away. our science editor visit a villa . e away. our science editor visit a village in _ away. our science editor visit a village in bangladesh _ away. our science editor visit a village in bangladesh rising - away. our science editor visit a | village in bangladesh rising sea levels having a devastating effect. in scotland, activists gathered where the swedish teenage actress greta effenberg said she was going to try and do her best to keep global warming between 1.5 degrees celsius or that you back if we cannot keep it below 1.5, we do it for 1.6 and cannot keep it below 1.5, we do it for1.6 and 1.7. cannot keep it below 1.5, we do it for 1.6 and 1.7. we can also prevent things from getting worse, it's never too late to do things better than we have been. —— greta thunberg. hello, a very good evening and warm welcome to the cop26 summit in glasgow. the leaders are beginning to arrive. joe biden expected to land here in the next hour, fresh from talks at the g 20 in rome. you're still to hearfrom the president as to what he made of negotiations around climate change but the un secretary general was pretty frank about it. i leave rome, he said, with hopes unfulfilled but not buried. which rather sets the scene for what are sure to be heated discussions here in glasgow. the host boris johnson discussions here in glasgow. the host borisjohnson said it's about will and leadership. here is our political editor. a sunday stroll, a stylish canine seems the perfect accessory amongst the ancient alleys. what conflicts, whatever epic political struggles of the streets. history round every corner. then sport 15 of the most powerful leaders in the world taking in the sites. a coin in the famous fountain to guarantee a wish but it might take more than tradition to stop the uk and pulling away. 0thers watch on. even borisjohnson wanted italy to inspire progress ahead of the climate meeting under way in rome. if we do not act now, the paris agreement will be looked at in the future not at _ agreement will be looked at in the future not at the _ agreement will be looked at in the future not at the moment - agreement will be looked at “i it�*ie: future not at the moment humanity opened eyes to the problem but the moment we flinched and turned away. what chance do you think you have of making progress with 200 countries in glasgow when you have not made it with 20 countries here and you do not seem to be able to sort out a few fishing permits with the french? long—standing friends and very close allies. long-standing friends and very close allies. ,., ,, _, ., . allies. downing street contradicted its claim that _ allies. downing street contradicted its claim that both _ allies. downing street contradicted its claim that both countries - allies. downing street contradicted its claim that both countries had i its claim that both countries had sorted it out. from number ten, it's up sorted it out. from number ten, it's up to france to start its threats to disrupt trade across the channel. the view from his presidential palaces that both countries had agreed to take mysterious sounding measures to resolve the spat. the irritation on both sides of the channel shows no signs of fading. for borisjohnson, a rumbling row with an important ally like france is not exactly helpful. a far grander aim, is not exactly helpful. a far granderaim, especially is not exactly helpful. a far grander aim, especially not the counterparts right around the world that slowing down the changes to the climate is a non—negotiable whose time has come. it's not easy. some countries do not want to move as fast, the russians questioning absorbing as much carbon as they emit. why do you believe 2050 is some magic figure? i emit. why do you believe 2050 is some magic figure?— emit. why do you believe 2050 is some magic figure? i want an answer because you — some magic figure? i want an answer because you asked _ some magic figure? i want an answer because you asked me _ some magic figure? i want an answer because you asked me the _ some magic figure? i want an answer because you asked me the question. | because you asked me the question. being convinced that 2050 is non—negotiable. the prime minister has we backing and for the out of the throne, it has been a moment along any waking.— the throne, it has been a moment along any waking. after very nearly 50 ears along any waking. after very nearly 50 years of — along any waking. after very nearly 50 years of trying _ along any waking. after very nearly 50 years of trying to _ along any waking. after very nearly 50 years of trying to raise - 50 years of trying to raise awareness of the growing climate environmental crisis, i am at last sensing _ environmental crisis, i am at last sensing a — environmental crisis, i am at last sensing a change in attitudes. cop26 begins _ sensing a change in attitudes. cop26 begins in _ sensing a change in attitudes. cop26 begins in glasgow tomorrow, quite literally— begins in glasgow tomorrow, quite literally it — begins in glasgow tomorrow, quite literally it is the last chance saloon _ literally it is the last chance saloon. �* ., . literally it is the last chance saloon. �* , ., ., . ., ., saloon. at the diplomatic caravan routes from _ saloon. at the diplomatic caravan routes from rome's _ saloon. at the diplomatic caravan routes from rome's street - saloon. at the diplomatic caravan routes from rome's street to - routes from rome's street to scottish roots, borisjohnson still has a lot of arm twisting to do. hope may spring eternal, reality does not. last chance saloon, says prince charles. this is the saloon. let me briefly set the scene for you here. this is the intent behind me here. this is the intent behind me here where the leaders will gather tomorrow for the prime minister was my opening statement and he plays really a key role at the beginning of this week because he is the chair of this week because he is the chair of the leader's meeting which takes up of the leader's meeting which takes up the first two days on the stronger the statement that comes out of that meeting, the more likely it is that we get something meaningful at the end of the two weeks, the first meeting very much will set the mandate for all the negotiations that follow over the course of the two week and here is the scale of what they have to do. currently, our global emissions are forecast to grow 16% by 2030 and yet they must be reduced by 45% to keep they must be reduced by 45% to keep the global average temperature rise to that target of 1.5 c. beyond that, every .1 that the temperature rises, the problem gets exponentially worse. in his opening statement this afternoon, the president of the cop said this is our last best hope. a gloomy start to proceedings in glasgow. but there are high hopes for a sunnier outcome. in a socially distance conference centre, a reminder we are still in a time of covid as the beginning of the last chance to save the planet is taken by alok sharma. we know our planet is changing for the worse and we can only address that together through this international system. the world meteorological organisation warned today that these extremes are the new normal. but today that these extremes are the new normal-— new normal. but it is developing countries that _ new normal. but it is developing countries that are _ new normal. but it is developing countries that are suffering - new normal. but it is developing countries that are suffering the i countries that are suffering the most and they say the owner should yon richer nations.— yon richer nations. malawi, like many countries _ yon richer nations. malawi, like many countries that _ yon richer nations. malawi, like many countries that are - yon richer nations. malawi, like - many countries that are developing, have been— many countries that are developing, have been at the receiving end of climate _ have been at the receiving end of climate change issues pretty much brought _ climate change issues pretty much brought by those developed nations who continue to emit so much carbon. central— who continue to emit so much carbon. central to— who continue to emit so much carbon. central to these talks is a vital number. 1.5 c. if temperatures go above this, we move into dangerous territory. it is already 1.1 above industrial levels and we are seeing the impact of that right now. even if every country does what it is promising, we are on course for 2.7 by the end of the century. activists are demanding more action now led by greta thunberg, mobbed as she arrived in glasgow. if greta thunberg, mobbed as she arrived in glasgow.— arrived in glasgow. if we cannot kee it arrived in glasgow. if we cannot keep it to _ arrived in glasgow. if we cannot keep it to below _ arrived in glasgow. if we cannot keep it to below1.5, _ arrived in glasgow. if we cannot keep it to below 1.5, then - arrived in glasgow. if we cannot keep it to below 1.5, then we i arrived in glasgow. if we cannoti keep it to below 1.5, then we do 1.6, then 1.7, keep it to below 1.5, then we do 1.6, then1.7, and keep it to below 1.5, then we do 1.6, then 1.7, and so on. we can always prevent things from getting worse. it's never too late to do as much as we can. but worse. it's never too late to do as much as we can-— much as we can. but after three decades of— much as we can. but after three decades of talks, _ much as we can. but after three decades of talks, there - much as we can. but after three decades of talks, there were i decades of talks, there were questions about how much can be achieved here. the fate of the planet is in their hands. cop26 has officially begun. now, one of the key figures at cop26 is nigel topping, one of the un's high—level champions for climate action. he corrals businesses, investors, cities, regions across the world and what he does, really, is he is the link between the leadership and the world's real economy. you're the man that brings it all together, is that a fairly good description? i tn; that brings it all together, is that a fairly good description?- a fairly good description? i try to 0k, we will _ a fairly good description? i try to 0k, we will talk— a fairly good description? i try to 0k, we will talk about _ a fairly good description? i try to 0k, we will talk about that - a fairly good description? i try to 0k, we will talk about that over| a fairly good description? i try to i 0k, we will talk about that over the course of the next few minutes but i want to talk about your lapel because you're wearing the 1.5 target on your lapel there. we are all picking through the language of what we've just had from rome, trying to work out the answers. what it means. what do you think it means? �* ., ,., it means. what do you think it means? �* ., , ., means? i'm also picking through the lanaruae means? i'm also picking through the language but — means? i'm also picking through the language but having _ means? i'm also picking through the language but having a _ means? i'm also picking through the language but having a quick- means? i'm also picking through the language but having a quick read, i l language but having a quick read, i think we've got 20 of the biggest economies in the world with 80%, committing to 1.5, economies in the world with 80%, committing to 1.5 , that is huge. that would have been unthinkable in paris. there are also talking specifically about the need to accelerate action in the next five years, this decade. that is important because agreeing a long—term target, whether you're a ceo, president or anything, long—term target, whether you're a ceo, president oranything, it long—term target, whether you're a ceo, president or anything, it is one thing but committing to the action in the next few years is what really matters. we have to bend the curve really fast. i5 really matters. we have to bend the curve really fast.— curve really fast. is boris johnson 'ust said, curve really fast. is boris johnson just said. 12 _ curve really fast. is boris johnson just said. 12 of— curve really fast. is boris johnson just said, 12 of the _ curve really fast. is boris johnson just said, 12 of the 20 _ curve really fast. is boris johnson just said, 12 of the 20 g - curve really fast. is boris johnson just said, 12 of the 20 g 20 - curve really fast. is boris johnson i just said, 12 of the 20 g 20 leaders are not yet signed up to net zero. what hope is there of getting an agreement among 200 people as laura is saying if you cannot get it among 20? , ., is saying if you cannot get it among 20? y ., ., y , , , 20? they have not yet submitted ndc is in line with — 20? they have not yet submitted ndc is in line with that _ 20? they have not yet submitted ndc is in line with that so _ 20? they have not yet submitted ndc is in line with that so hopefully - 20? they have not yet submitted ndc is in line with that so hopefully we i is in line with that so hopefully we will have a few surprises tomorrow, hopefully the 12 will go up to 15 or 16 but i think it's also worth remembering that those from the top of the... , to give you an example, when it was said that china would go to net zero before 2060, within a few weeks, one of the biggest steel companies had committed to it and the only things that matter art national plans. it is also the way that they start to drive a response in the private sector. share that they start to drive a response in the private sector.— in the private sector. are my right and what i — in the private sector. are my right and what i say _ in the private sector. are my right and what i say about _ in the private sector. are my right and what i say about boris - in the private sector. are my right| and what i say about boris johnson and what i say about borisjohnson wasn't role you're in next few days? is that paramount to setting your path of the next few weeks? we will have over 100 _ path of the next few weeks? we will have over 100 heads _ path of the next few weeks? we will have over 100 heads of— path of the next few weeks? we will have over 100 heads of government| have over 100 heads of government here and borisjohnson welcoming the mill and convening them, and they will all have a say and that will set a tone to then the negotiators and the ministers... making progress on a very important negotiating... it will also send a message to the private sector about how serious the role leaders are at tackling climate change. role leaders are at tackling climate chance. , u. role leaders are at tackling climate chance. , , change. they call you the stubborn o timist. change. they call you the stubborn optimist- every _ change. they call you the stubborn optimist. every report _ change. they call you the stubborn optimist. every report that - change. they call you the stubborn optimist. every report that i - change. they call you the stubborn optimist. every report that i see in| optimist. every report that i see in the run—up to cop26 has been about the run—up to cop26 has been about the lack of progress we are making. why do you still retain the optimism. every fraction of a degree lower is less economic damage. we are an innovative species and we are finding the solutions and i look for evidence of things changing. we all know how the cost of renewable power has plummeted and is now cheaper than fossil power in almost every part of the world but we also know from history that industrial transformation takes a long time to happen. it is another example. that is unthinkable in paris and the beginning of exponential change in other sectors, green hydrogen, beginning of exponential change in othersectors, green hydrogen, green steel, green ammonia for shipping, even cement, 30% of the role's cement companies have alljoined the race 20 now. i wouldn't have believed that year ago and i am an optimist. it is a pattern and here we will see over $100,000,000,000,000 of private capital pension funds, banks, insurers, all committed. that is a game changer. they all have to figure out how to deploy your capital to change the transition. it is a game changer but some of the names, bank of america, city, berkeley is. they are still investing in fossil fuels, berkeley is. they are still investing in fossilfuels, they berkeley is. they are still investing in fossil fuels, they are still investing. 0f investing in fossil fuels, they are still investing. of the entire financial system is off track at the moment. the game changer as they are now all committed within the next few months to submit scrutiny, plans for how they will make that transition with a very specific focus on how they start to move away from funding first of all call and we've seen the first 50 odd already make commitments and they will then say how they will move away from financing of fossil fuels in line with the other agencies and the very clearly report that came out that says there is no room for new fossil fuel sources. yes, out that says there is no room for new fossilfuel sources. yes, we will rely on fossil fuels for some time to come but we do not need to keep exploring and finding new sources. ~ . keep exploring and finding new sources. . . ., keep exploring and finding new sources. . ~ keep exploring and finding new sources. ~ ., ., , �* ., keep exploring and finding new sources. . ~ ., ., sources. what about cash? a lot of it comes down _ sources. what about cash? a lot of it comes down to _ sources. what about cash? a lot of it comes down to cold, _ sources. what about cash? a lot of it comes down to cold, hard - sources. what about cash? a lot of it comes down to cold, hard cash. l it comes down to cold, hard cash. what do the developing countries need for adaptation and mitigation as well? 100,000,000,000, you're still not there. we set this target in... the previous figure to what joe biden are setting aside for climate change in america, 550,000,000,000. it is a pitiful amount. you might guess, if you compare it to the amount of money being mobilised through the covid recovery, it is pitiful. so the president of cop26, alok sharma, says it has been missed. the report has been published about how it is met is disappointing but it is honest. and it is showing a pathway to on average in this five year period beating that commitment. it might be quite optimistic that the target will be met next year and not 2023, i think it is a bit conservative and some of its assumptions about what we mobilise and i think we will see a big focus on lots of different ways of mobilising money from the public and the private sector so the 100,000,000 is a covenant of trust but it is for billion dollars per year that needs to be put into developing countries and those that will be coming from private sector so that 100,000,000,000 need to be met and negotiated but we need to talk about what really needs to happen in the real economy to finance the change. they are very technical these discussions. if i were to sue that was to split what is needed, it would be 1.5, getting a statement from everybody, it would be adaptation, putting more money into dealing and protecting our human systems from climate change and in terms of the changes that are needed, one of the things as they race to resilience, is about lives and livelihoods, and the committees that are most vulnerable are the coastal and river communities, the urban ports, we need to be talking a bit more granular. yes, it is money but how is the money deployed? just throwing money at the right and having to work with the people in those communities because the solutions are a bit different to some of the technical... resilience is much more of a local issue for top you have to work with local communities to spend on the right way. to communities to spend on the right wa . ., .., , communities to spend on the right wa , ., . ., , ., communities to spend on the right wa. , ., ., , way. to complete that thought, my final two headings _ way. to complete that thought, my final two headings would _ way. to complete that thought, my final two headings would be - way. to complete that thought, my i final two headings would be complete the... transparency, timescale, that sort of thing. the last one, which i just want a comment from your own, loss and damage. i know there is a process of work ongoing about loss and damage for developing nations. they are already suffering. but we do not even have that discussion at home. we do not talk to people here in the uk about loss and damage from climate change, how can we have a broader discussion with the rest of the world which sounds a limit like reparations when we don't even talk about it here? i reparations when we don't even talk about it here?— about it here? i think, i'm hopeful that and it's _ about it here? i think, i'm hopeful that and it's very _ about it here? i think, i'm hopeful that and it's very clear _ about it here? i think, i'm hopeful that and it's very clear that - about it here? i think, i'm hopeful that and it's very clear that alok . that and it's very clear that alok sharma has embraced the decision to make loss and damage more serious and i'm hopeful we will see progress on that here but any work i do of the government system, it's of course still relevant. i went to visit several islanders in the caribbean to specifically explore this unique vulnerability of small economies who can have 100% of the gdp as a loss from once of your weather event and we have to get the solutions that need money but also different technical solutions, for example, what is called a catastrophe because in a multilateral loan so that if you're hit with an extreme weather event, you get an immediate payment relief so if you have a mortgage and you know you will have a likelihood of a house being burnt down, it would be good if the mortgage provider said if you have your house burnt down, we will give you a couple of not having to pay your mortgage so you can recover otherwise have got the mortgage and need trying to fix the house so it means having to deal with economies of loss and damage, notjust more money but money better applied as well. i could talk to your night because of so much i want to ask you but i hope you'll come back and talk shows us in the future. there are things that i think will need explaining things that will develop and i know you will have your finger on the pulse so thank you very much for coming and talking to us at the beginning to give us a scene setting. thank you. at the glasgow summit, it is about doing much more to join the promises, as nigel says come into practice and we talk a lot about that 1.5 c target. what is it and why does it matter? here is a reality check correspondent chris morris. it was the last big international climate summit in paris in 2015 which produced the legally binding treaty with a clear goal, to a limit global warning for the global warming for the century to below 2 and possibly at 1.5 c, below preindustrial levels. when we talk about degrees of warning, it is the increase in the average temperature cost the all planet. it does not sound like a lot but some places have seen another increase, there is extreme weather events that are becoming more frequent. they are becoming alarmed by how trim some of them have been such as the soaring temperatures in north america's heat down injune and july, smashing previous records. the comparisons preindustrial levels is also important because nearly all man—made global warming is... important because nearly all man—made globalwarming is... down to coal, oil and gas that have power at the industrial age. renewable energy is under way but it is going to be really hard to meet that. many exports experts think it is too late to do that. the increase in global temperatures have now reached about 1.1 or 1.2 temperatures have now reached about 1.1or1.2 above temperatures have now reached about 1.1 or 1.2 above preindustrial levels. if current trends continue, it is likely we passed 1.5 sometime in the 20 �*30s. even after that pledge to cut carbon emissions even further. with catastrophic consequences. that is why there is now such a concerted push for action and the difference between 1.5 and 2 may not sound like much but the intergovernmental panel on climate change said 1.5 instead of 2 would mean among other things 10,000,000 fewer people losing their homes to rising sea levels and eventually preventing some low—lying island countries from disappearing altogether. it would limit the loss of coral reefs of the danger species and of arctic sea lives and with fewer people allowed the world. and there would be big changes to our climate but one of the big changes neededin climate but one of the big changes needed in glasgow is to keep the target firmly in. looking at reaching net as you break net zero emissions by the end of the century which means the rapid changes from the way societies and countries operate. and this is the decade when they will have to start happening. white yes, the effects of climate change are already clear for some nations more than others. bangladesh is among one of the most affected countries, one of the most vulnerable so our scientific editor has been taking a look at what it may need. in a village on the coast of bangladesh, people are using... the rising level goes more often. we saw the same village or struggling in the same way back in 2009. the people who have done the least to cause climate change suffering the most from it. the forecast of climate scientists if the sea rises even more, even by emitter, by the end of the... and even these millions of people are going to cope. with life so precarious, the community has long been desperate for international help. that's why this person wanted to share her story at the climate summit in copenhagen 12 years ago. she told me she was pleased to be there and believe that will lead us we do something. they did not. and now her life is tougher than ever. extreme weather are striking more often than there is very little assistance. we have no there is very little assistance. , have no idea what we can do. if people can help us, something can change. we don't have the money to move to other places. i have nothing i can give to my children. along with some stretches of coast, there are rows of sandbags to try to keep this yet. and a new school provide shelter during cyclones. more than a decade ago, developing countries were given a promise that by now, they would be getting 100,000,000,000 dollars a year in climate aid. ., ., climate aid. here we are at the glasaow climate aid. here we are at the glasgow summit _ climate aid. here we are at the glasgow summit and _ climate aid. here we are at the glasgow summit and that i climate aid. here we are at the i glasgow summit and that promise still has not been fulfilled. the 100,000,000 wasjust a promise still has not been fulfilled. the 100,000,000 was just a promise that is not being kept. it is the leaders that are not making the promise and therefore they have no credibility. backin therefore they have no credibility. back in bangladesh, this woman says she does not want our children and grandchildren to suffer more than she has. but they are facing a hotter and more hostile climate so there is real pressure for the talks in glasgow to get somewhere. yes, as we've been discussing, the rising temperatures, rising sea levels particularly concerning for... they are leading the small island state. they are seeking compensation. loss and damage. if they continue to renege on an agreed mitigation and finance obligations there will be, she says, a reckoning. he said they are brought on largely by the richer nations. they seem to be growing and so we speak up, for example, when we say fulfil your point. it is not a matter of charity. it is a matter of paying up. if you have been involved in bringing the earth home to what we call this stage. let's clean it up we call this stage. let's clean it up but you have to be responsible. the president of malawi speaking earlier to the bbc. as borisjohnson said this afternoon in... it will limit global warming in china, russia, the united states in different places on the planet. will reallyjust be coming here to cop26? president biden will but president putin and the prez another of china will not. one of them is reaching net zero. as explained. arguably the most important people coming to glasgow. china is the role's biggest emitter in carbon in absolute terms. this country is still very much in the debt of dealing with the aftermath of decades of burning coal to fuel this phenomenal economic growth. but at the same time, it is now at the forefront of developing and manufacturing renewables like solar. also in scotland which has more to do with the threat of covid, he has not left the country. instead, china has committed to reduce its carbon emissions by 2030 and possibly in the fall. it wants to be net zero on emissions by 2060 but the big, big questions around the scottish tales will be when specifically will china start to reduce its emissions? what will the actual number be in terms of the peak and then after that, how quickly will china start to reduce the amount of carbon it is pumping out from cities like this in the... india remains the third largest emitter and is yet to commit to a net zero deadline. 3�*0’s emitter and is yet to commit to a net zero deadline.— net zero deadline. 70% of the country's _ net zero deadline. 70% of the country's power _ net zero deadline. 70% of the country's power is _ net zero deadline. 70% of the country's power is generated | net zero deadline. 70% of the i country's power is generated at the core and new delhi is expected to reiterate its position that rich countries must see the poor and developing nations and also help them get easier access to clean alternative technologies, even as the summit gets under way, the worrying fact is india as they will�*s third most polluted country and delhi, where i am, is the most polluted capital city. ? make the world's most polluted country. ?— the world's most polluted country. vladimir putin will not attend due to concerns around coronavirus and a deputy minister will go to glasgow to take part in the meeting. now, in terms of climate change, russia is feeling the effect. for example, in siberia, they have been very serious —— there have been serious wildfires and record fires, and there is a concern about a release of methane as the permafrost melts then methane is now going up into the atmosphere. president biden has made fighting climate change a top priority. you wants to reposition the us as a world leader on the issue and already he has been reversing donald trump is back row on climate regulations and he has pledged a net zero emissions no later than 2050 and to do that, he has been pushing on ambitious agenda to switch to green energy. that includes around 500 dollars in incentives to encourage clean energy but because of political opposition, he was forced to drop a key provision which is penalising the polluters, so his plan has lost punch. it is mostly carrots that now are not sticking. it is the largest investment that any us government has ever made in terms of combating climate change and that is something that mister biden will be emphasising that by emphasising in glasgow. yeah, we should say we had updated figures from china over the last few days so they said the emissions will be by 2030 and then talking about getting to net zero x 2060, not by the middle of the century and, if that was part of the problem with the statement that we got