Hopefuls flocking to the primary state for town Hall Meetings and an education summit. He will spend several days in New Hampshire after a survey but place. 3 , a 11th you can see that town hall at 7 00 p. M. Eastern on cspan. Tourllow the cspan cities to communities across america. Thehe idea is to take programming for American History tv and book tv out on the road to produce pieces more visual, cities a window into the that the would not normally go to that have rich historys and a literary scene. New york, los angeles, chicago, but what about the smaller ones . What is the history of them. We have been to over 75 cities. Most of our programming is even coverage. Pieces thatorter take you someplace, a home, a historic site. Partner with our cable affiliates to explore the history and literary culture of various cities. The cable operator contacts the city, and they bring us there. Were looking for great characters. You want your viewer to identify with these people. It is an experience to take a program where we take people to places to touch and see things and learn about its not just a local history, because a lot of local history plays into the national story. It should be enticing enough that they can get the idea of the story, but also this is in our backyard. Lets go see it. Viewers to get a sense that they know that place from watching one of our pieces. The cspan mission believes leads into what we do on the road. Be able to to communicate the message about this network to do this job. It has done the one thing that we wanted it to do, build relationships with the city and cable partners. Tour see ourcities schedule at cspan. Org citiestour. On domestic and International News coverage with editors from the New York Times and Washington Post. It is one hour and 50 minutes. [applause] i have two admit that this is a special treat for me today. In addition to being a news junkie, i am a former newspaper reporter and i truly value great journalism. In this age of disruptive isital communication, it gratifying to note that we still have some fascinating, fabulous newspapers like the Washington Post, the New York Times, the valley news, among others. [applause] [laughter] so i am honored to introduce our first speaker. Miami andn grew up in high. Ted from lehie he has worked at the miami herald, the newark times, the 2012, heobe, and since has been executive editor of the Washington Post. As editor of some of these newspapers, particularly the miami herald and the boston globe and the Washington Post, his team at these newspapers pulitzerby my count 10 prizes for excellent and journalism. The most recent 1 [applause] one was at the Washington Post when they won for the secret service lapses in the president of the United States, a great series of stories. Journalist. Ine he also has a keen interest in ,rt, art museums, collects art and altogether i am very proud to present one of the best newspaper editors in the nation, marty baron. [applause] marty thank you very much, tom, for that kind introduction. I am delighted to be able to speak with you all here today. Im especially pleased to be able to share the stage today with elizabeth. We started our careers together in the late 1970s as reporters at the miami herald, so it is wonderful to be with her here today. The subject of want to discuss is the freedom of expression. , andase was made long ago among the most eloquent proponents was john milton and that have set the course for our own principles today. He wrote this, give me the liberty to know, to alter, and to argue freely according to conscience above all liberties. Today in much of the world, that liberty is either nonexistent or in jeopardy. Let me start by telling you about two recent encounters of mine. Of last year, i spoke with a leading figure in the governance of the internet. We talked about surveillance by the National Security agency and how the agency had cap to so voraciously into International Data networks. Tapped into so voraciously into International Data networks. In what thisted official was hearing as he traveled the world in the aftermath of the disclosures that originated with edward snowden. Of highlye league classified documents had revealed some of this nations most sensitive National Security secrets. Much of the worldwide reaction and tell that point had fallen ,nto the category of outrage rights activists and government officialss had deprived the u. S. Governments aggression intrusion into the privacy of citizens of other countries. Foreign governments protested that even the privacy of president s and Prime Ministers and countries that were our allies had been breached. On theirad listened in phone conversations. As this internet official traveled asia, outrage was not what he heard. What did he here . Told him thaters we have excellent computer scientists. Why havent we been able to do this . They aspire to monitor their own citizens as skillfully as the u. S. Government have. So that is story number one. Now story number two. Early this summer, i was by theg in washington owners, editors, and Legal Counsel of a leading newspaper and ecuador. They sought to bring attention to the ways in which the government of ecuador was strangling the press, dictating what it prints, threatening crippling fines, pressuring Media Outlets in hopes that they would become docile, differential, compliant. June, the newspaper was fined 350,000 by the government on the grounds that it failed to satisfied all requirements for publishing a response by the government to one of its stories. A to your old communication law that provides a twoyearold communication law that provides that they have the right to respond. In this case, the newspaper had published a story about Ecuadors Health care system under the headline, 1. 7 billion in federal debt impairs Health Care System. The paper had sought to Interview Health system officials tried to publication, even sending a list of questions. The request went unanswered. When the story was published, it was sharply criticized by ecuadors president. He even question the statistics, statistics that as it turned out came directly from the Health Care System itself. Then the secretary of communications ordered the newspaper to publish a rebuttal, which it did. But the rebuttal did not carry a summary, also written by the secretary of communications, and it did not carry a headline crafted by the secretary that accompanied its rebuttal. The secretariat ordered it summary published, and it ordered its headline published, and the newspaper then complied. So the headline in red, the Health Care System has made progress and will improve even more in the coming years. [laughter] the newspaper now had to pay a fine for allegedly compliance with the law regarding rebuttals, a fine equivalent to 10 of its average ,evenue in the previous quarter so the fine totaled 350,000. With each recurrence of a particular offense, i find is doubled. It can continue doubling without limit. Fines and pressure are having the intended effect. In 2014, 4 Media Outlets close, largely as a result of this socalled organic comedic haitians law. Organic communications law. In short, the government will break it. The newspapers legal maneuvers, creeping appropriation, and rightly so. The two stories i told show something about Free Expression. It can be threaten from many directions, and that is what is happening. Not long ago, the worlds hoped for better. We seem to be entering a new era of Free Expression brought about by the internet, social media, and smartphones. That Citizens Communications would flourish in a way previously unimagined, and that government, even the most autocratic, would be denied the tight control the cap them in power. Root thatk firm kept them in power. Root in 2010k firm with the tunisian revolution and then spread throughout the world. With protest in egypt against the machine regime, the world marveled at the impact of social media, how it could be used to facilitate Free Expression, how it might overcome repression. It was a hopeful time for those who believed in the liberating power of technology over the traditional too often tyrannical powers of government. Truth moves faster than lies and propaganda becomes flammable wrote paul mason in 2011. Not only is the network more powerful than the hierarchy, but the Ad Hoc Network is become easier to form. In a book entitled democracys fourth wave, Digital Media and the arab spring, a professor at the university of washington and a doctoral student noted, social media alone did not cause the butle in north africa, information technologies, including mobile phones and the internet, ultra the capacity of citizens and Civil Society altered the capacity of citizens and Civil Society actors. The authors of those commentaries also know that he gave governments the power to monitor citizens and extinguish voices and movements. Professor howards noted in one interview that authoritarian regimes have come to value Digital Media to. Syria, saudi arabia, they observed how democracy advocates were using social media and developed Counter Insurgency strategies that allow them to mislead and entrap protesters. Does the other week, we published a series on threats it just to the other week, we published a series on threats to press freedom. Sophisticatedit Surveillance Technology to suppress dissent. Egypt is implementing a social network thatedia allows full analysis of all time, media sites at any a minimum of 30 analysts will monitor streams of data in both classical and colloquial arabic according to a proposal he did to the egyptian media. The question now is this, it is a big one, who will prevail in a competition that has each side deploying technology as tool and weapon . Will it be ordinary citizen and andvists to circumvent undermine and outwit autocratic governments . Usthe governments that has at the capacity to monitor communications as never before . In their outstanding book, the new digital age, the authors lean towards optimism. Authoritarian governments will find their newly connected populations more difficult to control, repressed, and influence, while democratic states will be forced to include many more voices, individuals, organizations, and companies in their affairs. And yet, they noted how often authoritarian governments will have proper weapons of their own derived from their position as gatekeeper in a world of connectivity. States have an enormous amount of power over the mechanics of the internet in their own countries because states have power over the physical infrastructure connectivity required, the transmission towers, the routers, the controlling the entry, exit, and waypoints for data. They can limit content, control what hardware people are allowed to use, and even create separate internets. Regimes may compromise devices , ande they are ever sold individuals who use in christian software to avoid censorship or surveillance Encryption Software to avoid censorship or surveillance will become objects of suspicion. Authoritarian governments can apply in homeless rusher. They noted that states will be able to set up random checkpoints or rates to search peoples devices for the the encryption and proxy software, or spots on ame, government database of offenders. Everyone who has downloaded a circumvention measure will find life more difficult. Raised the prospect that countries will create their own Domain Name System. No government has yet achieved an alternative system, but if a government succeeded in doing so , it would effect only unplug its population from the Global Internet and instead offer only a Close National intranet. Way jailsch by the more journalist than any other country, already blocks and filters information in sites with gusto. Turkey has blocked thousands of sites, and its Prime Minister once ordered twitter shut down. Youtube has been blocked in pakistan, and the government there has demanded many hundreds of times that facebook remove content. Google ideas, i company unit that exist to support Free Expression, government attempts internet falls into three categories. One, server side censorship, consisting of distributive denial of service attacks to knock inconvenient voices offline. Number two, censorship on the wire, primarily consisting of national firewalls that block access to undesirable form content. This can also include states leveraging their control of Domain Name System servers and Internet Service providers that tried to hide content. Relatively few countries are doing this right now. Censorship. T side this increasingly includes attacks to monitor independent journalists and activists. This is becoming a very popular technique for national governments. At the core of the battle over the internet is a philosophical and legal dispute over who has dominion over the internet, and those who should govern it and how. Earlier this year, a visiting law professor at ucla laid out the issue in the georgetown law journal. Two competing visions of cyberspace have emerged in far, he wrote, russia and china advocate a sovereignty based model of cyber governments that ,rioritizes statecontrolled while the United States, united kingdom, and their allies argue that cyberspace should be governed by states alone. In the early days of the shouldits creators not be governed by states alone, i should say. In the early days of the internet, its creators, advocates, and users argued with no small measure of her bottle that the internet had superseded governments no small measure of bravado that the internet had superseded governments and governments had no role. In 1996, cofounder of the Electronic Freedom Foundation issued a socalled declaration of the independence of. Yberspace governments of the industrial world, he proclaims, you weary giants of flesh and steel, i come from cyberspace, the new home of mind, and on behalf of the future, i ask you of the past to leave us alone. You are not welcome on monicas welcome among us for you have no sovereignty where we gather. The vision collided with some inconvenient physical facts. Legalas noted by some book who, in the controls the internet, the illusions of a borderless world. They took on the notion of the internet as a place all its own. The internet after all relies on some fairly monday and things. Underneath it all, they wrote, is an ugly physical transport infrastructure, copper wires, andoptic cables specialized routers and switches that direct information from place to place. Governments to regulate the internet, and we are now faced with the question of how far they will go in asserting control. They will go in asserting control. Should he remain outside national boundaries, a high seas outerspace antarctica . Should the internet be regarded one subject to internationally agreedupon norms . Should it be view like every nations own airspace . That would put the internet under each nations individual total control. Nations individual total control. In the absence, some questions are not waiting for one good russia and china are leaders in treating the internet more as an intranet, and internal system that is theirs to rule. An internal system that is theirs to rule. That has become freedom expression in those countries. If there was a spark of freedom, and there was that, it is now being snuffed out. Russians get their information from statecontrolled broadcasters disseminating propaganda, conspiracy, jingoism in ways big and small. After the shoot down of the malaysian airliner in ukraine, intelligence pointed to rebel troops as the source of the missile that took the lives of 290 people. 298 people. In russia, alternative expeditions proliferated, each one more farfetched than the next. Russian media claimed that ukrainians shut down the plane, claimed the cia provided help, asserted that the plane might have been mistaken for Vladimir Putins, making it a target. They claimed bodies on the ground were planted there. At the time, the editor in chief of russia 24 said this, our mission is to support the interests of the state. Are for ourns programs and our channel. While state control and manipulation of television and newspapers is one thing, but the internet and russia had long been uncensored. That is no longer the case. Year, russian authorities were given the power to block websites without any official explanation. Almost immediately, for russian opposition websites four russian websites opposition websites were blocked. Speech was constrained further. New rules required anyone with a daily online audience of more than 3000 people to register with russias internet oversight agency. Names and Contact Details were to be provided, and bloggers would be held liable for anything deemed misinformation. That included an comments from numbers of the public. Late last year, a new russian law required that russian users and their data be stored on servers within the country. That way russia would have easy access