Black entrepreneurship. People call it the black Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/wall-street'>Wall Street. Greenwood was like putting harlem, Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/bourbon-street'>Bourbon Street, and Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/chocolate-city'>Chocolate City all in one place. But Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/white-tulsans'>White Tulsans talked about greenwood as Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/little-africa'>Little Africa or niggerland. Tulsa was a powder keg. Needing only something to set the community alight. Between 100 and 300 people, most of them black, were killed. Today we call it a massacre. They were hastily trying to get rid of the bodies. By dumping them in Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/mass-grave'>Mass Graves around the city. We have tulsans have an undetermined number who were murdered. It should not have taken 99 years. Anybody who thinks this crime Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/scene-wont-speak'>Scene Wont Speak doesnt have the ears to hear. The ancestors are awake and the earth is shaking. I came to tulsa when i was in the sixth grade. So thats been, i dont know how many years. My mother is from oklahoma. There was a strong Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/black-community'>Black Community in tulsa called greenwood. These people were the core of black entrepreneurship. And they would help you get your business started. 1920 greenwood was booming. People call it the black Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/wall-street'>Wall Street. When you read the editorials, they would also post events that were happening. And i imagine they were having a great time. What i love about Greenwood Is, what it was. And i love what it could be. But tulsa has a truth problem. Hiding the truth and people who will not challenge what is perceived to be true. Whats keeping tulsa from being a great Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/shining-city-on-the-hill'>Shining City On The Hill is dealing with the legacy of the socalled Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/tulsa-race-riot'>Tulsa Race Riot of 1921. White tulsans murdered Black Folks and were hastily trying to get rid of the bodies. By dumping them in Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/mass-grave'>Mass Graves around the city. Many awful things were done to get rid of the bodies. In the late 1990s, Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/senator-maxine-horner'>Senator Maxine Horner and my father, Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/state-representative'>State Representative Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/donnell-ross'>Donnell Ross created the commission to study the events in 1921 which brought historians, consultants from Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/around-the-world'>Around The World who tried to figure out what happened in 1921. I had many conversations with riot survivors. Youre sitting here. Youre sitting there with a red light. Sitting there. A nice lady sitting there. That puts pressure on you. When you were 5 years old. Its one of the proudest moments that i can remember of my father. No other mayor, republican or democrat, never when thought of the story or touched the story of the Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/mass-grave'>Mass Graves. You hear about history being erased, these authoritarian regimes or something like that, you cant imagine that it would happen right here in your own Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/home-town'>Home Town in the middle of the united states. And yet, it had. My name is g. T. Bynum. Im the mayor of tulsa. I grew up here in tulsa. My family has been here since the 1870s. My great, great grandfather was the second mayor of tulsa. I heard about the massacre in 2001. I was 24 years old at this point. Every high Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/school-student'>School Student in oklahoma has to go tHrough an Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/oklahoma-history'>Oklahoma History course. Never came up. My dad had been president of the tulsa historical society. Never came up. Hearing about that, it was shocking to me because i love tulsa, i couldnt believe it would be the kind of city where something like that would happen. We have tulsans of an undetermined number who were murdered in this event. So we have a responsibility, i think, as a city to try to find out where the remains are and what happened to them. Breyers is always so delicious. I can tell that they used your milk, matilda. Great Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/job-moo'>Job Moo youre welcome. Breyers natural vanilla is made with 100 grade a Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/milk-and-cream'>Milk And Cream and only sustainably farmed vanilla. Better starts with breyers. 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You need an ecolab scientific clean here. And you need it here. And here. And here. Which is why the scientific expertise that helps Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/operating-rooms'>Operating Rooms stay clean is now helping the places you go every day too. Seek a commitment to clean. Look for the Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/ecolab-science'>Ecolab Science certified seal. Wait, this isnt your bed. Howd you get here . Ah yes. Groceries. Earn points now to use on travel later. One of the many things you could expect when youre with amex. For 175 years, new Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/york-life'>York Life has been helping people act on their love. Okay . So they can look back, and say, we did good. Most people youre going to interview, you need to ask this question. Where are you people from . And if they say, were from Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/oklahoma-or-tulsa'>Oklahoma Or Tulsa or greenwood, well, when did they get here . Scene one, mid slate. My father whose Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/creek-indian'>Creek Indian was from oklahoma. My family is a mixture of indian, black and white. And here i am. The story of oklahoma really began with the five civilized tribes in the 1830s and 1840s. The chickasaws, the creeks, the cherokee, choctaw, called the five civilized tribes. Theyre originally from the south. Alabama, georgia, parts of florida, tennessee, mississippi and the Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/south-carolina'>South Carolina area. Where these tribes owned plantations. Civilized really is a veiled reference to taking on, accepting eurocentric ways. One of those ways was the practice of slavery to boost one self economically. At the Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/cherokee-museum-today'>Cherokee Museum Today are Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/slave-bills'>Slave Bills of sale including one by then principal chief john ross. I dont ever talk about it very much because i think it is a very shameful part of Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/cherokee-history'>Cherokee History so i avoid that whole issue. Drive a man he mid a life but the man he aint his Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/wife-cotton'>Wife Cotton dont be slow better finish out your Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/row-slavery'>Row Slavery in the five civilized tribes varied. What is really important to remember is that these people were enslaved. So by definition, wasnt a good experience. If youre a slave, then you dont have your individual liberty. Which arguably matters more than anything else. Enslaving black people. It was part of the economy of those tribes. When the americans now wanted that land for their own plantations, they took the plantations of the indians. This was done in a legal way, by passing legislation. The indianian Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/removal-act'>Removal Act to force migration of the five civilized tribes from the Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/south-eastern-united-states'>South Eastern United States into Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/indian-territory'>Indian Territory which is today oklahoma. They said, were swapping you this land for the Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/lands-west'>Lands West of the mississippi and Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/indian-territory'>Indian Territory. You have no choice but to go. We know it as the trail of tears. The slaves of the tribes they didnt sell off, they brought them on the trail of tears. So just like an oxen or a bull pulling a wagon, the Black Folks were in the same situation. They didnt have a choice. The five civilized tribes aligned themselves with the confederacy in the civil war. Slaves were still needed to improve the economic fortunes of these tribes. The confederacy lost, by the way. So after the civil war, the federal government negotiated with these tribes on treaties generally referred to as the treaties of 1866. In article two of the Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/creek-treaty'>Creek Treaty of 1866 it says that you wont have slaves anymore. Thats a wrap. It wont happen anymore. Those slaves that you had, theyre now your tribal members. Theyre now your citizens. Black people who had been with the indians, now ten, 15 generations, either enslaved or married among them or their children. They were called the freedmen. The united Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/states-government'>States Government forced the tribes divide up the land with the freedman. The slaves who belonged to the cherokees could come right back to the territory and settle on indian land. When allotment came, they gave us an equal right with them in land droves. The united states forced them to do this, ive been told. Okay. So on this map, this creek nation. This little yellow spot here is township tulsa. The green area are the allotments of the freedmen. Everybody got 160 acres. If you were full blood creek, if you were a full black from africa, if you were female, you got 160 acres. The freedmen allotments totaled 1,192,240 acres. I really want people to understand that. Thats a lot of land for a small geographical area. Its a lot of land to own. As a descendant of a creek freedman, i believe land is power, land is wealth, land is really the core of black entrepreneurship. You had two types of blacks in oklahoma. You had those freedmen. Then you had state blacks. State blacks came to oklahoma looking for the Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/promise-land'>Promise Land. There was a movement called boosterism. This began in 1889 using bulletins and encouraging Black Folks to migrate from Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/the-deep-south'>The Deep South to what is now oklahoma. The leader of that movement was a fellow called e. P. Mccabe. He recruited black people to come on the theory that it represents Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/the-deep-south'>The Deep South, an opportunity to prosper economically. The time will soon come when we will be able to dictate the policy of this territory or state. When that time comes, we will have a negro state governed by negroes. We do not wish to antagonize the whites. Theyre necessary in the development of a new country. They owe my Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/race-homes'>Race Homes and my race owes to itself the governmental control of those homes. Land meant rebirth. It meant renewal. Land meant survival. There were 40 other black townships around. Oklahoma. The whole state. Not just tulsa. The whole state was becoming the dreamland. It was the Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/promise-land'>Promise Land for a lot of people coming out of slavery, wanting to escape lynchings, and wanting to just raise their families in a loving community. Freedmen had all this land with Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/mineral-rights'>Mineral Rights that ultimately made them wealthy. We put ourselves in oklahoma in 1906. A city called tulsa. Tulsa boomed after the discovery of oil. Tulsa became the Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/world-capital'>World Capital of the world. The oil drew people really from all over seeking fame and fortune. The population just musHroomed. Back then, people are moving to the city every day. Whether to share, leaving some rural oklahoma county, looking for a job in the oil fields, whether it is a young entrepreneur who thinks they can strike the next one. People called it the Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/magic-city'>Magic City because it just came out of nowhere. New Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/pronamel-mineral'>Pronamel Mineral boost helps protect teeth against everyday acids. 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Freestyle libre 14 day. Try it for free. In business, its never just another day. Its the big sale, or the big presentation. Yes. The day where everything goes right. Or the one where nothing does. With Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/comcast-business'>Comcast Business you get the network that can deliver Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/gig-speeds'>Gig Speeds to the most businesses and advanced cybersecurity to protect every device on it all backed by a dedicated team, 24 7. Every day in business is a big day. Well keep you ready for whats next. Comcast business powering possibilities. Back when i was growing up, they said the 1921 Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/race-riot'>Race Riot and then they changed it to massacre and i wanted people to know, my mother was a survivor of that. A lot of people say, we didnt know anything about it. I always knew about it. Because my mother told me about it. Tulsa has seen a lot of growth in recent years. Some might say its showing signs of becoming a destination city. Tulsa is a beautiful little city. It wants to be a big city. It is just a little Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/country-town'>Country Town that had big skyscrapers. The weather is beautiful. The cost of living is wonderful. People from various different walks of life. I strongly believe at one time, that were going to be the best city that this world can offer. Make a left at the light. Here we are in the historic Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/greenwood-community'>Greenwood Community. Aka the black Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/wall-street'>Wall Street of america, aka, the negro Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/wall-street'>Wall Street of america, aka my home. Every day that i got money in my pocket, i go down on greenwood. I go get me a Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/hair-cut'>Hair Cut. They give me the latest scoop, find out whats going on. Whats up on greenwood now . Yeah, this Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/barber-shop'>Barber Shop is a legacy of my family. My father got his Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/hair-cut'>Hair Cut here. My son got his first Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/hair-cut'>Hair Cut here. How long has this Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/barber-shop'>Barber Shop been on greenwood . The first Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/barber-shop'>Barber Shop that i worked for was called mens Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/barber-shop'>Barber Shop. It was in the 1100 block of north greenwood. That was in 1963. They talk about greenwood. All you can see now is one block. But it was businesses all the way down from lansing back to Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/martin-luther-king'>Martin Luther King drive today. 1921. Greenwood was much larger than just that one block that you see today. Greenwood is much larger to the south, to the east, to the west, and to the north. But all that we have left is just a sliver of its former self. Every time someone comes back in 20 years, there is less and less of greenwood. People come here all the time and say, is this it . This is greenwood . This is what theyve been talking about, right . Everybody wants a community where they can grow and prosper, and that dollar can turn over and they can become educated and own their own business. Why wouldnt Black Folks want that for themselves . Ive been out here 13 years now. Greenwood is special. Once you come down here, you feel the energy. I would hate to leave greenwood. I would fight Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/tooth-and-nail'>Tooth And Nail before i would leave, to be honest with you. Farmers insurance is my Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/first-business'>First Business. However i have a studio, a Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/fitness-and-recreation'>Fitness And Recreation studio. We have a debt to our ancestors here. We have to bring back what was once there. And anyone that wants to do business here should also be engaged in that same idea, that same mentality, same thought process. When i got to tulsa in 1984, i was asked to do a regular Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/guest-editorial-column'>Guest Editorial Column in the oklahoma eagle, which is a black newspaper. One of my assignments was to do an historical treatment of the Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/greenwood-district'>Greenwood District. Ive had this sort of obligation of service. If im going to live in this community, i want the community to be the best it can be. We cant do that unless we engage in the work of racial reconciliation. We cant do that unless we acknowledge our history. A Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/black-man'>Black Man named o. W. Gurley came to oklahoma from arkansas. He bought land. He sold land to other africanamericans. Established his Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/first-business'>First Business in 1906. Businesses just proliferated and they became prosperous. Creating and living in this insular economic community called the Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/greenwood-district'>Greenwood District. The Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/greenwood-district'>Greenwood District was like Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/main-street'>Main Street. Mom and Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/pop-type'>Pop Type operations, small businesses, hotels, restaurants, grocery stores, theaters, nightclubs. You have the offices of africanamerican lawyers. There were more than 12 physicians and surgeons that had their offices in greenwood. Greenwood had about 10,000 people. Theyre in search for a way to be masters of their own fate. Today most of the people connect to greenwood and think black Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/wall-street'>Wall Street. And yes, that existed here. You did have people that were pioneers and big business tycoons. Living in sprawling mansions. And even most people who were Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/domestic-workers'>Domestic Workers or owning small shops, living day to day. Everyone has an opportunity and their Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/skin-color'>Skin Color doesnt limit their capacity here. Thats what makes greenwood really special, that you have this safe haven, that oasis that existed here. Bring it first time i saw you, you blew my mind i got this Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/feeling-everything'>Feeling Everything was alright ive never known someone like you but when im with you every day is brand new new new new new new new new new never seen anything like it. Garnier brightening serum cream. Im obsessed with vitamin c. One product and it does it all. Yay, Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/spf-garnier'>Spf Garnier brightening serum cream. Already more than 1000 5 star reviews. By garnier, naturally. New Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/pronamel-mineral'>Pronamel Mineral boost helps protect teeth against everyday acids. Pronamel boosts enamels natural absorption of Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/calcium-and-phosphate'>Calcium And Phosphate helping keep teeth strong, white and protected from sensitivity. New Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/pronamel-mineral'>Pronamel Mineral boost this was a Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/special-edition'>Special Edition of the tulsa disaster. Mary jones parish is very important because she was hired within a week or two of the massacre to collect stories of people, of survivors, including herself. Im leaving the frisco station, going north to archer street. One could see nothing but Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/negro-business'>Negro Business places. Going east for two or more blocks, there you would behold Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/greenwood-avenue'>Greenwood Avenue. The negroes Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/wall-street'>Wall Street. Mary parish was a remarkable woman. Originally from mississippi. She had set up a secretarial Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/school-right'>School Right on Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/greenwood-avenue'>Greenwood Avenue to teach young women all these different skills so they could get work as secretaries to some of greenwoods black doctors and lawyers. This section of tulsa was a city within a city. Every face seemed to wear a happy smile. Were sitting in the mackie house. Thats lucy. They are really emblematic of the kind of Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/middle-class'>Middle Class black person who lived in the Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/greenwood-community'>Greenwood Community during its peak. I think if we fixate on the things that are glamorous and more flattering, and we forget the Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/greenwood-district'>Greenwood District is a part of a city called tulsa. You have a black segregated community that is not getting its fair share of tax dollars for infrastructure like roads, like sewer systems, and things like that. There was so much money in tulsa these days that heres the reality. Money plays a complicated role in the intermingling between the races. Affluence, wealth, prosperity created this tiein between black tulsans, Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/white-tulsans'>White Tulsans. It is all about perspective. White tulsans talked about greenwood as Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/little-africa'>Little Africa. Or niggelland. All of these four things were to be found in niggertown. Booze, dope, bad niggers and guns. White tulsans could control what justice looks like, could control the narrative, could control whatever they want. The only reason black Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/wall-street'>Wall Street existed was because of necessity. These people were not able to participate in the regular economy run by the Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/dominant-culture'>Dominant Culture because of the segregation. The vast majority of people who lived in greenwood were not wealthy. But they had regular jobs in the white community and they had a regular paycheck in the white community. Youve got a lot of well to do Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/white-tulsans'>White Tulsans who will hire servants, cooks, Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/domestic-workers'>Domestic Workers. They would collect their paycheck at Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/the-end'>The End of the week, and they would spend it back in greenwood. You know, in tulsa like in other southern cities, Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/africanamericans-cant'>Africanamericans Cant go into a Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/department-store'>Department Store and try on clothes. But they had been shopping in their own neighborhoods. So what happens is the merchants in greenwood have this captive population. And the money just flows and flows and flows. And it was successful because they were supported by people who look like them, purchase from them, do business with them. So there are people living all different lives and different social standings but everyone is making a living, whatever way they decide to. And theyre not feeling the pressures and the violence from the outside world. For 175 years, new Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/york-life'>York Life has been helping people act on their love. Okay . So they can look back, and say, we did good. You need an ecolab scientific clean here. And you need it here. And here. And here. Which is why the scientific expertise that helps Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/operating-rooms'>Operating Rooms stay clean is now helping the places you go every day too. Seek a commitment to clean. Look for the Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/ecolab-science'>Ecolab Science certified seal. We now find that 85 of individual investors are interested in sustainable investing. Among millennials, the interest is even stronger. One of the big trends in sustainable investing is data, and the ability to understand how sustainable your investments are. By taking that information into account, investors can make better decisions for the long term. Sustainability is not about one number. Its about variables like water usage, data privacy, consumer trust, diversity, Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/land-use'>Land Use and conservation. All types of investors are now considering this in their investment decisions. This is not niche. One in Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/four-dollars'>Four Dollars globally is following some form of sustainable investing. With sustainable investing at this scale, theres power to change the markets and have an impact on the issues investors care about most. I am Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/courtney-thompson'>Courtney Thompson and we are morgan stanley. Sometimes you wanna go where everybody knows your name and theyre always glad you came you wanna be where you can see ahah our troubles are all the same ahah you wanna be where everybody knows your name you wanna go where people know welcome back, america. It sure is good to see you. I did not grow up here but my cousins told me the importance of greenwood. I recognize the importance that it had. Not just for this community but for the country and also the world. And i wish that greenwood would be a wonderful community that would radiate the likeness of the lord. 1920 greenwood was booming. It was a strong community. Casey johnson was a prominent black surgeon. The Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/mayo-clinic'>Mayo Clinic that he said the most able Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/negro-surgeon'>Negro Surgeon in america. Simon berry was a businessman. His Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/first-business'>First Business was a jitney service. The editor of the Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/tulsa-star'>Tulsa Star. His paper included editorials and articles talking about social justice. When you think about stratford, you think about what Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/elegance-and-grace'>Elegance And Grace looks like. By The Beginning of 1917, i had amassed quite a fortune. I owned 15 rental houses, a 16 brick apartment building. It was 350 a month. The income from other sources was triple. I had a splendid Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/bank-account'>Bank Account and living on the sunny side of The Street. I decided to realize my founders hope, and that was to erect a large hotel in tulsa, exclusively for my people. He built the hotel. It has 54 rooms and crystal chandeliers. It was acknowledged as one of the most premier hotels in the united states. It was the Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/crown-jewel'>Crown Jewel of greenwood. They were really active in the community. They had a Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/rooming-house'>Rooming House and a garage. A confectionary. Williams dreamland theater. It was a grand structure. One of the jewels in the Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/greenwood-community'>Greenwood Community at the time. Imagine putting harlem, Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/bourbon-street'>Bourbon Street and Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/chocolate-city'>Chocolate City all in one place. The train stopping friday night, coming into greenwood. In excess of 500 people to listen to all the greats. There are speak easies, pool halls, there is a lot of action going on. The sky was the limit. There was nothing that you could not do. When thinking about tulsa in the early part of the Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/20th-century'>20th Century. Remember where the community of greenwood was. If you live in a society in which Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/white-supremacy'>White Supremacy is the prevailing paradigm but you can look across the dividing line, the tracks, and see Black Folks driving nice cars and wearing Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/fur-coats'>Fur Coats and living in nice homes and it causes going active indifference. Jealousy. That land was desired by corporate interests in tulsa. We know that. The idea was to remove the Black Folks from the land, move them farther north and use the land for what would be considered higher and better purposes. Tulsa appears to be in danger of losing its label of the whitest town. We took Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/oklahoma-history'>Oklahoma History in ninth grade. In our textbook, theres probably a page or a page and a half about the Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/race-massacre'>Race Massacre. We did not cover that in class. I read it because i was interested in history. And it was a real revelation. It brought home just how pervasive racism was in the united states and in the social system. Historians often refer to the early part of the Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/20th-century'>20th Century as the low point in race relations. Automatics are under attack in all parts of the country, in all parts of the union. This is an area where lynchings are getting more and more bar baric. A former domestic terrorism, that targeted primary africanamericans. In events to which people brought their children, lynching was widespread in the united states. That there would be such a film, surprises me. Birth of nation, a Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/landmark-film'>Landmark Film that came out in 1915. Black people were portrayed in very demeaning manner. The Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/ku-klux'>Ku Klux klan as heroes. Birth of a nation attests to the Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/purity-and-chastity'>Purity And Chastity of white women. And black men with single white women is a distinct taboo resulting often in the death of the Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/black-man'>Black Man. The film became, you know, pretty much of a national phenomenon. President Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/woodrow-wilson'>Woodrow Wilson endorsed it and showed all over the country. It showed in tulsa in the convention hall. It certainly validated these ideas. I can survhow to survive if our africanamerican during this period. And part of the answers came, they fought in Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/combat-units'>Combat Units in france where they were treated with respect and honor, and they came back to the united states and they found none. We have black veterans in greenwood. They fought for their country. They fought for their freedom, so when they come home, they expect to be respected. But what they come home to is again more jim crow laws, more prejudice and more restrictions on their freedom that they fought for. After Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/world-war'>World War i there are a number of incidences of black soldiers in uniform being lynched by white mobs. Its pretty stunning and remarkable. The idea is were going to show you what your place is. We dont care whether youve fought for the country. When youre here, you play by our rules. The Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/tulsa-tribune'>Tulsa Tribune published a series of inflammatory articles that really fomented hostility in the white community against the Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/black-community'>Black Community. Tulsa was a Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/pounder-keg'>Pounder Keg or a tinderbox, neegd only something to set the community alight. Odu. Yay, Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/spf-garnier'>Spf Garnier brightening serum cream. Already more than 1000 5 star reviews. 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We built the citys Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/recycling-system'>Recycling System from the ground up, helping to make Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/san-francisco'>San Francisco the greenest Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/big-city-in-america'>Big City In America but we couldnt do it without you. Thank you, Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/san-francisco'>San Francisco. Gracias, Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/san-francisco'>San Francisco. Thank you. [ speaks native language ] lets keep Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/making-a-differene'>Making A Differene together. Many years ago, i was at the cemetery. I was taking pictures of the tombstones. And i heard this strange noise. Tsss. I looked around and there was nothing there. Then i heard it to the right. Then i heard the same sound surrounding me. And i ran out of there. Thats when i saw a flock of redbirds come out of the trees. I thought that was unusual. Normally you see one or two redbirds. I never saw a flock of them flying together like that. And i told a good friend of mine, and she said you saw redbirds in a cemetery . Oh, baby, thats done been an omen, she says. That was the spirit of the riot telling you to go Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/tell-somebody'>Tell Somebody that they are not at peace. The an Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/ses-oers'>Ses Oers are speaking to us. The ancestors are tHrowing clues at us. We have a responsibility and an obligation to find the truth. The mass Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/graves-investigation'>Graves Investigation started out in 97, actually, with don wasp, Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/kevin-ross'>Kevin Ross father. When he was first toured, my father, he thought it was a lie that it didnt happen. It was in the in the history books. When we was in Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/high-school'>High School, we heard first hand from the survivors, who were schoolteachers at the time and Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/thats-something'>Thats Something that stuck with him, until he got to the point where he could try to do something about it. They tried to bury the truth and pretty much succeeded for 97 years in 1977 when a commission was appointed to uncover the truth about the horrific riot of 1921. Ron ross went to the goich and the legislature and said weve never had a formal study of this event. That was sponsored by the Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/oklahoma-city'>Oklahoma City bombing. When they said it was the largest urban disaster in america, wrong. More people were killed than any such disaster, wrong. I was asked to be the historian for the commission. During that period i was thinking maybe we could use this to figure out how many people died and where they were buried. How many . Go ahead. I am chair of the Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/survivors-committee'>Survivors Committee of the Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/oklahoma-legislative-commission'>Oklahoma Legislative Commission to study the Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/tulsa-race-riot'>Tulsa Race Riot of 1921. I was the videographer for the commission report. I was on to it accompany Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/eddie-faye'>Eddie Faye gates. Her job was record the systems of the riot survivors. We have located 51 actual living riot survivors, ages 78 to 104. No research takes the place of eyewitness testimony. That is why this day is so significant. Mrs. Simms. Youll never forget that. Thats something be always with you. This has been the age old story here in tulsa, never knew what happened to my great uncle. Never saw my aunt again. People were coming in with oral history where bodies could be buried. We interviewed over 300 actuals ans to identify what we thought were likely spots in town where victims of the massacre were lane in graves. He took some steps he took 78 years ago. Days after the Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/tulsa-race-riot'>Tulsa Race Riot, he was 10 at the time, drawn by the curious sight of men digging a large trench with boxes stacked nearby. Clyde eddie talk about at the age of 10 when he was at the Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/oak-lawn-cemetery'>Oak Lawn Cemetery, he saw these giant boxes. He and his cousin would go to the crates and there was excuse me. There were tHree bodies. Stench was terrible. There were other boxes, lift up the lid and saw that it was Black Folks inside of that one. Black people in a box dead. Thats something that will be oechd in your mind forever. For him to tell the story with such conviction, i say lets dig them up now. So many people have said there were no bodies there. But you know, all the Black Folk in the community, we believe theyre there. Those stories were passed on to us. Inch by inch crews are digging into the history of the 1921 itemsa race master. G. T. Bynum initiated the study to find out if there are any black victims in Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/mass-grave'>Mass Graves. There was a systematic coverup of the event. It should not have taken 99 years. We have to pay attention. We have to pick up the time that has been left in our hands and figure out where the screams are coming from. Welcome to allstate, are you down, dddown, dddown, dddown where were driving down the cost of insurance. Are you down, down ddown, down . Are you drivers who switched saved over 700. Allstate. Here, better protection costs a whole lot less. Youre in good hands. Click or call for a lower rate today. Thousands of women with metastatic Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/breast-cancer'>Breast Cancer are living in the moment and taking ibrance. 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Marching on the state on Memorial Day day. Some people call it a massacre. Ive been calling it a war. There is systemic causes for what happened here in 1921. But you fixate on this Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/trigger-incident'>Trigger Incident that involved a black boy and a white girl on an elevator. The boy was born in dick wellen. Hes at work on Memorial Day shining shoes in downtown tulsa. Dick rowland was 19yearold in the spring of 1921. He worked in a whiteowned and whitepatronized Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/shine-parler'>Shine Parler on Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/main-street'>Main Street in downtown tulsa. His nickname is diamond dick, so hes known to be this flashy young guy. Another person in the community that everyone knows but hes never been seen as a trouble maker. Theres not a Restroom Facilities in the shine part. So the white owner has arranged for them to walk down The Street to the drexel building. On the fourth floor, there was, quote, a colored restroom. Something happens when he enters the elevator. Elevators are manually operated by a wheel. It takes a great am of skill to get the floor of the elevator and the actual floor to line up. That particularly elevate oar was very difficult to center, so the belief is is that sarah didnt quite have it level. That as dick walked on to the elevator he tripped and by reflex tHrew his hands out to cushion the fall, that he grabbed sarah by the shoulder, ripped her dress. She screams and he realizes this is a dangerous moment for Him D runs out of the elevator and takes off. But there was a white clerk at a Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/clothing-store'>Clothing Store who heard the screen, Saw Dick Run Out of the building and he puts two and two together and says this is an interracial rape attempt. It was entitled nabbed negro for attacking girl in the elevator. The tribune said he tried to rape her in broad daylight in a public building in downtown tulsa. The article went out of its way to make Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/sarah-page-look'>Sarah Page Look virtuous, and as the corollary. May 31st, the police decide theyre going to pick him up. They go to where he lives with his mother in greenwood, arrest him, take him to the courthouse and as with other prisoners put him up in the fourth floor jail. The first edition of the Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/tulsa-tribune'>Tulsa Tribune, its The Street around 3 00, 3 30. Within 30 minutes, theres lynch talks on The Streets of tulsa. Lynch talk soon turns into a lynch mob. Meanwhile, black people are trying to figure out whats going on, what to do, how to organize. There was a feeling amongst black vets that if trouble comes my way, i aint dodging it. In tulsa there had not been a Black American Lynched and there were black men and women prepared to make sure that didnt happen. Around 10 30 at night, a little before then, a rumor hits greenwood that whites are storming the jail. 75 africanamerican men, all armed, drive to the courthouse. They march up to the courthouse, they go up to the sheriff whos waiting for them on the steps and they say we are here to help to protect the prisoner, if you need our help. The sheriff says get the hell out of here. I dont want it. As they are leaving, an elderly white man goes up to a Tall Black vet and says where are you going with that gun. The white man tries to get the gun, a struggle, a shot goes off. The worst incident of racial violence in american history begins. Has been helping people act on their love. Okay . So they can look back, and say, we did good. vo i am living with cll and i am living longer. Thanks to imbruvica. Imbruvica is a Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/prescription-medicine'>Prescription Medicine for adults with cll or cHronic lymphocytic leukemia. It will not work for everyone. 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We built the citys Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/recycling-system'>Recycling System from the ground up, helping to make Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/san-francisco'>San Francisco the greenest Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/big-city-in-america'>Big City In America but we couldnt do it without you. Thank you, Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/san-francisco'>San Francisco. Gracias, Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/san-francisco'>San Francisco. Thank you. [ speaks native language ] lets keep Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/making-a-differene'>Making A Differene together. As the evening starts to fall may 31st, by 7 00, there are already hundreds of people circling around the courthouse. By 9 00, 10 00 is where things start to reach this Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/boiling-point'>Boiling Point and shots are fired. At the same time, all this is happening downtown, you have people that are still waiting to go to their prom at booker t. Washington. People that are still going to movies in the Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/dreamland-and-cotton'>Dreamland And Cotton theater. You have people that are still moving about in their lives, arent aware of whats happening. We went down to a late show movie. Somebody came in and shouted nigger fight, nigger fight. We went out the door. Just got there when a national leaguo he had a rover in his hand and they wouldnt let anyone touch him. He was the first man who shot the riot. Nobody cares about dick. The white mob is out to get any black person in their sights. The teaming white mob spills over into the Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/greenwood-community'>Greenwood Community carrying rifles, pis pistols. In the words of one of the massacre survivors, all hell broke loose. Looting, shooting, burning, destroying everything in sight. People are taking shelter in their homes or packing up their stuff and fleeing, whatever they c can. They said here they come action here they come. They came in the house and they set the house on fire. Oh, it was like a nightmare. Everything was in flames. On the evening of may 31st, a Little Girl had not retired but was watching people from the window. She said mother, i see men with guns. I ran to the window and looked out. There i saw many people gathering in little squads, talking. There was a great shadow in the sky. With a second look we figured that they were caused by planes. They were invading our district the same as the germans invaded france. I fled out the west door on greenwood, running amidst showers of bullets. I was so afraid, because bullets were coming down around us. Things were up in the air, shooting down. I could hear those bullets. There were a lot of people running, dodging the bullets, and just afraid. Theyre shooting people on sight, even if youre complying with your demands. Thats what happened to dr. Jackson. He was a prominent black southern. He was a constant at his home. He exited his house in compliance with the demands of the mobsters. Hands held down. He was ultimate by shot by a white man and bled to death. Black men put up a vigorous robust defense. There were outgunned and outnumbered. Overm overmatched. The violence lasted 16 hours. A unit of the national guard sent in from Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/oklahoma-city'>Oklahoma City. When the dust settled, at least 1,250 homes in the Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/black-community'>Black Community were destroyed. With between 100 and 300 people, most of them black, were killed. So 20 years ago, we had a man here who said hey, were going to go into Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/oak-leon'>Oak Leon and were going to excavate because we have an idea of where bodies might be. We brought in ground penetrating radar. 20 years younger standing out in Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/oak-leon'>Oak Leon. We were all out there. Were about to do this. Right . They called it off abruptly because there was a white family that did not want that area to be disturbed. They suggested that there was perhaps a white body that was buried underground and that that body would have been disturbed as youre looking for Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/race-massacre'>Race Massacre evidence. Got caught up in politics. A bunch of lawmakers, pretty much really didnt care. It made the state look bad. I am thoroughly convinced that in the state of oklahoma was not culpable. We were shut down by the city of tulsa, and at that point i thought the ballgame was over. This is a historic day for tulsa and for our country as we begin a Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/test-excavation'>Test Excavation in Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/oak-lawn-cemetery'>Oak Lawn Cemetery. Theres nothing abstract, theres nothing theoretical this isnt a research project. This is an investigation. Scientists are set to finally break ground in order to find victims. They could get answers and clo closure. It should have been done well before now but it wasnt. Thats a baton thats been handed to us, and it is not an easy race. The initial excavation be focused on a location within Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/oak-leon'>Oak Leon cemetery we thought carried add high likelihood of being a grave. We discovered an anomaly that had been detected. That anomaly to us was an indication that it was possibly a Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/mass-grave'>Mass Grave. As we were excavating down we very quickly realized that we had materials that really didnt belong there. The search turned up many old artifacts. After reaching tHree and a half meters in depth, the excavation was called off on wednesday. We do not have any evidence of Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/mass-grave'>Mass Graves in this cemetery. Sometimes stuff just make you want to give up. Other times, its like no, you keep going. Theyre not going to let you give up. When you say you quit. 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One of the things that people dont generally know is that the committee actually came back after it was destroyed. It was rebuilt because the rural community, rural lands, were still owned mostly by Black Folk. But by the 1960s, these towns started to disappear. There is this idea that greenwood was doe extraordinary in 1921 and thats Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/the-end'>The End of the story, but theres A Hundred years after that that we need to talk about. Its a tale of two cities. North tulsa is a predominantly africanamerican community. And south tulsa, you have predominantly white community. This city of tulsa is the most segregated city geographically, economically, socially, and all of the above. Growing up in north tulsa, the further i went south of where i lived, i started to notice buildings looked different. Institutions looked different. Wow. Theres a whole Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/nother-world'>Nother World i wasnt even aware of. Weve already experienced dislocation, urban removal, all of those things. Those people who lived in greenwood saw its demise twice. I grew up on 1415 north greenwood. We owned a house on greenwood. When i grew up, i had a church in front of me, right literally behind me with was the school i went to. To the right was the black hospital that i was born in. And then we had Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/jacks-memory-chapel'>Jacks Memory Chapel right there. So the whole cycle of life was within a block and a half of me where i lived. Thats the community i grew up in. As happened in every city across this nation, 60s, 70s. Theres something they called urban, i call urban removal. I love that. When anybody want to talk about Black Folks, instead of saying Black Folks live over there, thats urban area. Urban music. Just call things as they are. To whites, did words Urban Renewal have a hopeful town. To blacks it means move out. As many as A Thousand men, women, and children have been forced out in the name of some progress yet to come. So Urban Renewal was coming tHrough telling you all those houses that youre living in here, we have a better use, as they say, a greater use for this land. Were going to renew your community. This is going to be better than you left it. They moved us out of our houses for the greater good. We are dislocated from our homes. And when i tell you theres still a big space at 1415 north greenwood, nothing was ever built there, but they told us we had to go. Then you saw the decline of greenwood and you saw folks moved out of their homes. The reason and the causes of this economic downturn was the construction of the Crosstown Expressway that cut tHrough the heart of greenwood. In fact, it took the heart out. Urban renewal and this major Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/highway-construction'>Highway Construction took out most of the entrepreneural businesses that were there. 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During the riot, it got burned down. A home that burned down. We lost all of this, our property, our home. Every church, Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/high-school'>High School houses was torn up. People are here. You go see the people. Then some people, you never heard anymore. Dont know whether them killed, whether they just lived. They killed a lot of them. They had a flatbed truck. They stacked them on the truck like they was sardines. Thats what they did. Thats what they did. On the morning of Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/june-1st'>June 1st after the massacre, the national guard and some employees and maybe some civilians began rounding up all of the africanamerican population in greenwood that they could. There were between five and 7,000 people detained. And the reason given for that was that it was for their own protection, that they were going to be put some place safe. Everybody who was still in custody was moved to the Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/fairgrounds-east'>Fairgrounds East of greenwood. They set up cots and a kitchen. They dug latrines. The people who stayed there were expected to work. The women would prepare the meals. Men were sent out to work cleaning up greenwood. Folks in these Internment Catches had to have a green card. I dont know how they got these little cards, but everybody had a little i. D. Card, School Children and all, told what you did and you had to have that i. D. Wherever you went. And to get out of these internment centers, they need to be countersigned by a White Person. As soon as a White Person would vouch for them and get them out of these internment centers. The theory by the authorities was that this was done to protect people from physical harm in the context of this chaotic situation. There wasnt a lot of justification that was needed because who has power and who doesnt . The people who had homes to go to went to those homes. Some people left town. The Red Cross was operating out of booker t. Washington school and theyd buy them a Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/train-ticket'>Train Ticket if they wanted to leave town. I found that the high Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/school-building'>School Building was still standing. I saw a Big White Streamer with a Red Cross on it. I felt pangs of joy. That meant to me i was getting in close touch with friends again. I breathed a prayer of thanks. Ted ross began obtaining these tents that people could live in. Many black families spent days, weeks, months in tents on the charred earth. We stayed in those tents five or six months. You could establish yourself and move somewhere else. Everything they had was gone and they were expected to immediately just go about their lives like nothing had happened. You have to think the trauma was ter terrible. Reaching the house, i saw my piano. Furniture piled in The Street. My safe had been broken open. All my money stolen. All my silverware, cut glass, all my family clothing, everything of value had been removed. Even my family bible. My car was stolen and most of my large rugs were taken. I lost 17 houses that paid me an average of over 425 per month. The immediate aftermath there was a Grand Jury and it indicted i think its 88 people some of whom were whiechlt most of whom were black. First it was the indictment of j. B. Stratford, who opened the hotel and was a lawyer. Smitherman was the publisher of the Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/tulsa-star'>Tulsa Star which is the leading black newspaper. He along with a number of other black men were indicted for inciting a riot. The blame for this negro up rising Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/lie-right'>Lie Right where it belongs. On those armednegroes. Any person who seek to put half the blame on the white people are wrong. What i learned about bodies being dumped in Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/mass-grave'>Mass Graves, and not ever receiving a proper burial, that touched me as a pastor on a various ral level. As a pastor, when you bury somebody, its more than just giving a eulogy. When we do it, we call it the committal, which is that Ashes To ashes, that dust to dust over their bodies. That is our way of spiritually releasing them to go wherever theyre going. And to deny that to the people that were dumped or killed during the Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/race-massacre'>Race Massacre is evil. It shows you at that time period people didnt even care about the souls of Black Folks let alone the bodies. I believe there is no Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/expiration-date'>Expiration Date on morality. We ought to do something about it. M obsessed with vitamin c. One product and it does it all. Yay, Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/spf-garnier'>Spf Garnier brightening serum cream. 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And anybody who thinks that this sacred ground that we find ourselves on, this Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/crime-scene'>Crime Scene that we found ourselves on, is not going to speak doesnt have the ears to hear. Reverend Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/ross-talks'>Ross Talks about the red birds. He says they are the spirits of our ancestors. Monday morning, i went out to my garden. And as i stepped on my back porch, i saw a whole bunch of red birds. And they were looking at me. And i ran in here to get my phone. Kevin, i got to tell you the story of what happened with the rebirds. He said, Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/girl-lir'>Girl Lir he says girlie. Come get your butt down here to this cemetery. I knew something huge is going to happen from that. And it did. Im here to report an update. I can confirm that we have identified a large hole that had been excavated and into which several individuals have been placed. This constitutes a Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/mass-grave'>Mass Grave. Tonight Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/scientists-belief'>Scientists Belief they have found evidence of a Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/mass-grave'>Mass Grave in oklahoma. More than a year after work started at Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/oak-lawn-cemetery'>Oak Lawn Cemetery the team found human remains. Today is a significant moment in the history of our city in trying to do right by the victims of this event. When i heard that they found 12 bodies, i said, finally finally. Its no longer folklore. It is knowledger a rumor. Its true. And thats going to just be The Beginning of justice. People in this community who been saying that bodies were dumped in Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/mass-grave'>Mass Graves, their stories are now being vipd kated. It gets us One Step closer in giving the families the opportunities to have the truth be known. Actually give them a proper burial. This is all part of a mission to get back what was lost. Weve lost a lot of history, a lot of testimony, a lot of known heritage that koufb passed down because it wasnt safe to talk about for so long. Nobody said nothing until now. We just now talking about it. Growing up, old folks didnt talk and they actually kind of hid a lot of stuff from us. Staying quiet was one of those ways of protecting yourself. Its been in the back of your mind wondering can this happen again . What can i do to prevent this from happening again to my children. There has always been a scar to me and i dont have never even thought about speaking. You kind of have to. I said why did you dig a burial of worms . Forget about what happened. That is another part of trauma. The silence that it creates. While people were murdered we also need to talk about how they lived, what they built. We need to talk about whats left behind and tell that story because that story lasts for 100 years. The massacre was two days. Oh lord there can never be a lie to take the darkness away people say why dont you leave here . Because the memory of something that i will never see anywhere else is still here. These pages contain all of the photographs of my ancestor who is lived on greenwood. The memory. Were connected to our memories. People never forget Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/olivia-hooker'>Olivia Hooker, a survivor, was a really beautiful soul. That night of the massacre, Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/olivia-hooker'>Olivia Hooker whos a 6yearold girl saw her own home ripped apart. The day they burned white folks came into her house, destroyed her piano with a hatchet and when they left she went over there and they struck the keyboard. And there was still sound coming out of that piano. Thats who Greenwood Is. You might destroy the outside of me. You might shoot me why you might burn me. Youre not going to destroy my soul. We still got a song to sing. Oh the painism we have these cycles of greenwood being built, destroyed, rebuilt. If you look at it altogether in 100year journey, its a consistent story of resilience. We are so close to getting over this madness. In time, we can go on to be a great city. We are destined to be. We will never forget we will never forget we will never forget we will never forget we will always remember my dreams of what Green Woord should look like, it should look like us. My hope for Greenwood Is that she can become back what she used to be. I wish greenwood would be healed. A lot of stuff was bush ried deep. My dream is to have a replicate of 1921 with the black businesses, everybody supporting each other. We are the youngest business owners on greenwood. I would like to see young people, you know, rebuilding black Href='https://vimarsana.com/news/wall-street'>Wall Street. Let there be some type of closure and some type of life we are enjoying. We need to reclaim what was oushs from The Beginning. 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