I thought i would again by taking a couple minutes and talk about what i think are the disequilibrium that are impacting the middle east, impacting the whole world, and i want to give each of the ministers a chance to talk about are creating as did disequilibrium, but how we stabilize the region. I think we are in the middle of three Climate Changes at once. We are in the middle of the climate of the climate. Were going from what i call later to now. Americaas growing up in come in the 1960s and 1970s, later was when you could fix lay,river, clean that appear that for us, save that orangutan. You could save it now, you can save it later. Later is officially over. Later now will be too late. Climate change, we see it in the middle east with rising temperatures and rising water issues among others. We are in the middle of a change of climate of globalization. We are going from a world that was interconnected to a world that is hyper connected to a world that is now interdependent. An interdependent world is a different world from an American Point of view. Interdependent world, your friends can kill you faster than your enemies, so if some big european Banking Systems were to go bankrupt tomorrow, that would affect me in america very much. Are alleys, yet your friends can kill you faster than your enemies in an interdependent world. And secondly, you get a geopolitical inversion in interdependent world where your rivals falling become more dangerous than your rivals rising. In america, china takes six more islands in the south china sea. I cannot care less. If china loses 6 growth, my goodness, this room will be basically empty. That is a Climate Change and you move from an interconnected world into an interdependent world. Lastly we are seeing a change in the climate of technology. Every company today can and therefore must do five things. Be able to analyze optimize, prophesies,s demised him and digitize any job product or service. I flew over here on united airlines, and the sense is in those edges, we are connected to g. E. , and they were telling high toirlines how fight to get optimal efficiency. I can nowze find the needle in the haystack the norm, not the exception. I can prophesies. You may have seen the ibm ad where the repair man comes to a highrise building, tells the doorman im here to fix the elevator. The doorman says the elevator is not broken. Repairman saysr it will be in six weeks and three days. I can customize just for Foreign Ministers from saudi every, and i can digitize job product or service. You put those five together, that is a Climate Change. Put all three of these Climate Changes together, and you have huge pressures on every country in the world. And for frail countries, sometimes these pressures are just overwhelming. That is why we see more governments collapsing and importers changing. Hascertainly this affected the middle east region among others. And crazy what is the new divide the newd, which N Development is a world of order versus disorder. That is my macro sense of things, and if i could call on the minister to start. We will go right down the line. Could you give us a sense of what do you see as the forces that are challenging stability in the region, and what do you think are the best pathways forward . Thanks. I agree with what you said. A great setup. The challenges we have in the middle east are sectarianism, extremism, inefficient government, unaccountable government, government that is not transparent. Looking backwards, not forwards, and i think the solution to that is making governments more efficient, more accountable, more transparent. Providing opportunities for our youth so they can realize their hopes, and you do that by opening up your society, you do that by opening up areas for investment, domestic and foreign. You do it by streamlining relations, making it civil to incorporate, simple to start companies. Peoplethat by allowing to do what they do best, which is connect with others and deal with touches. I always say in the middle east, we have too been. We have a vision of light, is what i just described, and we have a vision of darkness. Division of darkness is sectarianism, it is trying to restore and and tire that was destroyed thousands of years ago. Is using sectarianism in order to interfere in the affairs of other countries so you can promote this revolution and this imperialistic even at the cost of the world. That is the dark vision. Other one is called saudi arabia, and i think history has shown that light always prevails over darkness, issuece we have that settled, that our region will be a much more interesting place. Thank you. I agree that the two main fault lines that are dragging the middle east down our ethnic and sectarian fault lines. I think the solution to middle eastern problems is not the creation of new borders, because that would be a call for perpetual conflict. The middle east, what makes the middle east so rich, the cradle of civilization, is the diversity in terms of religion, ethnicity, and i think the best path for the middle east also is two more fundamental rise of freedoms, where everybody, hopefully more democracy, but it is difficult back k if we can go at one point it was highlighted by my saudi friend, is that youth is another issue. 2050, yourend going to get the workingage population growing by 180 million in our middle Eastern Region and north africa. For the next 35 years, you are going to have a next her 180 million coming on board looking for jobs. Once you overcome the challenges, todays challenges, the next challenge will be betterfication, and skills, education, and jobs for these 180 million youth that will come on board. Unemploymentouth rate is relatively high. That is really the second challenge. It is a major one, something that we cannot overlook. Prosperousable and peaceful middle east is in the National Interests of all of us. I think we should prosper with our neighbors, and that is clearly the key. You either go down with your neighbors or is over thetement last few years we began to recognize the significance of having a functioning state, and i am not talking about a prospering it is a state in the neighborhood that is functioning, that it can take control of its own borders, and stop export of terror. That has been a huge challenge for us. Largestds energyhosting country is turkey. Kurds who are still settled in turkey, which we welcome, of course. We do our best, but that does create 3. 5 million. If you add 200,000 iraqis, that moves the number 23. 7 million. None of these problems, just the way the u. S. Morgan problems in the subprime mortgage problems in the subprime crisis, the problem affected us. Similarly, problems affects all of us. No question, we agree on this. I think we should try to solve our problems with more dialogue, but we should not take various ethnic and sectarian groups the way you pick up a football mr. Friedman interesting. You get to be the outside expert. I would not like to be the outside expert, but i would like to present the european interest. The middle east is our immediate neighbor. You are our neighbors, and therefore, we have a vast interest in stability and friendship on both sides. I can just keep on taking your withs that beginning always need a soil on which it is growing, and there is this cruel ideology of was also growing because of a feeling of lack of influence, lack of marginalization. So the question, whether we are on the onefeat daish hand, of course, a military one, but on the other hand, the question of whether the are going to be able to give people a perspective in that region. And on the first point, i see too a strong role of europe be our partners together engaged in reconstruction and stabilization and reconciliation because it needs many to work on these fields together. See in thet is we region a lot of different interests. , many iraq, many different powers have been projecting their interests in has a fight in the region which was normally a conflict that should have been settled elsewhere. Therefore, my second emphasis is on if we want to solve problems in that region and come to a new equilibrium, it can only be under the umbrella of the United Nations, because there are so many different interests, that the one and only place where everybody has to six to the roles we once agreed and nobody is the winner or the loser of the United Nations, so make the United Nations stronger. Make the process stronger. That is the second of the main goals. And the third one is if you look at the area and other conflict places in the world, the new dimension in it is also the cyber dimension. Fightides the traditional against terror, which is a military one, decide the traditional reconstruction reconciliation process we know is important, we have the strong process within social media, which is which kind of narrative will be predominant and the persuading one . Together,better all where we share the same interests of moving towards a peaceful world, moving toward the marker sees democracies, human rights, to share this narrative in a broadway in the cyber area and to promote will be one of the major tasks we have fulfilled. Mr. Friedman thank you. Thank you very much for inviting me to the session. You talked about change. The region of the middle east is used to change, is very much used to it for decades. We all remember throughout the modern history some important events that made a lot of change in our area. The collapse of the ottoman rise of modernday turkey, the revolutions in iraq and egypt, and a lot of change. Then the arrival, i am german to the arrival of the cold war. The cold war was maybe in some times volatile, but in the middle east it was a recipe for understanding between different powers. But at the same time, the middle east powers were not to their in calling all there in calling all the shots because we had hardly any armies to do it ourselves. Today there is change. You are going through another phase of change, but a lot of middle Eastern Countries are part of that change, our partners in a change towards either protecting it, prosperity, making everybody a stakeholder in the region to their own prosperity, or to destruction with their own weapons. This is what we are facing now and the middle east. The two different views as you mentioned, to size. One side we want to continually work with our allies, working to bring our region together on our path to Prosperity Company other one, they want to take advantage weak stage of moving from one stage to another and advancing their own aims. It is important here for the world powers and mainly here i am talking about the united. Tates and russia they both have huge interest in the middle east, to really Work Together to into new to find an ilibrium, because it would if we would leave it to the country to do it now if this huge conflict happens, not necessarily produce the right outcome for us for the future. And the main aim that we need to concentrate on here is to protect the nation states. Some would say those nationstates were created, whatever the creation reason was, if it was a line in the sand, i would rather keep that in perfect line in the sand that is internationally recognized and try to seek another one and then tried to reach another one risking instability and chaos in order to reach another in perfect line. So lets try to defend it and try to Work Together. And eventually some of the countries would have to realize that whatever games they have for themselves, be it hegemonic, be it through will not work, and that would leave to achievement. Thank you, tom. I think number one is we need to shift gears, really. We need to shift gears from the current normal, which is really infused, aligiously lot of blood being spilled for ideologies and things like that, and move from the current normal to normal. Normal means security, normal means that the ability of the state to produce opportunity, and normal of course means civic states rather than states that are trying to look into the past and find the golden age. Last year survey on arab youth, they clearly identified two major issues that they consider paramount. Unemployment and extremism. Of the the voice future. Shouldng extremism, we basically shift. We are winning the war against terrorism, but we need now to win the war against extremism. We have been talking about terrorist finance. We now need to speak about extremist finance, because that is essentially the normal evolution of where we need to go. So we need to shift from the current normal to normal and from normal to the future. We need to be ordinary states similar to states in the far east or in europe or in other areas. There is no exclusiveness. We should not come and brandished that exclusiveness. Solutions. K of our as local, we should create the solutions, but also look globally. Mr. Friedman im going to ask a few questions and everyone open up to the floor because we have a of knowledgeable people here. Speaking of change, one of the biggest change agents in saudi arabias modern history and the region is the crown prince. What does not the world understand about the crown prince . Mr. Aljubeir people are not used to saudi arabia moving quickly. Population is 70 under the age of 30. They are young. Theyre probably the most connected in terms of social media in the world of any people. They know what is going on. Several hundred thousands have studied all the way around the world, from japan to the United States. They have hopes, dreams, ambitions, and they wanted now. You do not want to wait 30 years. They expected governments. They expect transparent, efficient government. They expect the ability to do withouty set out to do much hindrance. And so do have to open up the path and get out of the way. That is how our country will rise. In order to do this, you have to have a fun a mental transformation of your country. Have to open up areas that previously were not open, entertainment, recreation, open up the media space, and allow more public discussion, and deal with corruption in a very clear attractng manner, investments, come up with projects. Like oneave a project in the north that will probably end up it is a futuristic city that saudi arabia is building in the north along the red sea that will be connected to egypt, jordan. It will be based on a technology, artificial intelligence, robotics. It will be clean energy, and it will be a magnet or hightech industry and large for norse. People say, you can do other things with that money. John kennedy could have done things with the money hes spent on the moon shot, but he wanted the moonshot because it transformed america. It was stored energy in america. It restored ingenuity and creativity in america. And so for us, this is what this project is going to be doing. We want this for saudi arabia. This is one of the signature moments. In the past w people have criticized saudi arabia for moving too slowly. Now that you are moving fast, people are surprised, saying why are you moving so quickly . When comes to our Foreign Policy nationalame, and security policy. For many years i heard the saudis want to hold our coattails when we go to battle for them. You are a strong country, a powerful country, you should lead. And then when we lead, because when americacuum, retreated, and into this vacuum, evil forces flow, so when we leave, people are stunned, what are you doing . Leaving reckless . Are you being reckless . If you want us to support, then leads. We cannot being a damn if we do or damn if we dont situation. I think people understand what he is trying to do. He wants to turn saudi arabia into a normal, innovative country, to a country that is drawn to mystically as well as internationally. He wants to empower youth, women. He wants to make our country and example for the arab and islamic worlds, and he thinks we should take our rightful place among the countries of the world that are innovative and dynamic and strong. And in order to do this, change has to be comprehensive, and it has to be in line with the expectations and the ambitions of your people, especially your young, 70 of whom are under the age of 30. Mr. Friedman thank you. Ek, what does america maybe not understand about turkeys current dilemma right now with a kind of postisis, syria and iraq . We have a vacuum in places where they have been defeated. What is your take on it . Do we fully understand this . Could we have a clash between two nato countries . Emsek sometimes you are also finding it very hard what our friends are up to. There is a form of communication, but there is what told us on the ground, and there are inconsistencies we have been very frank about that. Let me give you a perspective. For decades in turkey, prior to my government, there was kind of like policy assimilation denial about kurds. We came in and we said, look, this is wrong. Were going to put an end to its, and we want to address to its, and we want to address our state problems through more democracy, more phenomenal rights and freedom in return for terrorist pkk arms. There was this reconciliation process, and it was going reasonably well. The power vacuum, lack of functioning state in syria and part of a iraq, was that there was this Fertile Ground for the likes of terrorist organizations e. U. Pkk, which is on the list, to include more weapons, more people, and obviously become a more formidable threat, National Security threat for turkey. Chosen ales us is uss terrorist organization to fight another terrorist organization, the u. S. Eally has chosen a terrorist anothertion to fight terrorist organization. Turkey is saying this, of h is a big threat to humanity. That is why turkey moved in syria, cleansed 2000 square ash, but we of d have been experiencing significant terror attacks, not only from dash but pkk. Ethnically, i am a card. Fromam a kurd and the come a humble background. My parents were illiterate and i am to deputy Prime Minister of turkey. The biggest kurdish city does not lie on the iraqi and syrian border. The biggest kurdish city is a istanbul. Therefore, i think the support it is a National Security threat for us. [indiscernible]and [no audio] ofand to foster this process modernization you have been talking here. The second point that i see and then talking about the power vacuum or the problems hold gives a different feel of politics. Syria and iraq, it has been impressive that they were seen a threat of dash, a co