That people believe that they must possess it absolutely. The palestinian israeli conflict that we are experiencing today, youve seen it experienced in jerusalem for thousands of years. For the jews, jerusalem is where solomon built the holy temple. For christians, this is the place where jesus was crucified. For muslims, jerusalem is where the prophet muhammed made the Night Journey. People who are said to have conquered the world have swept through this city. No other individual changed the landscape in the way Herod The Great did. Saladin was determined to take on the christians and throw them out Of Jerusalem. At a time of ottoman islamic rule, the british badly wanted to control the Holy Land. The main case of the arabs is against the british Government Policy in palestine. We are the only people in the world homeless and stateless. For israelis, the creation of the state of israel is seen as a miracle. And of course for the palestinians, its a great disaster. The history Of Jerusalem, a very complicated story. And if you dont know it in its complexity, its very hard to understand whats going on there today. The past is never dead. And if there is a city in the world to which that applies, its jerusalem. Over A Thousand years have passed since the time of herod and by 1187 a. D. , the world is a different place. The jewish people live in exile across Europe And Africa as two religions dominate the middle east. Christianity has its beginnings as the Breakaway Movement within judaism. This main central figure is a jew, jesus. And then it becomes a fullfledged religion all its own because jesus is the person who begins to talk about different ways of practicing the faith. Islam started in 610 of the common era when the Prophet Muhammad essentially emerged in mecca, telling his tribesmen that he is a prophet sent from god. Gradually he built around himself a group of followers that became stronger and stronger over time until in 629, he was able to conquer mecca and control most of western arabia. Jerusalem is caught in the middle of these two faiths. Jerusalem is a Holy City for christians. This is the place where jesus died, where he walked the via dolorosa. He was crucified outside of the city. On many medieval christian maps, jerusalem is actually portrayed as being right at the center of the world. You have africa to the south, asia to the north, europe to the west. They literally imagined jerusalem to be the nave el of the world. For muslims, its the site of the prophets Night Journey and his ascent to heaven. From the dome of The Rock in jerusalem, the prophet ascended on a horse with wings to heaven, where he visited with several prophets. He receives a commandment of how muslims should pray. Thats just very symbolic and significant for muslims, and it showcases how important jerusalem is to muslim worship, but also muslim identity. Muslim leaders ruled jerusalem from 638 until the First Crusade in 1099 a. D. Jerusalem is the focal point of the First Crusade. The aim is to recover Christs City from the hands of the muslims. And jerusalem fell in 1099. And the crusaders were able to control a huge part of syria and palestine, and they established the Kingdom Of Jerusalem. And essentially they banned the muslims from Living In The City. Of course the muslims of the region want to throw out the westerners. And so this is what prompted the rise of saladin, to take Back Jerusalem from the christians who had taken it from the muslims. Saladin was a kurd, an ethnic kurd, who was born in the city of tikrit. Hes famous for his generosity. In fact, his administrators say, weve got to hide money from him because if he knows hes got it, hes going to give it away. Saladin wants to conquer jerusalem. But in order to conquer jerusalem, hes first got to unite all of the disparate arab armies into one. Meaning he spent a lot of his Career Fighting against other muslims. He would say, ideally i dont want to fight you. You should come on my side. We need that combined strength to take on the christians, throw them out Of Jerusalem, and recover it for islam. But many choose war. So one of the tensions in Saladins Life is the tension between saying im the hero of sunni islam, and the fact that he spends quite a long time fighting his fellow Sunni Muslims in creating that empire. He said to his son later, dont get used to killing. Dont get into killing. Dont believe in killing because blood never sleeps. We shouldnt confuse our desire to transform saladin into this middle eastern sage. He was a general, a brutal general. Thats what saladin was. Saladin uses both Diplomacy And Violence to forge his empire. And as he prepares to finally attack jerusalem, the Crusader Kingdom is in turmoil. The politics of the Kingdom Of Jerusalem are horrendously complicated. We have different factions. We have vendettas. We have warring families. Its a little bit like the godfather, an episode of game of thrones, and even an Easter Mass all rolled into one. And a new ruler has just emerged on the throne, guy of lusignan. Guy of lusignan comes from a noble family in the west of france. Hes a bit of swashbuckling character. We know hes daring and attractive, goodlooking. Here you have this brash, young warrior, but way too inexperienced to be a proper king, becoming ruler of the entire Kingdom Of Jerusalem. When saladin amasses His Forces in northern palestine, king Guys Inexperience is quickly put to the test. Saladin was very shrewd in sort of provoking the christians to come out of the safety Of Jerusalem to meet them further north. Guy of lusignan felt like this was his chance to strike at Saladins Army once and for all. If he could win, it would be a huge victory. If not, it could be disastrous. Okay people. Oh yeah. Let us begin. People less with the puns. More about the moms. They want healthy, affordable options. Moms want to save that dough. Hold onto that green. Enough with the Puns Land ofrost premium. Fresh look. Same great taste. Im morgan, and theres more to me than hiv. More love, more adventure, more community. But with my Hiv Treatment, theres not more medicines in my pill. I talked to my doctor and switched to fewer medicines with dovato. Dovato is for some adults who are starting Hiv1 Treatment or replacing their current hiv1 regimen. With just 2 medicines in 1 pill, dovato is as effective as a 3drug regimen. To help you reach and stay undetectable. Research shows people who take Hiv Treatment as prescribed and get to and stay undetectable can no longer transmit hiv through sex. 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Washed your hands a Lot Today . Probably like 40 times. Hands feel dry . Like sandpaper. Introducing new dove handwash, with 5 x moisturizer blend. Removes germs in seconds, moisturizes for hours. Soft, smooth. New dove handwash. This is the sound of change from pnc bank. Its the sound of A Thousand sighs of relief and of a company watching out for you. This is the sound of low Cash Mode from pnc bank, giving you multiple options and at least 24 hours to help you avoid an overdraft fee. Because we believe how you handle overdrafts should be in your control, not just your banks. Low Cash Mode on virtual wallet from pnc bank. One way were making a difference. King guy has rallied his army outside the Walls Of Jerusalem and marched north. But while he is less experienced than the great muslim leader, King Guy believes his army is invincible as long as they fight beneath the True Cross. When the crusaders Captured Jerusalem in 1099, they discovered the relic of the True Cross. Its a small piece of wood that people said, this is from where jesus was crucified. The True Cross was supposed to have miracle powers that would give soldiers and anyone who carried that into battle the power to win over their enemies. As the crusaders set out, saladin is very well prepared. He has a huge army. He has a lot of water. He has a lot of military supplies. And he also takes the precaution of spoiling the wells that are on the route. This was july, so very hot in northern palestine, very dry. Saladin ordered his men to burn dry grass, and the wind was blowing westward, so all the smoke and the heat went the direction of the crusader army. Thus causing them to choke, to swelter, to suffer even more. To add and to compound to the chaos, theyre beating their drums really loudly. The result was so catastrophic for the crusaders, thousands of soldiers were killed. The king Of Jerusalem was captured. Saladin has King Guy brought before him. And King Guy, of course, is certain that hes going to be killed, but saladin doesnt do that. Saladin has the True Cross. He says that to him, its a worthless piece of wood. But hes well aware its something that the christians really want back. So i dont think you can equate it with any loss of money because it surpasses any money you can imagine. So its vital to have it as a good bargaining tool, and it will be used in negotiations between muslims and crusaders for decades to come. But saladin decides to free guy of lusignan, perhaps signaling to the crusaders that hes magnanimous and hes someone the crusaders can trust and negotiate with. Once saladin has crushed the crusaders at the battle of hattin, the way to jerusalem is open. Saladin waited a few days before he moved into the city because he wanted the symbolism of a specific day, that is the 2nd of october, 1187. It happened to be the anniversary of the Prophet Muhammads Night Journey into jerusalem. But at the moment that saladin emerges victorious at the battle of the horns of hattin, anyone Living In The City Of Jerusalem must have feared for their lives because throughout the period of the crusades, there had been a number of sieges, battles, and even mass slaughters. So there was definitely fear of retribution and that any transfer of the city from one power to the other would be accompanied by mass bloodshed. The classic story is the First Crusader of 1099 burst into the city, and they did an astoundingly terrible thing to the muslims. They killed every man, woman, and child in an orgy of destruction. They beheaded them. They cut their hands off. They literally rode with their horses deep in blood up their legs. So it was one of the great crimes of religious fanaticism in all of history, an unforgivable moment. But saladin didnt go in and slaughter all of the christians who were in there. He was a noble warrior, and so he allowed all of the christians to live. Saladin decides that christians would be allowed to leave on payment of a ransom, and anyone who cant pay, would be enslaved. But some of the churchmen walk out carrying enormous amounts of sort of valuable objects, jeweled objects, precious objects that are clearly worth a lot of money. Those Church Leavers were those Church Leerz were only interested in taking as much as they could carry with them as possible, and they left the poor in the city as prisoners to saladin. And that made saladin very, very angry. So saladin just let them go, essentially gave up on collecting any ransom from them. But saladins main priority after finally conquering jerusalem is to reclaim the Haram Al Sharif with the Al Aqsa Mosque at its center. Now he had to transform the entire haram back into an islamic Space And Repair everything that was damaged in one way or another by the crusaders or due to crusader use. The rock upon which the prophet Ascended To Heaven has been covered with marble. That is stripped off. Theres various images of christian religious figures on the walls. Theyre removed or covered. And most symbolically of all perhaps, theres a Big Cross On Top of where the dome of The Rock is. And people climb up, and they pull it down. You might say the berlin wall, toppling the statue of saddam hussein. Its a big sign that islam has recovered jerusalem. Saladin, himself, got down on his hands and knees and cleaned the Temple Mount with rosewater to purify it again as an islamic shrine. While saladin focuses on jerusalem, the crusaders have regrouped under the command of King Guy. Saladin allowed King Guy to go freely on the condition that he sail across the sea, meaning he goes back to france from whence he came. Guy is not so naive. He recognizes that he still has another card to play. He goes to this little island about two miles offshore and comes back and says, ive been overseas. In allowing him to live, saladin unwittingly allowed King Guy to reconstitute his army. And King Guy is about to be joined by one of historys most ferocious warriors. Validated by colorists. Nonstripping to keep any colored hair beautiful for weeks. Everpure from Loreal Paris. If youre 55 and up, T Mobile has plans built just for you. Switch today and get 2 lines of unlimited and 2 free smartphones. Plus youll now get netflix on us. All this for up to 50 off vs. Verizon. Its all included. 2 lines of unlimited for only 70 bucks. And this rate is fixed. Youll pay exactly 70 bucks total. This month and every month. Only at tmobile. Usaa is made for the safe pilots. Like mac. Who can come to a stop with barely a bobble. With usaa safepilot, when you drive safe. You can save up to 30 on your auto insurance. Usaa. What youre made of, were made for. Get a quote today. To those who cant leave their acne alone. We cant make you stop. But we can help get rid of the spots that your acne left behind. Differin dark spot correcting serum has clinically proven dark spot fading power you can get without a prescription. Make it a part of your routine for consistently clear skin. Dont let acne leave its mark. Do things differin. Saladin has finally reclaimed jerusalem as a muslim city. But in focusing all of his attentions on the Holy City, he has overlooked a crucial threat. Saladin didnt kill every christian in jerusalem. He allowed all the christians to go back to the port through which they came in, and the major Port City at the time was akko. The city of acre, or Modernday Akko on the northern coast of presentday israel, was an Entry Point for the Maritime Trade that flourished across the mediterranean. It was the actual economic and political capital of the Crusader Project in the middle east. It was very important for them because the port of acre is huge. The city is large. King guy has not gotten any men, but he knows that he has to give them a target, something to fight for, and he decides to attack the city of acre. If they could capture it, they could defend the coast, then, and mount a charge on jerusalem. Without acre, they really had very little hope of doing it. Learning of the attack, saladin marches the full might of his army to acre. But what saladin is not counting on is European Crusaders on ships coming towards him in droves, with one of those soldiers being one of the most ferocious warriors of all time Richard The Lionheart. King Richard I of england may very well be the Polar Opposite of saladin. He kills and leaves the dead bodies around so that other people are afraid of him. Hes fearless. Hes incredibly energetic. Hes efficient, and hes a flamboyant character. He has the irony of being a bad son, a bad brother, an absent king, but a brilliant military strategist. Richard was much more a kind of person who would react on the basis of instinct rather than thinking. This is why hes called lionhearted. He fights brutally and ruthlessly. When King Richard arrives in palestine, he was a very, very powerful figure. King Guy Essentially became a footnote. Nobody bothered about who he was, what he was doing, because it didnt matter. Both Saladin And King richard believe that jerusalem belongs to their faiths. For christians, jerusalem is a place of pilgrimage. For muslims, jerusalem is a place of pilgrimage. The crusades are often remembered with this romantic glow, with all the chivalry and the bravery of all the knights, but it was the least romantic event of those times. How do you sell an ugly war . You have to tell stories of how noble it is. You tell people the city where jesus was raised from the dead, it was being defiled by muslims. After the fall Of Jerusalem, the people in the west are told that saladin is the son of satan. That struck at the heart of every christian because they could say, hey, i might not understand economics, and i might not understand politics, but you start messing with jesus, and now im going to go fight. The third crusade was carried out mostly by men who had grown up on stories of the First Crusade. They had grown up on these stories of Daring And Commitment to the Cause And Service to god, service that was heroic and larger than life. And also if you went on one of these crusades, you could have an indulgence, and indulgences are something that forgives your sins on earth. And so for many, this became an important piece of why they went on crusades. It was like, lets go take back the Holy Land, the land that jesus walked on. And secondarily, i can get all of my sins forgiven. Richard descends on acre with 8,000 soldiers. He seizes control of King Guys army and launches the third crusade. Richard the lionheart is an impatient man. He is not just going to hold the city under siege and wait for the people to starve out. So what he does is he swings around the backside of the city and busts in. And by doing this, hes able to drive saladins forces out of the city. Saladin makes a number of desperate efforts to break into acre to relieve the siege. Hes leading from the front, but he is unable to break through into acre. The result of the Battle Of Acre is that rich the lionheart does something that No One Else has been able to do. He hands saladin his first loss at the hands of crusaders. Saladin is forced to retreat, and now the crusaders, after almost being wiped out of the Holy Land, are now reconstituted, reenergized, reinvigorated, and now theyre ready to recapture jerusalem. Lisa here, has had many jobs. And all that experience has led her to a job that feels like home. With home instead, you too can become a caregiver to older adults. Apply today. Youre clearly someone who takes care of yourself. 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Saladin agrees to return the True Cross, the crusaders great talisman, to them. He will pay an enormous financial sum. They will release large numbers of prisoners, and they will also surrender all the arms and ships that they have. But saladin wants the muslims who had been trapped in acre to be returned to him safely. Were talking about almost 3,000. So saladin and richard reach a deal. But saladin is very slow at fulfilling the terms of surrender at acre. Richards army had traveled long and far. They were tired. Richard, himself, realizes that he Cant Stay in the Holy Land forever. So by stalling and by not paying the ransom, saladin was in a sense not just buying time for himself, but also hoping that some of richards armies would simply turn and go home. Richard realizes that saladin is prolonging the fulfillment of the terms of the surrender of acre. And the longer this goes on, the more suspicious he gets. He flew into a fit of rage, something that he was known to do. He took the hostages, and he marches them out to a Promontory Outside of the city of acre and in front of saladins eyes, he has them executed in cold blood. Its a terribly ruthless, brutal thing to do. Its something that utterly, of course, devastates saladin, completely catches him unawares. He tries to rescue the people, but its too late. Hes devastated. His secretary said he cries as a mother bereft of his child. With richards merciless message sent, he turns his full attention to jerusalem. Richard realized that his best bet to build an attack against jerusalem is to march further south and try to take all the coastal cities because in this way, he can block jerusalem from any kind of serious enforcement from the west. As Richard The Lionheart and his army moves down the coast, saladin loses Battle After Battle After battle. This is richard as a great lethal warrior, sort of scattering people in front of him. For saladin, its yet another setback, another humiliation. You can imagine a man whos used to winning victory after victory now finding himself losing, and not only losing but losing to this small ragtag army of crusaders. The best thing he can do is to retreat to safe ground and guard his most cherished possession, and thats the city Of Jerusalem. The crusade is all about recovering jerusalem. But what really worries Richard Is when you capture jerusalem, what do you do with it . One of the challenges that richard and his army faced was the fact that jerusalem had these big defensive walls, and the only way to get through it was to attack it with their siege engines. It worked at acre, but if they destroy the Walls Of Jerusalem, whos going to defend it . Richard recognizes that it may not be in the best interest to simply bust through the gates and tear down the city walls. So Richard Surprises saladin by wielding a new weapon, diplomacy. Richard sent the message to saladin, asking him to surrender jerusalem, and saladin obviously refused. And in their correspondence, theyre each making that claim to one another, citing their scriptures, explaining why the city Of Jerusalem is so deep ly important to each side. But its a great example of how important the city is symbolically, physically, and emotionally to christians and to muslims. Their negotiations are some of the most fascinating negotiations that take place because theyre exactly like a modern Peace Negotiations between the israelis and the palestinians, for example. They say essentially, you think jerusalems yours, and we think jerusalems ours. Saladin declines to meet Richard In person. He says its not proper that leaders should meet, and if we dont make an agreement, we may then fight again. So the person who tried to negotiate for peace was the brother of saladin. The name of Saladins Brother is Al Adil. Al adil is also known as saphadin to the crusaders. By all accounts, he is equally skilled as saladin, but hes his younger brother, so he had fewer opportunities to show that. Saphadin is a man of courtesy, of culture. He enjoys talking with richard about music, about singing, about hunting. Its part of a positive relationship thats formed between the two of them. And in the course of the negotiations, there is a radical solution put forward by richard at one stage, and that involves his sister. Joanna is Richard The Lionhearts sister, who happens to be the queen of sicily. And when her husband dies, richard stops by sicily on the way to the Holy Land and picks her up. Joanna is a bargaining chip. During this time period, its important to realize that much like the women of the old testament, the ways in which royal women are treated are about the ways in which marriages can achieve alliances. Richard proposes to offer his sister, joanna, in marriage to Saladins Brother, Al Adil. The agreement would give the Christians Possession of the coastal lands. The muslims would have gotten most of the hinterlands, and then the capital, jerusalem, would have been jointly ruled by joanna, richards sister, and Al Adil, Saladins Brother. But it all hinges on saladin agreeing to the compromise. Washed your hands a Lot Today . Probably like 40 times. Hands feel dry . Like sandpaper. Introducing new dove handwash, with 5 x moisturizer blend. Removes germs in seconds, moisturizes for hours. Soft, smooth. New dove handwash. Hey google, turn up the heat. Finally, a makeup made. Just for us. Age perfect foundation by Loreal Paris a Super Hydrating serum enriched with vitamin b3, in a lightweight formula it doesnt settle into your lines. Age perfect foundation by Loreal Paris we are worth it. Like many people with moderate to severe Ulcerative Colitis or crohns disease, i was there. Be right back. But my symptoms were keeping me from where i needed to be. 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Whoo hoo ensure, with 27 vitamins and minerals, now introducing ensure complete with 30 grams of protein. Richard has proposed a radical partition of the Holy Land where his sister, joanna, will marry Saladins Brother, Al Adil. So you would have all the crusaders possessions and the muslim possessions being joined by one royal household. Saladin vetted it with his advisers in the court, and they all said okay. They sent word back to richard that, we have a deal. But before it can be finalized, the Crusader Camp learns about the agreement. Everyone was shocked by it. The only two people who really accepted it were richard the Lionheart And Saladin himself. The christians were all appalled by richards idea. Peoples absolute belief in the spiritual significance Of Jerusalem inevitably raises the stakes when there is conflict. It just makes Confrontation Or Discussion even that much sharper. In order to save face, richard feels its important to add as part of his demands the proviso that Al Adil converts to christianity. Saladin responds by saying, well, joanna should convert to islam. Neither side is really willing to give on that point. The treaty fell apart, and no peace was made. It would have been obviously a transformative event if Al Adil and joanna had married because that proposal essentially floated a great idea, and that is coexistence. It would have been an inspiring moment, and it would have probably played a Role Today in the way palestinians and israelis negotiate over the fate Of Jerusalem. With any hope of compromise gone, conflict is now inevitable. Both sides prepare for battle. Saladins personally taking charge, being involved in moving stones to help prepare the walls to face the siege that they expect. But he has managed to refortify jerusalem. Hes polluted all the wells around the city as well, and hes very, very worried indeed. The loss of acre was a big blow to his ego, and it was a big blow to his reputation. If he were to lose jerusalem, everything would be lost. But just before the climactic battle, richard receives an alarming message. Richard got negative news from england that his brother, john, is conspiring with philip, the king of france, to become king of england. Richard is essentially pulled in two directions. Either he goes back to reclaim his throne from his brother, john, or he stays longer in the Holy Land to solidify his holdings, retake jerusalem, and maintain his defenses. He cant do both at the same time. Ultimately, he recognizes that if he stays one moment longer, he will be out of a kingdom. So he decides to go back. Its a cause of great Anger And Disquiet amongst the troops. But he sees it, its the only realistic option. Richard retreats to acre to begin the long voyage home, leaving the crusaders who remain in the Holy Land leaderless. So saladin took advantage of that. And when richard has to go back to england, saladin realized that was the time to strike and to launch an attack. Saladin goes down to jaffa and besieges it. When King Richard hears jaffa is under siege, he decides he must immediately return to the Holy Land once more. And the garrison are on the point of surrender when richard appears in a very sort of Action Figure way, jumps off his boat, wades ashore. He picks up any weapon he can find and begins battling against saladin and his army. Richard is outnumbered three to one, but his ferocity is unmatched. You can have 20,000 soldiers, but you might be defeated by 200 of the soldiers because they were really the fighters. The way to imagine the end of the Battle Of Jaffa is that scene from the end of rocky where theyve just punched each other out and theyre both exhausted and they both basically knock each other out and fall to the ground. When a truce is finally called, King Richard collapses from exhaustion. Richard the lionheart writes a letter to saladin that says you and we together are ruined. Music playing. Theres an america we build and one we explore one thats been paved and one thats forever wild but freedom means you dont have to choose just one adventure you get both. Introducing the Allnew 3row Jeep grand cherokee l jeep. Theres only one. Im so glad youre ok, sgt. Houston. This is sam with usaa. Do you see the Tow Truck . Yes, thank you, that was fast. Sgt. Houston never expected this to happen. Or that her Grandpas Dog tags would be left behind. But that one call got her a tow and rental. Paid her claim. And we even pulled a few strings. Making it easy to make things right thats what were made for. Usaa. What youre made of, were made for. Get a quote today. My auntie called me. She said uncles had a heart attack. I needed him to be here. Your Heart Isnt just yours. Protect it with bayer aspirin. Be sure to talk to your doctor before you begin an aspirin regimen. If youre 55 and up, T Mobile has plans built just for you. Switch today and get 2 lines of unlimited and 2 free smartphones. Plus youll now get netflix on us. All this for up to 50 off vs. Verizon. Its all included. 2 lines of unlimited for only 70 bucks. And this rate is fixed. Youll pay exactly 70 bucks total. This month and every month. Only at tmobile. The Battle Of Jaffa defeated has depleted the christian and muslim armies, and kept King Richard away from england for over two years. Richard wrote a letter to saladin saying both our armies are exhausted. Lets come to a resolution. Saladin writes back to him saying fine, but i cant give you jerusalem. The muslims will never forgive me for that. After all is said and done, after all the bloodshed, were going to have to agree to share the city of god. And thats what they settle on. An agreement is made. The Treaty Of Jaffa. Saladin and richard realize both that there is a limit to power and to war. The Treaty Of Jaffa guaranteed that whatever the muslims at that time had in their control would remain in muslim hands. And whatever the crusaders had in their control would remain in crusaders hands. The christians get Jaffa And Acre and the coast, and the muslims keep jerusalem and the inlands. The Treaty Of Jaffa is the first official Partition Of Palestine in history. After the Treaty Of Jaffa, richard had to rush back to england to rescue his kingdom. But finally, in 1197, in the middle of a battle, he was hit by an arrow in his chest and was ultimately killed. Richard was a great king who lived by The Sword and died by The Sword. At the end of the third crusade, saladin is able to return to damascus where he is given a heros welcome. But he has spent years and years fighting, physically and mentally, he is shattered. And just six or seven months after richard has gone home, saladin falls ill. And on the 4th of march, 1193, the great hero of the near east dies. This was a man who united all of these muslim groups and took Back Jerusalem from the crusaders. And now whats going to happen to all these muslim groups that saladin united . His army is passed onto his warring sons, and so his family descends into internal warfare. When saladin die, Muslim Unity dies with him. I dont think the struggle between saladin and richard was ever a personal struggle. It was always a struggle for What Jerusalem Represents and what also the role as wouldbe liberators Of Jerusalem entail. With saladin, the desire to conquer jerusalem really did come from this deep conviction to control jerusalem, to control this holy site, to control the dome of The Rock would move islam forward. The legacy of the crusades and jerusalem among the arabs in general is a horrible, horrible legacy. We have the way a european would remember it as a chapter of medieval europe, and there is also the way the arab or the muslim remembers it as a form of Premodern Colonial Attack and occupation. Jerusalem is a site that believers fought over whether those believers have been muslim or christian for years, because they believe that holding that land is important to their faith. If you are a believer, you believe absolutely your faith is the truth. So thats why in the case Of Jerusalem as Holy City, people are absolutist. Its the only city on earth that exists on heaven and earth. It exists twice. And that gives it its special nature, but it also gives it its danger and its ugliness too, because it means that people believe that they must possess it absolutely. And thats jerusalems tragedy. The british are half a world away, but their fascination with jerusalem only begins with King Richard. It will be 725 years before they will get another chance to Stake A Claim to the Holy City. Jerusalem is the universal city, the chosen city, the Holy City. Thats its blessing, but it also gives it its danger and its