I will ask general david petraeus, who once commanded u. S. And allied troops in afghanistan. Also, thousands of cubans take to the streets, marking the most significant unrest there in decades. Cries for freedom rang out as did demands for regime change. Is that likely to happen after 60 years of castros and communism . Ill ask an expert. Then, surely youve heard of president harry truman, but what about Eddie Jacobson . Everybody knows of richard nixon, of course, but do they know of bebe rebozo. These unsung characters were the closest confidants of the man in the oval office. Ill talk to author Gary Ginsberg about his Terrific New Book, First Friends. But first, heres my take. Were now a year and a half into the pandemic, which is enough time to start looking back and drawing real lessons, especially when comparing it to the last great jolt to the international system, the global financial crisis. Did we learn any lessons from 2008 . Have we handled this one any better . At first glance, the comparison would seem to favor the present. About 18 months into the 2008 crisis, say by the middle of 2009, u. S. Unemployment was still climbing to its highest numbers in decades. The Stock Market was struggling out of one of the worst collapses in history. Housing foreclosures were spiraling to their worst levels ever. By contrast, today with half the population vaccinated, the american economy is roaring. Growth rates rival the reagan boom. The Stock Market is at new highs. Even wages show signs of rising. While the u. S. Is doing better than most, other major industrial countries are also on the road to recovery. And the chief reason is everyone learned the lesson of 2008. In systemic collapses, governments need to go big and fast, spending money and providing liquidity. The voices of austerity in the United States and europe, which were extremely powerful during the 2008 crisis, have been largely silent this time around. Thats where the good news ends. Back in 2008, policymakers quickly recognized the need for fundamental change. The financial system was risky, poorly regulated and unstable. In 2010, just two years later, the United States enacted sweeping reforms to banks, higher capital requirements, lower leverage, less speculation, stress tests, all of which the banks lobbied hard against. But the banks were wrong. In this pandemic, the financial system has performed remarkably well, a testament to those reforms. Despite the near shutdown of the entire global economy in 2020, banks almost everywhere weathered the storm. Thats because Central Banks supported them but also because they were well capitalized and more tightly regulated. Yet, in the current crisis, despite our many failures in fighting the disease, were talking very little about structural reforms. During the pandemic we watched as governments in many countries failed on basic Public Health functions such as testing, tracing, quarantining and clear public communication. Some learned and recovered, but many have simply been saved by the early arrival of vaccines. Almost none have begun to ask how to genuinely reorganize their Public Health bureaucracies to learn from countries that got it right and to put in place new policies, procedures, frameworks to ensure better performance during the next pandemic which will surely come. The divergence between the last crisis and this one has been most stark on the global level. As Daniel Drezner wrote in his excellent book The System worked people used to think of Global Governance the way Woody Allen joked about food at catskills resorts, so bad and yet such small portions. In fact as he documents, Global Governance functions surprisingly well during the financial crisis. Countries cooperated, Central Banks worked together and a downward spiral was averted. He noted even china was remarkably willing to go along with major international initiatives. Washington played the central role of course, nudging countries to get in line, but also acting in ways that helped other. The economic Historian Adam Tuus points out that about half of the liquidity provided by the Federal Reserve was used by european banks. Former treasury secretary Timothy Geithner told me recently we recognized that it was in our enlightened selfinterest to save the dollarbased international financial system, and that required helping others, not just ourselves. He acknowledged that much of the global cooperation happened because many of the key players Around The World were instinctive multilateralists. We all knew that we wanted to prevent the Naturalism And Protectionism that caused so much damage in the 1930s. Alas, while the response to 2008 succeeded economically, it failed politically. It unleashed a wave of Populism And Antielitism that crippled the response to todays crisis. Men like Donald Trump, victor orbon, Jair Bolsonaro reacted to the pandemic by hunkering down, consolidating power and blaming foreigners. Even liberalminded politicians blocked the export of vaccines. In china, the epicenter of the pandemic, Xi Jinping proved to be less open, less cooperative and less multilateral than his predecessor during the last global crisis. President biden has made a new start, but washington needs to lead the world in a fundamentally different direction. Unless we push hard to vaccinate the whole planet, this pandemic will linger and morph and perhaps even grow. The only way to restore and sustain global economic growth is to help developing countries that are saddled with huge debt burdens. The best way to prepare for future crises, whether they involve pandemics, extreme weather or cyber crime, is collectively, multilaterally. This is not dewyeyed idealism, The System worked just a decade ago. It can again. Go to cnn. Com fareed for a link to my Washington Post column, and lets get started. Lets now turn to afghanistan. On october 7th, 2001, president george w. Bush announced the american invasion of that country. This week he was interviewed about the american withdrawal, which is now more than 90 complete. When asked if its a mistake, bush said i think it is. Now let us get the opinion of general david petraeus, who managed the War Effort in afghanistan first as the Centcom Commander and then as commander of u. S. And allied forces on the ground. He of course later also led the cia. General petraeus, welcome. Always a pleasure to have you on, sir. First, what is your assessment of the situation right now . You hear these claims that the taliban controls 85 of the country, but as you and i know, thats geography. They dont control the major cities where most of the people live. So give us a lay of the land. How likely is it that they will control the entire country . Well, im not sure that theyll take the entire country, fareed, but the situation on the ground has become increasingly dire with each passing week. You see them now on the outskirts fighting in some of the outer areas of kandahar city, arguably the second most important city in all of afghanistan. Let me say up front if i could, in addition to its great to be with you again, that No One wants to see endless wars ended more than those who have actually served in them, but we are not ending this war. We are ending u. S. Involvement in it. Because we end the involvement of the 3,500 u. S. Troops, were also seeing over 8,000 nato troops leave and were seeing some 15,000 or so contractors leave as well. Theyre critical to maintaining the afghan Air Force, which is essential to ensure that afghan soldiers realize that someone is coming to the rescue with additional troops and with close air support. Gradually that Air Force is already being degraded in its operational readiness. Its flying at an astronomical operational tempo in a country that is very vast with very high mountains. And i fear we will look back and regret the decision to withdraw. Sadly, we may regret that sooner than i had originally thought when i said that right after the decision was announced. Beyond that, i think we will also look back and regret the hasty way in which we seem to be doing this, with no plan yet, although theres now something announced that were going to take care of those you know, we have a moral obligation to thousands of the Battlefield Interpreters who shared Risk And Hardship with our soldiers on the ground for at least two years to qualify for the special immigrant visa and for their families, all of whose safety now is in jeopardy. Its just recently that weve announced a plan that at the end of this month well start flying those out that have an Siv Visa already and then the others that are partway through the process to a third country where they can go through the rest of that process. But what i see now, sadly, is the onset of what is going to be quite a brutal civil war, considerable ethnic and sectarian displacement, assassination of government officials, millions of refugees flooding into other countries, particularly pakistan. We will see the return of Al Qaeda and the islamic state, although i dont see an immediate domestic Security Threat for the u. S. In that regard. It will take certainly many years to reestablish the kind of capability that they had when they had a sanctuary in afghanistan in which they planned the 9 11 attacks under taliban control of the country. And we will see the reestablishment of the kind of Medieval Ultra Conservative Islamist Regime that was the taliban, that did rule much of the country, again, when Al Qaeda did plan the 9 11 attacks on afghan soil. And again, i hope that we can do some assessment, try to help the afghan national Security Forces and government stabilize the situation, keep their Air Force in the fight. Again, the crucial element for a soldier on the ground. And at least manage what is a rapidly deteriorating Security Situation at this particular time. So let me ask you, general, what would you say to those americans who would say, look, we have been in afghanistan for 20 years. We have spent by some accounts 2 trillion. We have tried to train the afghan national army. We have trained the afghan police force. We have paid for the entire afghan Governments Budget for 20 years. And yet when kandahar fell or the parts that fell to the taliban, the afghan army did not really fight. There have been efforts to stabilize afghanistan and to build a proper Nation And State for decades now by the United States. When you were at centcom, we had 65,000 u. S. And allied troops. You and the other generals asked for 30,000 more. You got them for 18 months. It didnt seem to make much difference. Weve been trying for 20 years to do this. The taliban, as you know, have a sanctuary in pakistan which makes it very hard to completely eliminate them. And so in that circumstance, is it fair for President Biden to say, look, somebody had to pull the bandaid off here. We have been trying to do this. We have achieved some gains. Many of these Al Qaedaaffiliated Terrorist Organizations are crushed. But were going to have to do it in other ways now, using counterterrorism and the like . Well, first of all, those are all understandable points. Again, No One understands the frustration of endless wars more than those that have actually served in them, in many cases repetitively. Our son also served there. In fact, he was a second lieutenant on the ground, a rifle platoon leader, when i was the commander in afghanistan. Our daughterinlaw served there. All of this is understandable. But we had what was i would argue a way of managing this. You cannot you Cant Win in afghanistan. I said that all the way back in my confirmation hearing. I said were not going to be able to do in afghanistan what we did in iraq where we pulled the country back from a civil war. And with respect, we did accomplish quite a bit during that period of additional forces. We halted the momentum of the taliban, we rolled it back in key areas, including definitely in Kandahar And Helmand in the east. We accelerated the training of the Afghan Security Forces and we began the transition of tasks slowerly from our forces to afghan forces. And that worked well for a number of years. We were at a point where we had 3,500 troops on the ground. Surely that is sustainable in terms of the expenditure of our blood and treasure. That brought us 8,000 Coalition Forces and enabled all the contractors who enabled the afghan Air Force and many of their other Weapons Systems to stay operational, ready and in the fight. General, ive got ive got to take ive got to take a break. We will be back. Okay. We will be back. Ill let you close out that thought when we come back and then ive got to ask you about haiti as well when we come back. You bet. Uggling Vehicle Soun think Premium Cant be capable . Think again. energetic music introducing the first ever at4 lineup. Premium and capable. Thats professional grade from gmc. Whats on the horizon . The answers lie beyond the roads we know. We recognize that Energy Demand is growing, and the world needs lower Carbon Solutions to keep up. At chevron, were working to find new ways forward, like through our venture capital group. Backing technologies like electric vehicle charging, Carbon Capture and even nuclear fusion. We may not know just what lies ahead, but its only human. To search for it. Did you know diarrhea is often caused by bad bacteria in food . Try pepto® diarrhea. Its concentrated formula coats and kills bacteria to relieve diarrhea. See, pepto® diarrhea gets to the source, killing the bad bacteria. So, make sure to have pepto® diarrhea on hand. Wet dishes . Residue . Spots . Its not your dishwashers fault. Simply add Finish Jetdry 3in1 to rinse, dry and shine your dishes. Solve 3 problems at once with Finish Jetdry 3in1. Real progress . When youre affected by schizophrenia, you see it differently. Its in the small, everyday moments. And in the places, youd never expect. A little sign of hope. The feeling of freedom. And once these little moments start adding up, thats when it feels like so much more. It feels like real progress. Caplyta effectively treats adults with schizophrenia. And its just one pill, once a day, with no titration. Caplyta can cause serious Side Effects. Elderly dementia patients have increased risk of death or stroke. Call your doctor about fever, stiff muscles or confusion, which can mean a Lifethreatening Reaction or uncontrollable muscle movements which may be permanent. Dizziness upon standing, falls, and impaired judgment may occur. Most common Side Effects include sleepiness and dry mouth. High Cholesterol And Weight gain may occur, as can high Blood Sugar which may be fatal. In clinical trials, weight, cholesterol and Blood Sugar changes were similar to placebo. So if youre affected by schizophrenia, ask your doctor about caplyta from intracellular therapies. This is the greatest Idea Youll ever hear. Okay, its an app that compares Hundreds Of Travel Sites for hotels and cars and Vacation Rentals like kayak does for flights. So its kayak. Yeah, like kayak. Why dont you just call it kayak. Im calling it. Canoe. Compare Hundreds Of Travel Sites for thousands of trips. Kayak. Search one and done. vo conventional thinking doesnt disrupt the status quo. Which is why tmobile for business uses unconventional thinking to help your business realize new possibilities. Only one 5g Partner offers unmatched network, support, and valuewithout any trade offs. And we are back with general david petraeus, talking about afghanistan and then haiti. General, let me ask you about with respect to afghanistan, i really did want to get to haiti, would it be fair to say that Donald Trump in some ways created a circumstance in which it was hard to then reverse his policy, because about two and a half years ago he essentially draws down u. S. Troops, orders them to be drawn down to about 3,500 and begins negotiating with the taliban, who therefore stopped fighting the United States. There you have this period of kind of relative peace, particularly for americans. But at that you know, at this point for the biden administration, would they have had to expand that number of 3,500 to really make gains and recapture territory held by the taliban . What people on the ground tell me is we have an illusionary peace for the last two or three years because the taliban wasnt fighting. Once they were to fight again against u. S. Forces, we would have had to go up. No, i dont agree with that, fareed, with respect. The taliban have been fighting all through this. There have been very brief ceasefires periodically, but they have been attacking the afghan national Security Forces relentlessly. Look, we are not on the front lines anymore. I guess they could rocket our bases a bit more. But what we are doing is enabling the afghan national Security Forces with advice, assistance, close air support, lots of drones. All of these were made possible by bases in afghanistan. And i think that we could have reached a sustainable sustained commitment somewhere around the 3,500 with lots of stuff in the air. Thats what general miller was pioneering and its all made possible by the advent of this armada of drones which we also used in Iraq And Syria where we didnt fight on the front lines, we allowed the Host Nation forces to do that and we enabled them. And the afghan national Security Forces had been fighting and dying in very large numbers. And they still are. The problem now is theyre not sure if someone is coming to the rescue, and that injects a very considerable amount of uncertainty into the battlefield. I think the reality that we i do want let me finish if i could, because we have to recognize and we have to continue to combat the islamist extremist with a sustained sustainable commit ment. Meant and that should be the way we go at these. You Cant Win them. You can manage them. So let me ask you about haiti because you actually in the mid1990s were the head of operations for a u. N. Force that was in haiti. There are people saying we should go in now, that weve been protecting weve been supporting strong men in haiti too much. Do you believe there is a viable Military Option here . Well, i havent heard it if there is one. And again i understand fully the reticence of the administration in this case to put u. S. Military into the center of what is essentially a political tug of war, a struggle, almost a political civil war, if you will. After all, the previous president was assassinated, as theyre trying to determine who is going to lead haiti going forward. Certainly theres a role for diplomats, for those that can try to advice and assist and move the political process forward, but thats the heart of the issue here, noting that haiti has every other conceivable challenge that one could imagine. But i just dont see the military mission. I dont see the task and the associated purpose that would be a reason to put our forces on the ground, again, in the center of what is a very, very big struggle for political power that has included the force of arms and the fact of the assassination of the previous president. General petraeus, always a pleasure to have you on. The pleasure is mine, fareed, thank you. Next on gps, from haiti to its neighbor to the northwest, cuba. Will the protests there lead to any real changes, when we come back. Air wick our Essential Mist transforms fragrance infused with natural Essential Oils into a mist. To awaken your home with an experience you can see, smell, and feel. Its air care, redefined. Air wick Essential Mist. Connect to nature. sounds of Car Doors Closing screaming laughter sounds of Car Doors Closing Crash Sound Tires Squealing Phone Chimes this is onstar. Weve detected a crash from your phone. Is anyone injured . I dont think so. Good. Help is on the way. Is there anyone i can call for you . My dad. Okay, im calling him now. He used to have Gum Problems. Now, he uses therabreath healthy gums oral rinse with clinicallyproven ingredients and his Gum Problems have vanished. Crowd Applauding therabreath, its a better mouthwash. At walmart, target and other fine stores. Okay, were not gonna ask for discounts on floor models, demos or displays. Shopping malls can be a big trigger for young homeowners turning into their parents. You ever think about the Storage Operation a place like this must rely on . No. They just sell candles, and theyre making overhead . You know what kind of fish those are . No. Eh, dont be coy. [ laughs ] [ sniffs, clears throat ] koi fish. It can be overwhelming. Think a second. Have we seen this shirt before . Progressive cant save you from becoming your parents. But we can save you money when you bundle Home And Auto with us. But you know what . Im still gonna get it. Keeping your Oysters Business growing has you swamped. You need to hire. I need indeed indeed you do. The moment you sponsor a job on indeed you get a shortlist of quality candidates from a Resume Data Base claim your seventyfivedollar credit when you post your first job at indeed. Com Promo Ahhh get out of here mouse. Ahhh dont flex your pecs. Terminix. Last Sunday Thousands came out in cuba to protest against the government. It was the biggest such demonstration in decades. Yesterday the government responded with what it called a revolutionary Reaffirmation Rally held near the u. S. Embassy. Government supporters were heard chanting down with the yankees. What happens next in cuba . Will anything change . Ada ferrer joins me now. Shes a cubanamerican Historian And Professor at nyu. Welcome. So the first question, professor, is will this lead to anything other than a further crackdown and more oppression . Thanks, fareed, for having me. First of all, as a historian, i always have to start off by warning you that its way too soon to tell what the result and what the Legacy of these unprecedented protests will be. I think there are three things that we have to watch for. As i said, nothing like this has happened in i would say in 60 degrees, since 1960 or so. So well have to see if the fact that these protests happened, that they were extended across the island in more than 30 cities and towns, the fact that it happened makes the prospect of antigovernment mobilization, antigovernment protests more thinkable, more imaginable for average citizens. So well have to wait and see if that translates, again, for ordinary cubans into participating in and heeding the calls to protest. So thats one thing we have to watch for. The second thing we have to watch for, as you mentioned, is government repression. The government came out very quickly and began arresting dissidents definitely, independent journalists, but also the protesters on the streets. We saw videos of Plainclothes Security forces, of uniformed Security Forces arresting people, beating people. And one of the things that i found most interesting in watching the videos of that is that you could see the people, the witnesses express their disgust and their repudiation of those strongarm tactics. And its interesting, as a historian, i can think back to the 1950s and the original cuban revolution. In that movement against the dictatorship, young people were very mobilized. Students were very mobilized. And one of the things that turned a more general public opinion against the government was watching the government repress and beat and enact physical violence on young protesters. So it will be interesting to see whether that happens in this case. Government repression can be a very, very effective tool. The cuban government knows that. But it could also feed sources and the forces of discontent on the island. Finally, the third thing to watch for just quickly one last thing to watch for is that the protesters are very diverse ideologically. Theres not one all want change, but not all agree with what that change should be or how it should be achieved. So well have to watch in the coming months or so whether a consensus develops among the opposition. So what should the biden administration do . This is in some ways coming at an interesting moment because Barack Obama had opened up ties to cuba. He had allowed a lot more travel and trade, remittances from Cuban Americans and the u. S. Was going to cuba. Trump reversed all that, tightened the sanctions. What should biden do . Yeah. Well, its a huge question. First of all, ive been studying cuba for 30 years for over 30 years. I was in cuba when President Obama visited. Ive never seen a sense of hope in the future feel so palpable among the cuban people, right . And now that theyre in the midst of this economic crisis made worse by many things, trumps tightening of the embargo, the covid pandemic, decisions by its own government, an economic reform thats going very, very badly, all that, right . And i think that a lot of times in history, crises and frustrations feel deeper and feel more that much more painful if they come after a period of heightened expectations. And i think thats what we have here. So now what does biden do . I dont think there are calls for him to end the embargo. I dont think he will do that. He didnt run on that as part of his platform. And the situation in cuba now makes it more difficult for him to do something like that because it will be seen as rewarding the cuban government. He did run, however, on Ending Parts of the trump restrictions that made life more difficult for the cuban people. Many expected him, for example, to allow remittances again. Remittances is the money that family in the u. S. Sends to relatives and friends back on the island. That was stopped completely under the trump administration. So there have been you know, people expect biden to start those again. He said this week he wouldnt. And i think that was really unfortunate. Cubans depend on help from their family. We know, and Cuban Americans certainly know, that the cuban government taxes those remittances. Still, Cuban Americans if given the choice, many would continue to send the money. So over 50 of cubans in miami under normal circumstances send money and goods and other things to their family on the island. That would be happening now, certainly under this crisis. And my sense is that Cuban Americans should have that choice. My mother, who died last year, used to send hated the cuban government, but used to send 100 every three months to her sister in havana. Cuban americans should have the choice to do that if they want. They should make the decision whether the taxes taken by the cuban government, you know, trump the help theyre going to give their family. Neither the u. S. Government nor the cuban government should get in the way of family helping family. Professor ferrer, that was very useful and helpful. Thank you so much. We will be back with the First Friends of american President S through history. To my grandfather. Ion i always wanted to learn more about him. I discovered some very interesting documents on ancestry. This is the uh Registration Card for the draft for World War two. And this is his signature which blew me away. Being able to. Make my grandfather real. Not just a memory. Is priceless. His Legacy. Lives on. Whats on the horizon . The answers lie beyond the roads we know. We recognize that Energy Demand is growing, and the world needs lower Carbon Solutions to keep up. At chevron, were working to find new ways forward, like through our venture capital group. Backing technologies like electric vehicle charging, Carbon Capture and even nuclear fusion. We may not know just what lies ahead, but its only human. To search for it. Only 6 of us Retail Businesses have a black owner. That needs to change. So, i did something. I created a black Business Accelerator at amazon. And now we have a program thats dedicated to making tomorrow a better day for black businesses. I am tiffany. And this is just the beginning. Real progress . When youre affected by schizophrenia, you see it differently. Its in the small, everyday moments. And in the places, youd never expect. A little sign of hope. The feeling of freedom. And once these little moments start adding up, thats when it feels like so much more. It feels like real progress. Caplyta effectively treats adults with schizophrenia. And its just one pill, once a day, with no titration. Caplyta can cause serious Side Effects. Elderly dementia patients have increased risk of death or stroke. Call your doctor about fever, stiff muscles or confusion, which can mean a Lifethreatening Reaction or uncontrollable muscle movements which may be permanent. Dizziness upon standing, falls, and impaired judgment may occur. Most common Side Effects include sleepiness and dry mouth. High Cholesterol And Weight gain may occur, as can high Blood Sugar which may be fatal. In clinical trials, weight, cholesterol and Blood Sugar changes were similar to placebo. So if youre affected by schizophrenia, ask your doctor about caplyta from intracellular therapies. [ ] looking to repair dry, damaged hair without weighing it down . Try pantene daily moisture renewal conditioner. Its Colorsafe Formula uses smart conditioners to microtarget damage helping to repair hair without weighing it down. Try pantene. Need longlasting freshness . Try new febreze Unstopables Touch Fabric spray. It doesnt just eliminate odors. Simply shake and spray to unlock the Breakthrough Power of touchactivated scent technology. That lasts, even hours later thats because Febreze Touch Stores Scent in your fabrics so you get bursts of freshness with every touch. Your whole world will come alive. Welcome home to fresh with new Febreze Touch. The american presidency has often been called The Loneliest Job in the world. Indeed, this image of jfk is titled The Loneliest Job and is one of the most famous pictures ever taken in the oval office. Of course the president has hundreds of people at his beck and call and a family just upstairs too. But when the immense pressures of the office take their toll, who are the oftforgotten heroes who help, the best buddies. That is according to a Terrific New Book First Friends, the powerful unsung and unelected people who shaped our President S. This is going to be the book you want to read this summer. Author Gary Ginsberg joins me now. First explain what got you interested in this . You were working on gary Harts President Ial Campaign and saw something that made you think about this and what eventually led to this book. What was it . I did. Actually even before i worked for Gary Hart, since Grade School ive just been endlessly fascinated by the american presidency. Then i worked on Gary Harts campaign and later worked in the Clinton Administration and watched close friendships between leaders and their best friends. Are with with hart i saw the actor warren beatty. I watched his friendship with Gary Hart during the 1984 campaign when beatty would parachute in from major Campaign Events and was the only one around hart who could talk to him in a blunt way. He said top talking and acting like a politician in a Way Nobody else could and hart would listen to him. I saw Vernon Jordan and the role he played with Bill Clinton in the 1990s when he was the only one around him who had actual stature and could speak to him in a Way Nobody else could. So i saw an entirely different kind of relationship between a Leader And Anybody else around them. I saw how this best friend could speak more bluntly, act more naturally to any staffer or aide. And in some cases, as i write in my book, actually affect important policy. I went to president ial literature and saw books about first wives, first chefs, first butlers, but there was nothing about this dynamic so i thought why not write it. And you begin with an extraordinary pair, Thomas Jefferson and james madison. And the reason i find them so fascinating is this is really a case of opposites attracting. They were so different in so many ways, yet you describe this really close and deep bond that was both intellectual and personal. Yeah. I actually think its the most important friendship in american history in the sense of all that flowed from it. It was for me really a joining of two force fields, two brilliant men fused by mutual interests, shared values, that basically shaped the contours of the country that we live in today. I dont think its an overstatement to say that because of this 50year friendship and we understand it so much through the 1,250 letters that they exchanged between them we have such durable structures that we almost take for granted, like our constitution, our bill of rights, the twoparty system, even the public University System that so many students enjoy. As you said, what makes it all the more remarkable, fareed, is how different these two men were, physically for sure but even temperamentally. Jefferson was this tall, dashing, optimistic guy. Madison was tiny, 54, he was reserved, he worried all the time. But somehow it worked in combination. Jefferson needed madisons precise mind, his very practical nature as much as Madison Needed Jeffersons bold ideas, large personality. You know, i write in the book that it was almost like the Human Equivalent of checks and balances. I think without the other, frankly, neither would have become president. Frankly, i dont think its an overstatement to say either would have accomplished as much as each did. You have a fascinating story, the story of Franklin Roosevelt and daisy sukly. Roosevelt, the most important president of the 20th century by far is this enigma because he was a very outwardly directed person. Very rarely not introspective. You rarely got a sense of who he was and of course he died before he wrote any memoirs. So his letters to daisy, which were discovered only recently, are the window into him. What did you learn about that relationship . Well, first of all, as you know from reading a lot of biographies of fdr, he loved to be around women and he had powerful women surrounding him his own life. Missy lehan, frances perkins. The reason i put Daisy Suckley in there, she earned the distinction of first friend not by advising on a critical Policy Decision or speaking hard truths to him like so many other friends in my book did, but just by being his constant and loyal companion. What i found so surprising about fdr is how lonely he felt in the white house. Its hard to believe hes fighting depression, fighting a World War, but he had no home life. He had no real emotional relationship with his wife, eleanor, who was out of d. C. Most of the time crusading for her causes. So he says to daisy one time, im either Exhibit A or left entirely alone. Daisy was the antidote to that loneliness. She came him the comfort he needed. She could read his emotions better than anyone else and was his favorite person to relax with. One day in 1944 he had 22 separate meetings. Afterward i would have wanted to crawl in a hole. What did he want to do . He wanted to have dinner alone with Daisy Suckley. She could intuit his mind in a Way Nobody else could. She could relax him in a Way Nobody else could. I asked historian John Alter Why was she so important and he said he would have been less settled and natural president without daisy. Gary, this is such a terrific book because theres so many more stories we didnt get to, clinton and Vernon Jordan, Franklin Pierce and hawthorne, the novelist. So all i can say to people is buy the book. This is your summer read. Thank you very much, fareed. Next on gps, the shocking assassination of the president of haiti is just the latest bloody chapter in a long politically volatile history. Why is haiti so troubled . We have the answer. Ill tell you when we come back. S are here to give you a red, white, and bud upgrade. Collect all three limitededition designs. New Budweiser Summer patriotic cans. Instores now. Today lets paint with Behr Ultra Scuff defense. So that you can live that scufffree life. Honey, im Home Honey Scuff defense. I love our scufffree life. Behr ultra scuff defense. Exclusively at the home depot. When technology is easier to use. Barriers dont stand a chance. Thats why well stop at nothing to deliver our technology asaservice. Jess when you have auto glass damage. Schedule safelites new drop and go service. Just drop off your keys and go enjoy your day. Well send you text updates and let you know when its ready. Schedule drop and go today. Singers safelite repair, safelite replace. When i get a migraine, i shut out the world. But with nurtec odt thats all behind me now. Nurtec can now treat and prevent migraines. Dont take if allergic to nurtec. The most common Side Effects were nausea, stomach pain, and indigestion. Ask your doctor about nurtec today. Do you have a Life Insurance Policy you no longer need . Now you can sell your policy for an immediate cash payment. Visit coventrydirect. Com to find out if your policy qualifies. Now for the last look. Its been a week and a half since the assassination of Haitis President , jovenel moise. And we have little clarity about how exactly it came to be that the Nations Leader was gunned down in his home outside portauprince. But the assassination comes against a backdrop of chronic instability in that island nation. For almost its entire 217year History Haiti has had a Revolving Door of leaders, many of whom used violence to enforce their rule. Dictators, Army Officers turned heads of state, and only relatively recently democratically elected President S. The troubles at the top have only added to haitis other problem. It is the poorest country in the western hemisphere. On a host of indicators from literacy to Life Expectancy to infant mortality, haiti is by far the worst off country in latin america. Its neighbor to the east with whom it shares the island, the dominican republic, has more than six times haitis per capita gdp. So how did haiti get here . The answer like most lies in history. Haiti was once saint doming, the richest colony in the caribbean. It was the jewel in frances imperial crown. And by the late 18th century it supplied half the Worlds Coffee and 40 of its sugar according to the historian david bell. The french shipped a huge number of slaves to The Colony to work its plantations. They were literally worked to death. According to the guardian, these slaves had an average Life Expectancy of just 21 years. In 1791 the slaves who outnumbered white men on The Colony 161 revolted. For 12 years led by the former slave turned Rebel Leader toussaint luvature, they fought against the french settlers, eventually defeating napoleons army. On january 1st, 1804 the rebels founded the worlds first free black republic. Far before the rest of the world, haitis founders took the lessons of the french revolution, the articulation of the universal rights of man, across the atlantic to their logical conclusion. The country established freedom for black people, not just white men. Because this was a radical idea at the time, western countries including the United States shunned haiti. World leaders traded minimally with it. They didnt want to contribute to the wealth of a nation born of a slave rebellion. France even demanded a massive sum in reparations, in part to competensate for the loss of hun property, meaning slaves, from the war. In 1825 the haitian president agreed and the debt crippled the country, which could only pay it back in full by 1947. In 1914 washington decided to intervene in the countrys affairs, largely to stabilize its finances and debt payments. That occupation lasted until 1934, but washington effectively controlled the country for years after that. All this foreign domination marked haitis political culture indelibly. Understandably suspicious of western countries, haiti did not try to get much by way of foreign investment or trade. As Peter Daly wrote in the New York Daily Review of books, in the years after independence the Merchant Class and the army joined together to extract revenues from haitis majority, its rural peasants, the only productive members of haitian society. Farmers growing coffee were taxed at 40 of their incomes. And this created a pattern for rulers to come and the entire political class, a sadly familiar pattern in resourcerich countries. Haitis leadership never invested seriously in industry. Politics was the main avenue to amass wealth. Violence became necessary to silence complaints. As the haitianamerican Anthropologist Michelle Rolf truillot wrote in 1991, the haitian state is inherently predatory. It has always operated against the nation it claims to represent. These leaders can and should be the subjects of our critique. But they must also be understood in the context of a history marked by slavery and foreign domination. Haiti more than any country shows us the crippling power of history. Thanks to all of you for being part of my program this week. I will see you next week. Nd is , and the world needs lower Carbon Solutions to keep up. At chevron, were working to find new ways forward, like through our venture capital group. Backing technologies like electric vehicle charging, Carbon Capture and even nuclear fusion. We may not know just what lies ahead, but its only human. To search for it. Air wick our Essential Mist transforms fragrance infused with natural Essential Oils into a mist. To awaken your home with an experience you can see, smell, and feel. Its air care, redefined. Air wick Essential Mist. Connect to nature. Vo Nobody dreams in conventional thinking. It didnt get us to the moon. It doesnt ring the bell on wall street. Or disrupt the status quo. Tmobile for business uses unconventional thinking to help you realize new possibilities on americas largest, fastest, and most reliable 5g network. Plus Customer Experience that finds solutions in the moment. And firstclass benefits, like 5g with every plan. Network, Support And Value without any tradeoffs. Thats tmobile for business. Are you one of the millions of americans who experience occasional bloating, gas or abdominal discomfort . Taking align every day can help. Align contains a quality probiotic developed by gastroenterologists. It adds more good bacteria to your gut to naturally help soothe your occasional bloating, gas and abdominal discomfort. Support your digestive health with align, the 1 doctor recommended probiotic. Try align today. And try new align fast acting biotic gummies. Helps soothe occasional digestive upsets in as little as 7 days. Hey google, turn up the heat. Delicia this is where all our recycling is sorted 1. 2 million pounds every day, helping to make San Francisco the greenest big city in america. But thats not all youll find here. There are hundreds of goodpaying jobs, with most new workers hired from bayviewhunters point. We dont just work at recology, we own it, creating opportunity and a better planet. Now, thats making a difference. Hello, everyone. Thank you so much for joining me. Im fredricka whitfield. Some terrifying moments at the washington Nationals Baseball Game last night after shots rang out directly outside the stadium. The sounds of gunfire can be heard just moments after the Television Commentators give the score during the sixth inning. Listen. Padres put three more on the board. [ gunshots ] 84. You can hear that banging sound along with the music in the background that sent