Ugliness too, because it means that people believe that they must possess it absolutely. The palestinian israeli conflict that we are experiencing today, youve seen it experienced In Jerusalem for thousands of years. For the jews, jerusalem is where solomon built the holy temple. For christians, this is the place where jesus was crucified. For muslims, jerusalem is where the prophet muhammed made the night journey. People who are said to have conquered the world have swept through this city. No other individual changed the landscape in the way herod the great did. Saladin was determined to take on the christians and throw them out of jerusalem. At a time of ottoman islamic rule, the british badly wanted to control the holy land. The main case of the arabs is against the british Government Policy in palestine. We are the only people in the world homeless and stateless. For israelis, the creation of the state of israel is seen as a miracle. And of course for the palestinians, its a great disaster. The history of jerusalem, a very complicated story. And if you dont know it in its complexity, its very hard to understand whats going on there today. The past is never dead. And if there is a city in the world to which that applies, its jerusalem. Its been 900 years since solomons death, and the world has undergone a dramatic transformation. The previous centuries have seen the growth of these empires that just try to swallow as much land around them as possible. In 39 b. C. , there were two Great Powers in the world. Theres the roman republic, which is now controlling much of the mediterranean. And there is the parthian empire, a huge empire that controls everything from the borders of Syria And Iraq all the way to the borders of india. The parthians were the descendants of the ancient persians to the east of the area of syria palestine. And when you look at a map, what you can see is that the sort of natural Meeting Place of conflict between these two powers is the land where jerusalem sits. Jerusalem is now ruled by the hasmoneans, a revered jewish dynasty. The hasmonean dynasty was the jewish dynasty that was established by a group of jewish conservative rebels that overthrew greek rule In Jerusalem and in israel. That revolt in 167 b. C. Is commemorated by the modern Jewish Holiday of hanukkah. Over the course of time, the hasmoneans expanded the size of their kingdom by conquering other peoples around them who were not jewish. They ruled a big kingdom for about 150 years. But now the hasmoneans are faced with a new enemy, one backed by the full might of the roman empire. A native of palestine who longs to claim the Holy City for himself, herod. I think herod would have been one of those people that would have been terrifying to be both friends or enemies with. If you were his enemy, he was ruthless, implacable. He held a grudge. He was scheming. And even if you were his friend, you never knew where you stood. Hes part monster, part hero. His name means hero in greek, so he was always going for that role. He deserves the reputation for cruelty that he gets because he wants what he wants, and hes willing to do and kill whomever he needs to, to get what he wants. Herod the greats grandfather, on his fathers side, was forcibly converted to judaism. And Herods Mother was an arab woman. She was not jewish. Because he is this fascinating hybrid, Herod Isnt regarded as a full jew by all the jews. And for the hasmonean royal dynasty, of course, hes an upstart. The hasmoneans call him a halfbreed, and i think this eats at him. I think herod the great realizes that the only way hes ever going to be able to be accepted as really jewish is if he takes jerusalem and sets himself up on the throne of david. He understands that the key to the crown of judaea, to the throne of jerusalem, is rome. The romans want to control the entire mediterranean. And they need an ally. They need a Client King In Jerusalem. Herod was trained in rome. His classmates were the students who, later on, grew to be the caesars. So he really was very well versed in political intrigue, and his alliances helped to advance his position and his career. And the romans are extremely arrogant, and they think they can appoint anyone they like king of anywhere, not unlike certain other Great Powers today. So they decide that herod is going to be their person, and they say to him, well provide an army. You take jerusalem, and you will be king of judaea. And off he goes. But because herod is aware that he has what many jews would call a mixedblood ancestry, proving his jewishness is a motivation for many of the actions that he takes. And one of those things is he could marry into the hasmonean family. He can make a claim to the throne by marrying, lets say, a jewish princess. Herod uses the threat of his army to force a hasmonean princess into a ketubah, a jewish marriage contract. And he chooses mariamne, who is young, beautiful, cultured, generally loved by everybody. Herods relationship with mariamne would have made really good reality television. On the one hand, herod deeply Loved Mariamne and expressed his love in grandiose gestures. On the other hand, she constantly berated him about his lowly status, and he always felt a sense of inferiority around her. Its a Very Jerusalem story because it contains both love and hate, as jerusalem always does. You have this young, ruthless, selfmade king. You have this princess of the grandest, royalest family. Its like a kardashian marrying a windsor. So he marries into the hasmonean dynasty, and mariamne knows that herod is only marrying her for political purposes. But she also fears that hes going to begin getting rid of her relatives, killing all hasmonean heirs to the jewish throne. And hes got so many roman troops with him that this shouldnt be that difficult. With 40,000 roman soldiers under his command, herod sets his sights on jerusalem, intent on forcing the jewish people to accept him as their king. Finally, a makeup made. Just for us. Age perfect foundation by Loreal Paris a Super Hydrating serum enriched with vitamin b3, in a lightweight formula it doesnt settle into your lines. Age perfect foundation by Loreal Paris we are worth it. I want some premium ideas for Land O Frost premium sliced meats. Land O Frost premium. So much Goodness Itll make you cry very nice, very nice. Land ofrost premium. Fresh look. Same great taste. Millions of vulnerable americans struggle to get reliable transportation to their medical appointments. Thats why i started medhaul. Citi launched the Impact Fund to invest in both women and entrepreneurs of color like me, so i can realize my vision and give everything ive got to my company, and my community. I got you. For the love of people. For the love of community. For the love of progress. Citi. Herod the great is determined to prove he is a true jewish king. After making a deal with the romans, he descends on jerusalem. There was a bloody massacre. Heaps of corpses lying around the city. The slaughter of a lot of innocent civilians, you know, men, women, children. Herods harshest actions are saved for the Royal Family. There is a political tradition that when you take a city, you would take the king, and you would allow them to live. You would exile them. Herod the great, however, isnt your typical noble king. Hes ruthless, and hes paranoid. And so when he takes the city, he begins executing all of his potential rivals, including the former hasmonean leader. Hyrcanus, the hasmonean ruler, is miriamnes uncle. But herod only cares about claiming his prize. He takes jerusalem, and he declares himself king of judaea. Then he sets about making himself the most successful king, not just of judaea but of the whole mediterranean. Herod is not alone in his ambitions. A powerful rival looms in one of the most ancient kingdoms on the planet. Egypt at this time is no longer a superpower. Its far from its former glory. Previous rulers, incompetent rulers civil wars had shrunk the kingdom down to a rump of itself. Now its almost a roman client state. Its lost its power. But theres one person who doesnt like it that way. Cleopatra wants to see Egypt Rise once again. When you look at roman descriptions of cleopatra, theyre all in a negative light because basically all of these guys were anyway misogynists. The word unscrupulous is used a lot, which i think is very, very unfair, because the scruples she was having to work around werent hers. And you see how incredibly frustrating this must have been for an intelligent, energetic woman. Cleopatra is a woman who sees herself as being a bigger player than what a maledominated world would want to make her be. Women dont have a lot of power in this patriarchal culture, but there are ways in which they can gain power. Cleopatra has partnered with one of the most powerful and influential men in the world, Mark Antony. And together they want to rule the world. Mark antony was one of the powerful generals controlling rome. Mark antony meets and falls in love with cleopatra and establishes his base of operations in alexandria in egypt. Hes a bit of what we today call a player. He was master of horse, Cavalry Commander for Julius Caesar. Mark antony and herod the great, theyre old war buddies. And herod the great actually saved Mark Antonys skin on one occasion. So they owe Each Other quite a bit. Mark antony and herod had had a very intimate relationship that, of course, cleopatra knew of. And was very, very jealous. And cleopatra wants what herod the great has jerusalem. Cleopatra wants jerusalem under egyptian control because it gives her another kind of a gateway to the east. Shes able to trade with them. All of these Trade Routes coming in from the Far East go down into what is now modern syria, modern lebanon and israel, and they all kind of meet together. So if you want to take goods either east or west, jerusalem is an incredibly important place to be. But above all, jerusalem, of course, was part of judaea, and judaea had once been part of egypt back in the third century b. C. So cleopatra viewed the territory that herod had been given as her birthright. It was her job, her mission as the Divinely Ordained monarch of egypt to reunite and to reannex the lost territories, which includes jerusalem. The problem is, is that she cant go to herods buddy, her lover, Mark Antony, and ask him to give her herods holdings. So who does she turn to . Who else hates herod the great . The hasmoneans. So cleopatra enters into a conspiracy to Overthrow Herod with his own wife, mariamne, the woman who witnessed his soldiers topple her familys legacy. Herod the great loves mariamne, but shes actively plotting against him. And behind it all is cleopatra. Breyers is always so delicious. I can tell that they used your milk, matilda. Great Job Moo youre welcome. Breyers natural vanilla is made with 100 grade a Milk And Cream and only sustainably farmed vanilla. Better starts with breyers. At pnc bank, we believe in the power of the watch out. The make way, coming through. Great. The storm alert. Dad. And the subtle but effective ding. Thats why we created low Cash Mode. The financial watch out that gives you the options and time needed to help you avoid overdraft fees. Its one way were making a difference. Because we believe how you handle overdrafts should be in your control, not just your banks. Low Cash Mode on virtual wallet from pnc bank. Every single day, were all getting a little bit better. Were better cooks. Better neighbors. Hi. Ive got this until you get back. Better parents. And better friends. No no thats why comcast works around the clock constantly improving americas largest gigspeed broadband network. And just doubled the capacity here. How do things look on your end . Perfect because were building a better network every single day. Cleopatra longs to bring jerusalem back under egyptian control. So she enters into a conspiracy to Overthrow Herod with his own wife, mariamne. It begins with Tricking Herod to unwittingly promote his replacement. So there were two big offices in judaea in this period. One was the office of king, and one was the office of high priest. The hasmoneans had served both as kings and as high priests. But herod, because he was only half jewish, could not serve as a priest in the jerusalem temple. But mariamne has a brother named jonathan. Jonathans a hasmonean, and he is therefore eligible to be a high priest. Mariamne convinces herod to appoint jonathan high priest, successfully completing Cleopatras Scheme to bring jonathan one step away from the throne. From what we know, mariamnes brother, jonathan, was a goodlooking, charismatic guy, certainly the kind of guy that the jews much rather would have had as a king than herod the great. Theres a story of a festival, the feast of tabernacles, which was one of the major Pilgrimage Festivals to the jerusalem temple. And he goes to officiate over the sacrifices at the altar. All the people start to cry out about what a wonderful young man he is. Crowds are wild. Look at how attractive this boy is. Look at how regal he looks. Look at how amazing he looks. The hasmoneans are back. So as jonathan is leading this event, you better believe that herod the great hears the commotion, hears how popular jonathan is, and herod is seething with jealousy. So herod invites his brotherinlaw to come swimming with him at his palace in jericho. He is drowned in the pool. Its an accident, nothing untoward, but everybody knew what really had happened. Herod had eliminated a rival. Imagine if youre mariamne. You hate your husband. You cant divorce him because youre a woman. And now hes killed your brother. You must be furious with this man. Mariamne has not only lost a brother, but the conspiracy to Overthrow Herod is also ruined. When the plot against Herod The Great Involving Jonathan fails, cleopatra is furious. The egyptian queen works at convincing Mark Antony to turn on his close friend. Cleopatra uses her huge influence with Mark Antony to undermine herod whenever possible. She tells tales about Herods Treatment of his wife, his treatment of the jews In Jerusalem, his ruthlessness. But Mark Antony aspires to run the whole roman empire. His interest is not to have his Client Kings, even such a powerful monarch as cleopatra, his Partner And Mother of his children, fighting amongst themselves. So Mark Antony says, listen, you have to play nice. And so cleopatra, the cunning ruler that she is, she says, okay. Ill play nice. Ill go up and visit herod the great, and ill show you how we can spend time together. So cleopatra travels To Jerusalem and publicly declares that this is a peace journey, that shes going to make peace with herod. But what she secretly wants is for herod to die. Herod has a wide network of spies, and he quickly discovers the truth of cleopatras intentions. So, of course, herod the great now knows that cleopatra is out to get him. Cleopatra and herod are very deadly frenemies. Because of their common patron, Mark Antony, they have to be political friends, but they are definitely enemies. And now youve put the two fighting fish in the same jar, and now somebodys going to die. My auntie called me. 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Without tradeoffs. Unconventional thinking. Its better for business. Jeffs been to the bottom of the ocean. The tops of mountains. And wherever this guy runs off to. A life well lived should continue at home. With home instead care, older adults can stay home, safe, and happy. Home instead. To us, its personal. Hey google, turn up the heat. Cleopatra has traveled To Jerusalem to meet with her rival, herod. Both rulers claim this is a peaceful visit, but they each secretly scheme to have the other killed. The problem is nobody wants to be the one to fire the first shot. You always want to be the one saying, no, i did this in selfdefense. So what you end up with is herod the great and cleopatra doing this odd dance, trying to find ways to harm Each Other. There is a lot of backandforth, and a lot of it is indirect. Theyre both trying to manipulate Each Other. Cleopatra uses all of the weapons at her disposal, and one of those weapons is sex. But herod the great knows this trick, and he knows that Mark Antony is a jealous lover. And so he avoids that trap as well. So it ends up in this odd stalemate. None of their ploys to assassinate the other ever come to fruition, and cleopatra goes home. But while Herod And Cleopatra are consumed by their rivalry, neither have any idea theyre about to be dragged into another deadly power struggle. You have to understand whats going on in this period of the late republic in rome. After Julius Caesar died, a series of Power Struggles broke out between various generals. Mark antony allied with Julius Caesars very young heir, octavian, and together they came to an agreement where they would divide up the roman world. Mark antony got the east, and octavian took the west. And octavian is an extraordinary phenomenon because at the age of 19, this completely unknown boy inherits all Caesars Money and his name, and he turns out to be, yes, a political genius but also a ruthless young thug. Octavian was horrible. Octavian banishes his daughter, he banishes his granddaughter. He probably orders the execution of his grandson. He murders countless senators and equestrians. He makes a father and a Son Play Dice and then kills them both. Now octavian wants to be the sole ruler of rome, and so he needs to turn the people to his favor. And one of the things he does is he tries to use cleopatra against Mark Antony. Why . Well, Mark Antony was a man, and he was a roman. Cleopatra was an eastern queen and a woman. So she becomes the Focal Point of the negative propaganda that octavian starts to put out. He says things like, cleopatras a foreigner. Shes polluted the mind of Mark Antony. And he does this so effectively that the people start turning against Mark Antony and cleopatra. So what was once a powersharing agreement becomes a battle between the two. Theyre going to vie for the sole rule of rome. Mark antony basically calls up all of his supporters, and he says come fight with me against octavian. And herod the great says, yeah, no, sorry, im busy. And thats because he hates cleopatra, and he sees that octavian is the one whos going to win. Mark Antony And Cleopatra are routed at the battle of actium. They manage to flee back to egypt, but octavian is right behind them. It becomes clear that cleopatra is going to end up being paraded around in a roman triumph, which is the last thing that she wanted. She says over and over again, i will not be triumphed over, and it means that she just cant envisage herself as a prisoner, as anything other than a queen. Hoping to trick octavian, cleopatra hides in her mausoleum and has her maidservants spread the rumor that she has killed herself. So the problem with cleopatra locking herself up in the tomb is that she didnt tell Mark Antony. And part of what you need to do is tell your lover where youre going to be because he, of course, is defeated and thinking that hes lost everything. So Mark Antony ends up committing suicide by stabbing himself in the stomach. When cleopatra finds out that Mark Antony kills himself, she ends up dying by her own hand as well. And its really a very sad story, which sort of mirrors the Romeo And Juliet story. But maybe in a sense, its the way in which the tale was always going to end for them because they had tried valiantly but failed to gain this power that really wasnt theirs to gain in the first place. Soon after the death of his rival, herod travels to meet octavian in person and beg for his life. Remember, herod was a friend of Mark Antony. So when octavian defeats Mark Antony, herod the great has got to go face octavian and deal with him. And octavian says, i understand you backed the wrong horse. And herod the great, ever the shrewd politician, says something quite profound. He doesnt pretend he was anything other than a supporter of Mark Antony. He said as good of a friend as i was to antony, i will be an even better friend to you, octavian. And herod is so convincing that not only does Octavian Reconfirm Herod as king of judaea, but he actually increases the size of his kingdom. When herod the great gets back To Jerusalem, one would think that, wow, hes avoided this major disaster with octavian. Maybe everything would be better when he gets home. But thats certainly not the case because when he gets back To Jerusalem, everything is all the worse. My name is monique, im 41, and im a federal contract investigator. As a single parent, i would run from Football Games to work and trying to balance it all. So, what do you see when you look at yourself . I see a person thats caring. Sometimes i care too much, and thats when i had to learn to put myself first, because i would care about everyone all the time but im just as they are. 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In a survey, 92 of current users said they wish theyd talked to their doctor and started botox® sooner. Plus, right now, you may pay Zero Dollars for botox®. Ask your doctor about botox® today. Oh, focaccia ah, theres no place like panera. Enjoy the toasty, saucy Chipotle Chicken Avocado melt on freshly baked bread. Panera. Order on the app today. Herod has convinced octavian to allow him to remain in control of jerusalem. But when he returns to the Holy City, he finds the Royal Family in turmoil. Mariamne and members of her family are sequestered under armed guard while herod is away. And when herod comes back, some other members of the family start spreading rumors that mariamne had had an affair with her guard. Herod has the guard killed and then turns his attention to his wife. Herod and mariamne are wrestling together. Theyre linked together in this terrifying relationship of love and hate. But in the end, he just Cant Trust her, and all the time she is plotting within his own household even though shes the mother of his children. Shes plotting to destroy him. He felt that he had been betrayed, and for a rational person, youd say, well, of course you dont kill someone. But herod the great isnt a rational person. Hes an obsessive, compulsive madman. Ultimately his fear, suspicion, paranoia, hatred even of her was more powerful than his love. Mariamne was not even 25 years old at the time. She had already borne him five children. Herod thought that this would solve his problems. Little did he know that this would drive him to absolute madness. After mariamnes death, herod was so distraught, he would wander around in his Palace And Talk to her as if she was still alive, like he saw her ghost in front of him or something like that. He goes mad with grief. He howls all night through his palace corridors. He particularly had problems with the children that he had by mariamne because they were actually better bred than he was. And this is the reason he kills even his own sons. Herods afraid that his sons are going to take his kingdom from him. The tragedy of herod is that he deeply loved his wives and children. So its this tragic character who never quite can feel secure enough and thus is forced to kill those closest to him. Herod just sinks more and more, and the madder he gets, the more depressed he gets. So herod the great latches on to building projects because he can build buildings that will outlive him. Hes trying to build his way out of depression. He builds a series of fortified desert palaces along the eastern frontier, including Masada Overlooking the dead sea. He built whole cities like at caesarea on the coast, where in addition to building a city, he built the largest artificial harbor that had ever been constructed up to that point. And at samaria, the ancient capital of the northern kingdom of israel, he built another city. King herod is one of the main figures that have dominated palestinian geography, and we owe to him the monuments of palestine. Prior to king herod, jerusalem was small, cramped, underdeveloped. Basically, he knocks it all down, and he starts again. He builds these extraordinary palaces, canals, fountains, fortresses. But herod focuses most on one massive undertaking. Herod the great wants to try to appease the people In Jerusalem. And he knew that, regardless of how many different structures he built, it was the temple In Jerusalem that was the most important building to his people. So, herod wants to put his stamp on the Center Of Judaism and surpass, even solomon, himself. And the temple is a bit of a wreck, its a bit of a ruin. And so, he decides he is Gonna Knock down the old temple, and rebuild a new one. He is trying to reclaim that really ancient Sense Of Being Appointed by god, and protecting gods chosen city. He builds a massiveretaining wall around the temple, fills it in so that theres a platform so 100,000 people can come in, and celebrate around the temple. And then, he doubles the size of the temple. With colossal stone, some of them are so enormous, they are 200 tons in size. When you look at the western wall, youre seeing a tiny fragment of the retaining wall. The temple walls went up 60 feet, 80feet higher. That is what herod builds. He created the jerusalem we know, today, which we call the temple mount, in english, which the muslims call the dome with the rock and the mosque are built on herods sacred precinct. Herod has spent his life building up his kingdom. But the final days of his rule will threaten to tear it all down. Cookies and breyers. Thats like getting two desserts wait. Do we have to thank our moms twice . 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Because we believe how you handle overdrafts should be in your control, not just your banks. Low Cash Mode on virtual wallet from pnc bank. Every single day, were all getting a little bit better. Were better cooks. Better neighbors. Hi. Ive got this until you get back. Better parents. And better friends. No no thats why comcast works around the clock constantly improving americas largest gigspeed broadband network. And just doubled the capacity here. How do things look on your end . Perfect because were building a better network every single day. In his last days, herod suffered from some agonizing illness. We dont know what illness it was. Scholars have speculated syphilis. All sorts of other things. We dont know. And of course, as herod was suffering from physical pains, that made his mental state all the worse. And herod would order executions for dissenters. So, Herods Reign was bloody, right up till the very end of it. At the age of 70, after a reign of 33 years, herod the great dies. Herod the great craved the praise of his people but the praise of his people was never enough to, actually, satisfy him. He left behind him, a greatlyrestored city, a beautiful temple mount, a more prosperous country. But he died in madness, in grief, in resentment, and in rage. None of herods successors are the same man that herod was. None of them are able to exert the same level of control that herod had. And so, in the end, the romans just annexed the territory. And they ruled it through brutal procurators who are extremely corrupt and who, gradually, tormented the jews into rebelling. And to punish the jewish people, they destroyed jerusalem, entirely, in 70 a. D. The temple was destroyed. All thats left of it are the stones of the southeastern and western walls that you can see, today. So, all that herod had worked for, the things that he wanted most. This physical legacy vanished. Anytime jerusalem has someone come along, who wants everything to himself, for some reason, jerusalem says thats not the way the City Of God is going to be. And thats because, as history has shown us, the times when jerusalem is at peace is when this city is shared by its people. The jews emerge differently from the destruction of the temple of 70. Instead of praying at the temple In Jerusalem, they became not linked to a temple but, in fact, linked to the torah. The christians, then a smalljewish sect, escaped from the siege to become a separate religion. Separating, for the first time, from the Mother Religion of judaism. And six centuries later, islam, mohammed when he reached his Newlast Revelation of islam, he argued that the destruction of the temple marked the withdrawal by god of the special blessing bestowed on the jewish people. Giving room for islam. So in many ways, out of Herods Temple and its destruction, came the world we know today. But this new world is more deeply divided than ever, before. And brings with it one of the deadliest conflicts in recorded history. Jerusalem is the universal city. The chosen city. The Holy City