Virtually. What got accomplished, what was left at the table, and are the worlds two biggest powers destined for conflict . I will talk with the man who opened up relations between the two nations 50 years ago, Henry Kissinger. Then the rest of the world. The troubling situations at the borders of both poland and ukraine and at the climate summit, mr. Blinken goes to africa, and much more. Ill talk to David Miliband and Zanny Minton Beddoes. Also, Waiting For The End of the covid pandemic. When will it happen . Will it ever, and what will it mean when it does . But first, heres my take. Every two minutes a Water Main Breaks in america. The total amount of treated water wasted every day is about 6 billion gallons or 9,000 swimming pools, every day. And it highlights why the Infrastructure Bill that President Biden just signed into law is so important. The need to fix americas crumbling infrastructure has become boringly obvious, but that doesnt change the fact that it is indeed falling apart. And just as is the case with any kind of deferred maintenance, the longer we wait, the worse the problem becomes, and the more expensive it will be to fix. One way to make clear what a shift the biden administrations Infrastructure Legislation represents is to look at the amount the federal government has spent on infrastructure over the decades. In the 50s and 60s, Infrastructure Spending as a percentage of gdp was over 1 . In 2019, decades later, and with an exponentially bigger economy, spending was just at 0. 7 gdp. The new surge of spending from the bill will raise it to about 1. 3 over the next five years. And the bill has many good ideas to encourage private investments that will actually increase these numbers. Now economists disagree on exactly how much growth is produced by Infrastructure Spending, but if we take a longer and broader view, the payoff seems obvious. Felix, the banker who rescued the bank in new york city wrote bold endeavors how the federal investments created the federal economic system, from the erie canal to the First Continental Railroad to Rural Electrification to the interstate highways. We tend to think of americas competitive advantages largely in terms of the capitalist system or hardworking and inventive people who come to this country over the centuries, while those things are certainly part of the equation, other countries can boast similar advantages. An almost unique feature of america is that it has the Worlds Largest and easily accessible Consumer Market in the world, a point made in peter zeihans excellent book the accidental superpower. As he points out, the United States has 17,600 miles of navigable waterways, the Worlds Largest network by far. China and germany have 2,000 miles each, he says. Those waterways feed into a series of massive deep water ports. Some of the Worlds Largest natural harbors are the puget sound, San Francisco bay, chesapeake bay. The latter has longer stretches of Prime Port Property than the entire continental coast of asia from vladivostok to lahore. But this advantage has been eroding for decades as they face increased traffic and insufficient investment. Almost 80 of the inland lakes and dams that made americas waterways work should have been replaced by now. Many of them being 60 or 70 years old. New lochs would mean barges would move much faster through the system. Similarly investments in Port Infrastructure will ease up those points. Better roads and faster railways would all make a difference. This is a onceinageneration opportunity for democrats to show the people that Public Investment can work. That means this money should be spent well and fast. Congregation that advocates for good, Cost Effective government put out and excellent report in 2014 about Infrastructure Approval that should be read by everyone administering funds at the state and local level. Sixyear delays starting construction projects, it notes, could cost america 3. 7 trillion. Thats more than double the amount of money needed to modernize key sectors of the countrys infrastructure by the end of the decade. Columnist Philip Howard writes in the report, as practiced today, Environmental Review often harms the environment. Americas antiquated power grid, for example, wastes the equivalent of 200 coal burning power plants. Infrastructure sounds like a bore but its the obvious fact that it makes the economy run. Spending on infrastructure is a sign of a Healthy Society that is willing to invest in its future. The yearly economist wayfair wrote a paper in september in which he analyzed americas Infrastructure Spending from 1929 to 2019. He found it was around the 1970s that spending is a percentage of gdp on infrastructure started to plunge, never to fully recover. It was also about that time that america began routine deficit spending. To him both are signs of a society that is more focused on spending on consuming in the present rather than investing for the future. Another example, the federal government spends 4 for every Senior Citizen compared to 1 for every person 18 or younger. Fair sees the Infrastructure Bill as a very small shift in that longterm trend, but lets celebrate that small change and hope we can begin once again to embark on some very big bold endeavors for the countrys future. Go to cnn. Com fareed for a link to my Washington Post column this week. And lets get started. On monday night in washington and Tuesday Morning in beijing, President Biden and president xi held their first summit virtually. Biden opened the meeting by saying the two nations had a responsibility to the world not to veer into conflict with each other. I can think of nobody i would rather talk to about the relations between these two nations than my next guest, Henry Kissinger. 50 years ago in 1971, thenu. S. National security adviser Henry Kissinger Made A Secret Trip To Beijing that led to the opening of relations with washington. He, of course, went on to become secretary of state. Hes now the chairman of kissinger associates, which helps American Companies do business Around The World, including in china. His new book is the age of ai. Henry, there are a lot of people who feel that the United States needs to be more tougher on china. This is a policy that trump began. This is a policy that biden has continued, talking about extreme competition with china. Is that the right way to think about u. S. china relations . When i first went to china, it was a poor and weak and very assertive country. Now it is a fairly rich, quite strong and still fairly assertive country. But our challenge then and our challenge now is to find the relationship in which we can compete without driving the situation into a holocaust. And that is a big challenge for both leaders. Explain what you mean when you say a holocaust. Because you think the stakes are very high, that if we get this wrong and it spirals into real military competition, what is the scenario you see there . China and the United States are the two most technologically advanced countries at the moment. They both have numerous capacities for destruction and some of these capacities are Artificial Intelligence so they do not fully know what the consequences are of using it. The challenge in any country is not how you begin it but whether you know how to end it. So there is a danger we will slide if theres a purely military kind of competition into a conflict that is difficult to terminate. What do you think of this Virtual Summit . How did biden do . I think biden had a tough problem in the way the domestic situation in america has developed. Meaning Everyone Wants to be a china hawk. Everyone wants to be a china hawk. Everyone assumed that china is determined to dominate the world and that is its primary objective. And, therefore, the limits of there is an opposition needed, then fundamental values of interests of america are attacked. But there should not necessarily be an automatic rivalry competition. And i think biden began to move in a different direction. That does not mean its yielding to china, it is to try to find a level in which we can talk about those things that are known to be common. We should have a principal goal of avoiding confrontation. The biggest flashpoint that people talk about that could draw the United States and china into actual conflict is taiwan. And the argument made is that xi seems to have his eye on a unification between china and taiwan, by force if necessary, as part of the Great National rejuvenation of china. Do you believe that china, that Mainland China intends some kind of aggressive action on taiwan . I believe that the ultimate joining of taiwan and china, the ultimate creation of one china, is the objective of chinese policy as it has been since the creation of the current regime and that it probably would be in any Chinese Government since taiwan has been considered an historic part of china that was taken away by japan by force. That was exactly the Situation Nixon and i faced when we first began contact with china. A point was reached where at a conversation with nixon, mao said we can wait maybe even a hundred years. Some day we will ask for it, but we do not need to discuss it at this moment. That last sentence was not quite that but that was the implication. But the thing people worry about is xi is trying to change the game because he wants to unify taiwan peacefully if possible but militarily if necessary. You dont see that . I dont expect an allout attack on taiwan in say a tenyear period, which is as far as i can see. I think it is perfectly possible that if the confrontation keeps growing, that the chinese will take measures that will weaken the taiwanese ability to appear substantially autonomous. I think this is foreseeable, and we will have to decide as it evolves to what degree we consider that a military means or to what extent its compatible within a political framework. We have talked all about china, and i want to tell viewers that they must pick up this book, Henry Kissingers book with eric schmidt and Daniel Huttenlocher about Artificial Intelligence. I read it. Its masterful. An amazing survey of official intelligence, of the promise of the dangers. Henry kissinger, pleasure to have you on. To understand more about china and president xi, dont miss my latest special which airs at 9 00 p. M. Tonight. Ill give you a preview of it later in the show. But next on gps what is putin up to on russias border with ukraine . That is the question increasingly echoing through the corridors of the capital. I will talk to David Miliband and Zanny Minton Beddoes about it when we come back. [ding] [upbeat music] its the season of smiling. And at aspen dental, we make it easy to gift yourself the smile you deserve. New patients, start today with a full exam and xrays, with no obligation. If you dont have insurance, its free. Plus everyone saves 20 on their treatment plan with Flexible Payment Solutions for every budget. Were here making smiles shine bright so you can start the new year feelin alright. Call 1800aspendental or book today at aspendental. Com one role of a lifetime. One sore throat. But she had enough. She took new Mucinex Instasoothe sore throat lozenges. 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Tying our executives pay to lowering the Carbon Emissions intensity of our operations. Its tempting to see how far weve come. But its only human. To know how far we have to go. Try garlique healthy immune support formula. Uniquely formulated with garlic, vitamins and minerals to support a strong, healthy immune system. Garlique. Secretary of state blinken said yesterday he had real concerns about russias military activity near its border with ukraine. Kiev said this month nearly 100,000 Russian Troops have massed in the area. How should the u. S. And its allies in europe respond . Zanny Minton Beddoes is the editorinchief of The Economist and David Miliband is the president and ceo and formerly, of course, British Foreign secretary. David, you have written about the age of impunity. It does seem to me Vladimir Putins actions here almost define and illustrate exactly what youre saying because theres no kind of norm that has been more sacrosanct in the post Military World you dont remove by force and yet putin has done it by premier and seems bent on making ukraine at the very least a failed state perpetually insecure about its future. What should the west do . Yes, the idea of age of impunity were the laws of norm that were established after 1945 are somehow for suckers and real leaders, quote unquote, are those who do what they like without consequence and without accountability. It seems clear theres the usual mixture of hubris and paranoia in the kremlin at the moment. Hubris because the gas price is high so russian coffers are fuller than usual. Paranoia because the see the treatment of mr. Navalny and any Opposition Leaders azzanni mintonbeddoes has been writing a lot about this. I think there are real tests being posed to europe and to the wider western world. Some of the aspects of the response are obvious. A divided response will be a weak response. A response that fails to mobilize all tools, economic and political, will be a weak response. A response that has no sense of deterrence will also be a weak response. I think its important also to remember that europe and the west are being tested, but that doesnt mean were about to have a russian invasion of ukraine. The troops i believe in april of this year. But alongside whats happened in belarus with the attempt to funnel migrants in europe, were seeing a real testing of european unity at a time when obviously theres significant Leadership Transition in germany and question about the french president ial election coming up next may. Zanny, as david says, a key part of this does seem to be gas prices, oil prices soaring, russia is basically a Petrol Oil And Gas state. Greater confidence, greater arrogance. Shouldnt one of the keys here is europe is so dependent on russian natural gas, shouldnt there be a concerted effort to wean itself off that dependence . The United States is the saudi arabia of natural gas. It could easily find ways to liquefy and transport that. Shouldnt Energy Policy here be a Key Component . Yes, i mean, simple answer to the question is absolutely. One of the biggest problems in this has been germanys unwillingness to go that way and the nordstream 2 pipeline, the pipeline directly bypassing ukraine and other places is an extremely crazy decision by the germans to push it because it plays into putins hands. And youre absolutely right, that a Conservative European approach to wean itself off of that, which would, of course, fit broadly with longtime Climate Goals in europe is very sensible. But europe is divided, divided on russia policy and as david said, the only way the west can stand up to the menacing role that putin is playing is by being united. I think its really important to understand why putin is doing this. This sort of Spoiler Menacing role is very much i think part of his domestic focus. His domestic oppression, which have been writing quite a lot about, is gaining and becoming a much more oppressive, much more nasty sort of quasi shifictic state. The way he uses his antagonism with the west as a justification for this, as a cold war mentality, justification for the domestic repressive behavior. And having a ukraine that is a deep stabilized, ideally quasifailed state is exactly what he wants. A stable ukraine supported by the west is absolutely something that putin cannot count on. So, like david, i dont think we will see tanks rolling across the border any time soon but the presence at the border is menacing ukraine, the use of gas as a leaver to do that to, to make sure ukraine is perpetually unable to stabilize and unable to function, is part of putins geopolitical move and serving his own power base and ensuring he can keep that. I have to say, i look at these energies shortages and energy problems, and it does feel like youre watching a world in which you could have an energy crisis, you could have even some kind of recessions in some countries as a result of it and most importantly when Energy Prices rise as much as they do, you often see countries like russia, like iran, like venezuela, that benefit. Anyway, we have to get to the next subject, which we will after the break. Covid cases are spiking in europe, anger is erupting over restrictions. Tens of thousands of people have taken to the streets in cities across the continent. 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Available now for comcast Business Internet customers with no lineactivation fees or Term Contract required. See if you can save by switching today. Comcast business. Powering possibilities. Austria announced this week it would institute a nationwide partial lockdown and mandate covid vaccinations essentially for all of its citizens. Its the first european nation to make such a mandate. This week vienna saw 40,000 people come out to protest. Similar protests against other nations covid restrictions was seen across the continent. Were back here with David Miliband and Zanny Minton Beddoes. Zanny, explain to us how you read this these new protests and such . Youre watching a spike of cases in many of these countries, including a dramatic spike in austria, but not so much one of deaths, more of cases. Absolutely. You are seeing whats being called the fourth wave. Youre seeing a spike of cases in these countries across europe, particularly german speaking countries, germany, austria, switzerland, and you are as a result seeing increasing moves towards locking down again, and austria, as you say, has gone the furthest with the nationwide lockdown of at least ten days starting on monday and then a mandatory requirement for everybody to be vaccinated from february. And this is what has caused the protests. There are protests against the new lockdowns and certainly against the mandatory vaccinations. Interestingly, these german speaking countries have relatively high shares of unvaccinated people, and those unvaccinated people tend to be disproportionately people who support far right parties. So theres sort of a nationalist antigovernment interference set of protests. They turned violent in some cities. Its going to be really tough. As this comes forward, how europe handles it, how much country has pushed towards lockdowns again, theres a real fatigue of those lockdowns, yet icu beds in germany and austria are filling up very fast. Its going to be a tough few months. Interestingly, the uk is taking a very different approach. If you come to london, you will see the uk has a very relaxed approach. No mandates, no lockdown. And although cases have been moderate the last few months, what seems to be setting the uk apart is the much hiker rate of Booster Shots, much higher rate of third jabs, which means the hope here the fourth wave wont hit the uk. But you coupled it with the energy spike we talked about in the earlier segment, its going to be a pretty grim winter in parts of europe. David, how should countries handle this . It does strike me if you have vaccinations and you could get a booster shot, doing another lockdown with the Enormous Economic costs that is involved. Countries are having to pay so much in terms of subsidies. There has to be some way to balance the risk and reward . First of all, lets recognize it must still in the gullet for millions of people Around The World in countries where they have less than 5 vaccination rates, the places the International Rescue committee works, it must stick in the gullet where you see a third of countries not vaccinated, refuse the vaccine and protesting against it. Secondly i think its really important theres no false sense of security coming from the idea that the delta vaccine is the great end of the story. The great danger is the further mutation, further variation that breaks through some of the immunity thats been established by thus what we brought vaccine. In terms of doing this, the number of cases per million in germany are still lower than the cases of a million in the uk, but higher number unvaccinated and greater proportion ending up in hospital. My own view of what president macron has done in france, making it mandatory to enter restaurants and other public buildings depends on vaccinations and that led to a significant boost. Obviously, there needs to be the drive for the Booster Shots as well. I have to add, that must be combined with a new distribution of vaccines that are excess because all of the western countries are sitting on tens of millions of excess vaccine, and also new Production Drive Around The World because unless we vaccine the world, the world wont be safe from this vaccination problem. David, before you go, i quickly want to ask you, tony blinken was in africa. He gave a speech about democratic reform in africa. Struck me as very sensible. He also did not turn it into one that was all about the u. S. Versus china kind of world war replay. Just your thoughts for 30, 40 seconds on that speech and that trip. It was a good speech, and the critical thing is its not the last speech. One secretary of states visit doesnt a strategy make. And 21 countries in africa are now suffering from civil conflict, 120 Million People in humanitarian need, 6 million refugees across the continent. Its critical that Secretary Blinken builds on the very important principles that he set out and muster action europeans as well and where possible with chinese, for example, on covid to make sure the continent is able to overcome deepseated and acute problems that are now emerging in the conflictridden states. David miliband, Zanny Minton Beddoes, huge pleasure as always. Thank you. Thank you. Next on gps, in contrast to the new restrictions in europe, you heard about here in the United States some of the shackles of the pandemic seem to be shaking off. Washington, d. C. Lifts much of its mask mandate tomorrow and others seem to be similarly. The big question, is the pandemic over . If not, when will it be over . How will we know when we come back. For those you love. Vanguard. 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Were talking about a transition to endemic, which really means that the virus continues to circulate as some level in the community but youre not going to have these huge surges that we had over the last year and a half or so. So is it like the flu then, something that just exists and we have to live with . So by vaccinating for covid, were turning covid into something more like the flu. So it is not nearly as deadly, as mortal, not nearly as many people will end up in the hospital with covid. If we vaccine enough people, we can turn it into something much more like the flu. And how should we think about it as people who are vaccinated . Im double vaccinated. I tend to think the science is the science, the vaccine works. I dont really need to wear a mask even when im indoors because im vaccinated. Is that fair . Look, the vaccines are safe and highly effective, especially at preventing severe disease, hospitalization and death. They will not prevent all infections, no matter how many boosters we give. There will still be some number of infections that people will still experience, and the question is really up to you as the individual to manage that risk. Are you willing to have a mild case of covid that does not land you in the hospital . Maybe youre not. Maybe you would prefer to wear a mask when youre out in public on the subway. For the elderly, i do think we need to be more cautious because they will remain at real risk. Thats aa very interesting way to put it, and thats the way i have been thinking about it, we now have as individuals to manage our own risks just as we do when we drive a car on the american highway and youre probably engaging into something much more risky than going unmasked into a Shopping Mall or Something Like that. So is that part of do you think that there should be further authorities telling us what to do . Should there be masked mandates, or should there be separate mandates for separate categories of people . I think we need two different kind of plans. One is what i would call a Public Health strategy, so how do we minimize hospitalizations and deaths . How do we minimize disability from covid at the population level . And more than that you have an individualized tailored, personal, clinical approach, which you could decide with your doctor what are the things you want to do to protect yourself. When we had dr. Fauci on, he said the fundamental reason the virus is mutating into more dangerous forms like delta is its replicating, meaning its spreading. The reason its spreading is because not enough people have gotten the vaccine. Should there still be a goal of really getting just ramping up vaccinations as much as you can so you narrow the ability of the virus to replicate, reproduce and mutate to change form into something more deadly . Look, the fastest way to get from the pandemic phase, the emergency phase, with covid to the endemic, long term lower level phase, is through vaccination. Give us a sense with your knowledge, with your judgment, with your wisdom, what do you do . Youre vaccinated. Do you wear a mask indoors . Give us a sense how you manage your individual risk. So i am double vaccinated. When i am in public spaces indoors in new york city where i live, when im on the subway, i do wear a mask, and i will be at least for next couple of months. We are at the beginning of a new winter surge, and even if you are double vaccinated, even if you are boosted, as long as theres a high level of transmission of the virus around you in the community, you are still at risk. So im going to give it at least a few more months, couple more months and hopefully in that time more people in my community will be vaccinated and that will reduce my risk in the long run. Thats terrific. Really good advice. Were delighted to talk to you. Thank you so much. My pleasure. Next on gps, President Biden may have grown to understand his counterpart xi jinping better this week, but the chinese president remains an enigma to most. I will tell you what you need to know next. Kevin kevin . Kevin. Oh nice. Kevin, where are you . Kevin . . . Hey, whats going on . Im right here i was busy cashbacking for the holidays with chase freedom unlimited. Im Gonna Cashback On A Gingerbread House oooh, its got Little People inside and a snowglobe. Oh, i wished i lived in there. You know i cant believe you lost another kevin. Its a Holiday Tradition that it is earn big time with chase freedom unlimited. How do you cashback . Chase. Make more of whats yours. Nicorette knows, quitting smoking is freaking hard. You get advice like just stop. Go for a run. Go for 10 runs run a marathon. Instead, start small. With nicorette. Which can lead to something big. Start stopping with nicorette. Sales are down from last quarter, but were hoping things will pick up by q3. Yeah. Uhhh. Doug . [children laughing] sorry about that. Umm. What. Its uhh. You alright . [ding] never settle with power e trade. It has powerful, easytouse tools to help you find opportunities, 24 7 support when you need answers, plus some of the lowest options in futures Contract Prices around. Get e trade and start trading today. Shortly after president s xi jinpings virtual talks with biden this week the communist Party Published a Resolution Placing Xi in the same pantheon as chinas most revered leader Deng Xioaping and mao zedong. To many outside china xi jinping remains a mystery. I will try to help you understand this allpowerful leader in my new special which premiers tonight at 9 00 p. M. Eastern right here on cnn. Its called chinas iron fist, xi jinping and The Stakes For America. In this clip youll learn a central irony of xis life. He suffered deeply under communism as a child only to become its most powerful proponent. It begins in the 1960s. The chaos of the Cultural Revolution. Chairman mao wanted to reassert his control over the Communist Party help. Accused it of being too liberal. He called for young people to rebel against the elite of their own party. Basically turned chinese life upside down. All of the most powerful people found themselves suddenly attacked and criticized, often by some of the least powerful, and xi jinping was right in the center of the storm. At the center of the storm because he was a son of privilege. His father was one of the leader revolutionaries of his generation, one of the people that created the peoples republic of china. So his son had the best of everything. He literally grew up in a Leadership Compound in the center of beijing where all the leadership works and many live. He had a very privileged existence in a socialist society. They used to be called born red meaning they were brought into the world with the expectation that they would eventually lead and take over the country. And then it all came apart. First, xis father was arrested. Supposedly for supporting a play and a book that criticized mao zedong. His mother was forced to denounce his father. One of his sisters reportedly committed suicide. Because she was being hounded so much for the familys political problems and thats a fact that you wont see in the official party histories. Xi still just a child was forced to fight for his life in the streets of beijing. There was nobody at home. There were no parents at home for a very young teenager. And that teenager was trying to survive in the chaos of a revolution. The Cultural Revolution was him potion of Chinese Society right down to the family level, just this kind of inferno of all of the bonds of trust and hierarchy that organized society. In his late teens, the party sent xi out to work as a peasant in the countryside. He spent many, many years in a very poor county in Northern China basically doing manual labor, being a farmer, feeding pigs. After years spent working as a farmhand, xi made a decision about his future. Xi jinping did a very surprising thing. Which is that he applied to become a member of the party and not just once. He was rejected over and over and over again. He was rejected because his family name was now poisoned in chinese politics for this period of time. Finally he gained admission to the party and began an almost 40year climb up the ladder, but why . Why would xi jinping, a victim of some of the worst cruelties of communism, devote his life to strengthening the party . Find out tonight. Dont miss chinas iron fist, xi jinping and The Stakes For America at 9 00 p. M. Eastern. And thanks to all of you for being part of my program this week. I will see you next week. 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Cnns Sports Correspondent and anchor Patrick Snell joining us now with more on this. Patrick. What more do we know about this