, and this conversation does not take away the need for accountability for those who have committed atrocities and other crimes or enable others to do so. This is not about forgiveness, but rather solutions. But once justice meet up with sentences, prison time has been served, or those who did not commit crimes were never charged , this need to call a spade a spade must grapple with the other reality of how we enable communities, new to the front lines, to get reintegration and reconciliation right because all of our safety depends on. This is a tall order. This is what i am delighted to be joined by four incredible experts who help us further unlock and unleash new avenues for adjusting this challenge addressing this challenge. I will introduce each speaker individually. They will give a 15 minute or so presentation. I will introduce the next speaker and they will present. When everyone is finished, we will move to question and answers questions and answers. We are also accepting questions live on twitter and from our overflow rooms here. With that, i will introduce our speakers and get the day going. It is my pleasure to introduce this doctor, social psychologists with research on the dynamics of violent radicalization. His model drawing from human needs is outlined in his latest book from Oxford University three pillars of radicalization. He will provide context on the social and psychological drivers , with attention on significance and respect. Please help me welcome him. [applause] thank you very much. Good morning to all. I am very honored and pleased to forere, and thanks arranging and organizing this event. Thank you for inviting me. Violent extremism continues to be a major issue for nations around the world. Cal a fat is far from being defeated calla fat is heart caliphate is hard caliphate is far from being defeated. There have been hundreds of attacks in different parts of the planet. The question is, how do we understand the global threat, and what can we do about it . In todays talk, i would like to present a psychological perspective on this issue that i believe to be important. Phenomenon,ogical Many Political phenomenon that has shaped history, are rooted in human psychology. Asrolevel phenomenon, such poverty, poor education, or oppression occasionally contribute to radicalization. Sometimes a matter less and sometimes a matter not at all. Why . Because a matter only when they are in circumstances that activate the psychological mechanism that promotes radicalization. Psychology is the basic discipline that addresses radicalization. Importantly, if we understand these mechanisms, we cannot only understand it, but we can understand it and prevent radicalization the world over. Decade, several decades actually, we have been carrying out research and various parts of the Globe Research in various parts of the globe with hundreds, if not terrorists in jails and other locations, and on the basis of that empirical work, we have developed an integrity model, a model that on the one hand, capitalizes on important socials about extending that modelnd integrating the sense of showing how diverse insights, combined into a process whereby radicalization and violent extremism take place. Suggest, in fact, three parameters of the process are critical. They had been a full different models. We combine them together, and the three parameters are individuals motivation, the narrative that tells the individuals how to satisfy their motivations, and the network that validates the narrative and dispenses rewards for those who ofve their needs in terms violent extremism. Let me say a few words about these three. The need is critical. After all, radicalization is located by the individual. It is an individual who decides who will wear a suicide vest, pick up a weapon, and travel thousands of miles to join the fight and kill people wherever they might be. Therefore, a very important question was posed by a researcher is, what is the motivation . Why do they do that . Them take them take those risks , and make those sacrifices, and risk life and limb in order to join the fight . Providedsearchers have an answer in terms of the list of different motivations. Asa motivational cocktail they put it. For example, the perks of afterlife has been one motivation. They do it in order to enjoy the perks up afterlife. For they do it because of their adulation and commitment to their leader. They want it because to show that women can do it, or they do it because of vengeance. All of these motivations have their place and are important in specific cases, but i submit to you, underlining all the motivations is one universal need, and that is the need to matter and to be significant. To have selfrespect and respect from others and ones community. Now, this quest for significance , like with all motivations, around at all times. How is this quest activated . The simple answer is it is activated when significance requires special value. It is seen when special value loses its value. This can be ones own failures, lack of luck, ones own they promote that ones suffering. Womenample, palestinian were accused of extramarital , orirs or infertile disfigured by fire, so it could be a very personal thing, having nothing to do with international conflicts. Be associateso with ones social identity. N you are you militated when you are humiliated, you feel discrimination as your own thing, and then you are motivated to restore your significance. Humiliation, that is discrimination that provides an opportunity to become a hero, a martyr for the group that was discriminated against and who was humiliated and experienced the grievance. Significantst for is a universal human need. As an author put it, all of us have a sense of being a human and a martyr. Questle babys the has a a little baby has a quest for attention because otherwise it would not survive. No one wants to feel disrespected. We require respect. We require that sense of significance. We require a sense of significance by living up to our values. It is the values that trickle down to the ones who serve them in land their significance who serve them and lend their significance. The narrative element ties oflence to the values significance, and shows how to obtain significance through violence. It tells you to gain significance, you have to join the fight. You have to kill other people. You have to be ready to take risks, sacrifice yourself, maybe that wille cause and give you significance. The narrative function is very important. Yall create significant. We are not we all great significance, but we are not all terrorists. We serve other values, but if you are of the narrative that you have been assaulted, your insulted, and you have to stand up for the group, protect theht, and groups glory and significance, at this point, you become a violent extremist. Finally, the last is a network. Why the network . The network is important because we are social beings. The network of people who you define forthe group, us what is real and it is validating the narrative. Without the social network, we would not know that actually you have to fight. It is important to fight. The Network Tells you, yes, that is what you need to do. Agreement of the network and beyond validation, it dispenses rewards. Admiresres people it people who serve the network through violence. It tells you, you know, you are a hero, you are a martyr, and you will be forever engraved in the collective memory of the group. You may go to paradise and so forth. Network . Of what are we talking about . Varies widely from approximate face to face networks. A bunch of guys that get together and inside each other to action, all the way to virtual networks, networks on the internet that are particularly influential these days that people attend. So, it does not have to be in a physical presence of the network. You know that if you carry out a shooting, if you run your vehicle into people and kill them, and if you pick up a knife and kill enemies of the group, you will be appreciated, so it is kind of an implicit network. You do not have to be in physical presence of. Now, what is unique about our model . And how does that relate to radicalization . After all, social scientists scientists have been violent extremism for many decades. And they have provided very important insight. I think what is important about our model is that it brings these insights together into a offied function of portrayal a violent of violent extremism. Some people in some models illuminate one part of the elephant, and our aspiration is to highlight the entire elephant and show how the different parts work together. Let me examine some very important contributions in this domain. Book, whileamous men rebel, discusses relative deprivation, the idea that your its just not received do and has been discriminated. This tops the quest of significance. There are other ways of losing significance, as i mentioned, significant significance that are personallybased, and we have evidence that personal failure leaves people to embrace collective causes in the service of regaining their significance. Course, he does not emphasize the essence of the network. He does identify an important element, but i think those other parameters are also important and we bring them together. Factors,lk about macro economies, and others, poverty, oppression, poor education, and they all came to the inclusion all came to the conclusion that neither of them promote violent extremism. It also addresses the loss of significance. If you are poor or oppressed, you dont feel very good. You feel very significant, like you dont matter, but not all poor or oppressed people become violent extremists. There are other ingredients to the mixture. You need to have the narrative and you have to have the social movement that supports the narrative in order for this to combine into this combusted combustive my great colleague emphasize the issue of sacred values and devoted factors as an important ingredient in violent extremism. Sacred values are important because they allow people to serve them, and therefore, become significant. And the motivation for significance is served wonderfully if you sacrifice life, take risks, are ready to die, on order of sacred values, so sacred values are important in conjunction with the other elements. Mark made famous the issue of networks. Networks are important. They are important because they validate the narrative and they dispense rewards. They pronounce you a martyr or a hero. About derrico is asian what about the same three elements that promote radicalization, if you reverse them, they promote deradicalization. Example, the importance of narrative, the importance of counter messaging is of paramount significance. You have to counter the idea that islam is served by jihad. You have to promote the idea that there is a tolerance and that the audiology is actually misinterpretation of what the prophet intended. You have to have a counter narrative. We listen to reason. And narratives are what provide justification and the rationale for our actions. Narrative is important in deradicalization. Important inry deradicalization. We recently completed another book on the german neonazis, and those who led the movement, often left because they connected to another network. They meet somebody, a friend, a romantic relationship, that drove them back to the mainstream ways of thinking. So the networking important is very important in promoting deradicalization. And finally, reduction of the dominance of the quest of significance. It is an activation of other needs. Aneed for love, having career, having a life, and ay expresses better former member of an Organization Organization who explained why he wanted to deradicalize. You say to yourself the f word, i say to myself that time is running out. You may want to get married. You are going on 40 years old and you want to get married next year, and you say to yourself, game,at this stage of the [indiscernible] we have to live a bit. The other needs are activated. The quest of significance [indiscernible] evidence,d empirical and time is too short and are probably already exceeded my time, but i would like to share with you a story of one Research Project on violent radicalization. Ou all know year long 30 [indiscernible] they were recognized as a terrorist organization and employed brutal tactics, highprofile assassinations, suicide bombings, child of childns used abductions used for human shields. 50,000 fighters killed. It was one of the most vicious terrorist organizations in the history of this phenomenon. They had their air force, air tigers, their navy, their sea tigers. Than 11,000 tigers are rendered tiger surrendered after a bloody battle after thousands of civilians lost their life in 2009. The government at that point launched an effort to rehabilitate the surrender of the terrorists. Placed inere facilities of different kinds. Luck to getreat. Nto those facilities [indiscernible] architect of the demolition of the tigers. It was adopted from the Saudi Program and other programs. They had vocational, educational, cultural, and theyy programs wanted to link up with new probabilities. Framework, the need was to do with respect and dignity. Asy were not referred to dignitaries. They were called beneficiaries. This was adapted from the Saudi Program. The narrative was on the ineffectiveness of four, and emphasized ineffectiveness of war, and emphasized the we were able to carry out controlled research of close to of education, social, and social education, social and other programs and we were able to use a controlled group. This was the minimal Treatment Group and we look at it as three , at sixmonth intervals. The full Treatment Group, there radicalization decreased significantly over the minimal Treatment Group, which again, this particular program was effective. At the end of it, they were much less medicalized than when they entered. And what is interesting for all attitudes in the positivelye related to a reduction [indiscernible] by feelings mediated significant, feeling that they mattered and that they felt cared for. This was immediately after the program, on the left. Examined the beneficiaries released from the program. And the number of programs they participated in was negatively related to extremism, and what is particularly interesting, re were less extreme [indi