to maintain their grip on power. welcome to the programme. there has been a long day of discussions in rome where world leaders of the 620 summit have endorsed a landmark deal to tax the profits of multi—national companies by an agreed minimum of 15%. the leaders also discussed climate change, covid vaccines and concerns about iran's nuclear programme. our north american editor john sopel sent this report from rome. good to go. and with that thumbs up from the american president the biggest gathering of world leaders since covid arrived could get under way. and everyone is relearning social etiquette. to mask or not to mask. unmask. to shake hands or not. shake. and with everyone back in the same room, the host, the italian prime minister, made a tentative call to order. i think we can start. and after so long apart, he urged a renewed commitment to working together. multilateralism is the best answer to the problems we face today. in many ways, it's the only possible answer. from the pandemic to climate change, to fair and equitable taxation, going alone is simply not an option. the great set piece of these occasions is the family photo, but then something unexpected happened, the men in white coats arrived. no, not to take them away, but to underline the role that first responders have played since the pandemic took hold, and how to speed up vaccine distribution to the poorest nations. there is also mounting concern about iran's nuclear programme. the leaders of the us, france, germany, and britain released a joint statement expressing grave and growing concern. but borisjohnson�*s most immediate concern is next week's climate change conference in scotland. here, he is shaking hands, but also trying to twist arms. the draft communique that's been agreed talks about the urgent need to keep global warming to 1.5 celsius. but for all the words in this draft communique, and there are a lot of them, it's very short on detailed commitments or concrete measures to limit carbon emissions. borisjohnson is going to have his work cut out in glasgow next week. and the pressure is growing. in glasgow they were on the streets today demanding action, and in rome, too. the world is going to be watching. john sopel, bbc news, rome. let's get more detail on the pressure on iran to come back to the table and renegotiate the nuclear deal. earlier on i spoke to the iran security expert behnam ben taleblu from the foundation for the defence of democracies to discuss this pressure on iran to renegotiate the nuclear deal. i asked whether he thought iran was ready to sit down and discuss the agreement. the islamic republic has recently said that at the end of november would be joining nuclear talks, particularly with america's european partners in a bid to resurrect that 2015 nuclear deal known as thejcpoa, however their current ultra hard—line administration of ebrahim raisi in iran in the past few months has been rapidly escalating its nuclear programme, has been developing new nuclear facts on the ground, building on leverage it inherited from the outgoing rouhani government, and is likely now looking to trade those in for a win at the nuclear negotiating table. and given how urgent the west sees this problem and how much of a political desire it's had to try and cap this programme, i think the iranians will be set to try to extort the international community, as it did in 2013 and in 2015. what would a win represent for president raisi? you know, it's a pretty low bar for raisi, ultimately, the most important nuclear decision maker, and the most important foreign and security policy decision maker is raisi's boss, the country's actual commander—in—chief supreme leader ali khamenei. that title is meant to be taken rather literally inside the islamic republic. it's unclear if he is going to going green—light going directly back into that 2015 deal, but it could be trying to bring in more premature concessions before iran has to concede, or it could be going for a less for less agreement that would ultimately pave the way back for iran to, within a few years time, ramp up its nuclear programme, legally and sanction—free. you know, it's economics that is doing much of the heavy lifting in the short—term, but in the medium and long term, iran does not seem deterred. the jcpoa fell apart, really, when president trump pulled the us out of the agreement. can thejcpoa be replaced with something that is slightly more solid that is harder to get out of? you know, one of the issues with this dogged approach of trying to resurrect the jcpoa at all costs is that the iranian nuclear programme of 2021 is not at all the iranian nuclear programme of 2015. the same with the iran military capability with its proxies across middle east. the deal is actually continuing to expire. the next major deadline is in 2023, so there is increasingly diminishing utility to try to spend all of the western political and economic capital on a deal that is already fast expiring and, in my view, fatally flawed. if parties do get around the table, if they are able to come to some agreement, can the president raisi and his hardline administration be trusted to stick to agreed terms? what the ultra hardline administration of raisi is playing up is that they certainly don't trust america. and what they are trying to do is trying to force america to earn iran's trust, and they are doing this by trying to getting premature sanctions, get access to lines of credit, trying to call for some western guarantees. but at the heart of the matter, this regime does not trust america, so ultimately it is looking for more cash, more promises, and in exchange it wants to give up less than its predecessor, less than the rouhani government. for the uk and france, tensions overfishing rights borisjohnson has admitted there is turbulence in relations between london and paris. the french are threatening to block some british boats from their ports next week. here is our political editor laura kuenssberg. 0ld rivalries and fierce fights — rome's coliseum has hosted a few. but it's the uk and france this time both flexing their strength. france threatening to disrupt trade if their boats don't get more access to fish the channel. do you think that france is trying to punish the uk with this row over fishing permits? i think the things that unite france and the uk are far more important than things that divide us, laura, and i must say, we are a bit worried that france may be about to become in breach or is already in breach of trade and cooperation agreement that we struck. president macron is going around questioning your credibility, you have been summoning the french ambassador into the foreign office in london — what are you going to do about it? we are going to get on and do the things that matter to both of us and make sure that we work together on tackling the big issues that face the world. there is some turbulence in the relationship. if one of our partners decides to breach the trade and cooperation agreement that we struck, then obviously that is a matter that we will have to pursue. the prime minister may want to play nice with the french president and their other high—ranking friends, but if macron goes further, that power hug might not last. boris johnson's left tenant, david frost, wrote online that french rhetoric is problematic and warned uk could trigger legal action, a dispute settlement mechanism before too long. the fist bump isn't yet a dramatic punch—up over channel permits. borisjohnson has to use his joke — much biggerfish to fry — getting wealthy big countries, india, and especially china, to give up more cash can give up more carbon than they have promised so far. people are often very conceited about history and about our civilisation. we think that we can be on a remorseless forward march when actually, we can be actively conniving in our own decline and fall. and what we need to do is to ensure that at the cop summit next week, the world leaders come together... are you disappointed with what china has come forward so far? look, they've made progress on overseas financing of coal, that is a good thing. what china, i think, needs to do is find ways of making a more ambitious nationally determine contribution. but they are not going to do that, they have published what they have said they're going to do and it is not enough, is it? you must be disappointed. let's see where we get to. in september, you rated the chances of success in glasgow at six out of ten. what would you say this morning? i would say they are about the same. look at that. borisjohnson hopes he will make history, brokering an agreement to slow down the warming of the planet. it is the metaphor. either cop26 succeeds or the dark ages, that is what i'm saying. but he is trying to corral many dozens of countries. there is certainly no—one emperor that can rule supreme. laura kuenssberg, bbc news, rome. about 100 people reportedly killed in sudan. the interior ministry has denied shooting into crowds. the protests are over the ousted prime minister. let's speak to a senior expert for the greater horn of africa at the united states institute of peace. hejoins us at the united states institute of peace. he joins us live from washington. thank you for coming on the programme. the western nations, the african union are withholding funds from sudan. what impact will this have on military leaders? i think this is a very evolving situation in terms of pressure put on them. they have seen good science from the african union, united states, european nations, uk, norway. but there needs to be much more public and private pressure from the region. gulf states like the united emirates, saudi arabia as well as egypt. in some ways, the military assumed, i think, there was support from those states. so getting them involved behind the scenes to really prefer the military as critical after we have seen this amazing turnout today in khartoum and around sudan. itrailien khartoum and around sudan. when ou sa khartoum and around sudan. when you say more _ khartoum and around sudan. when you say more pressures _ khartoum and around sudan. when you say more pressures needed, what form it should take? there is a concern that withholding money doesn't affect the military, it affects real people on ground. that's correct. in that case of sadhana what was south sudan, there is truth to that but i think what needs to be told directly to the general of the military is that there are significant feelings of support that the military has, whether tacit or not. supporting the region, egypt, the uae, the saudis and potentially russia that they will be supported financially, diplomatically on the world stage. there needs to be language, publicly, that it isn't a valid assumption, that they overturned the constitutional order and it cannot stand. we have seen images of hundreds of thousands of people on the streets, many in khartoum. is the concern that will spread? i think that is, personally. today was sort of behind—the—scenes, not reported on — significant acts of violence against protesters, areas of fire outside of khartoum. there was a terrific video of protesters being dispersed with live fire in some areas. either protests were met with violence by the red sea. these places don't get a lot of international media attention. they sometimes look attention. they sometimes look at saddam itself, so i think there is real danger that we will continue to see that outside of khartoum. within khartoum, i think there are periods of calm, periods of not so calm, periods whether military forces crackdown. we're worried about that, i think, as if in the coming days and weeks this drags on, there is really a need for more important and precise looks at what it is like on the ground in sadhana. thank you for coming on the programme and sharing your insights. much appreciated. thank you. in haiti a coalition of gangs are holding fuel supplies hostage. the situation is threatening the fragile health system which was already under pressure from an unreliable atrocity supply and rising malnutrition after an earthquake in august. hospitals are virtually empty with most wards closed and patients and staff unable to get there without transport. courtney pembridge has this report. a grandmother and her newborn grandson arm of a handful of patients at this port—au—prince hospital. the baby's mother died during childbirth. the un says hundreds of thousands of women and children are at risk as the country's health system buckles under the pressures of fuel shortages. translation: �* , ., fuel shortages. translation: g , ., translation: just for the generator— translation: just for the generator on _ translation: just for the generator on at _ translation: just for the generator on at night - translation: just for the generator on at night or i translation: just for the i generator on at night or when there is surgery. we have stock radiography, sonography. there is no light in the maternity ward. this is a humanitarian crisis, and one that makes no sense at all. we're not in a state of war, there is no earthquake, no hurricane. wejust war, there is no earthquake, no hurricane. we just need the bare minimum — electricity. to foreign countries, help the haitian state but the government. haiti has been in political turmoil since the president was assassinated injuly. the prime minister is a suspect in the murder investigation but denies any involvement. 0ne murder investigation but denies any involvement. one month later, an earthquake struck, and getting aid and has been difficult because of gang violence and kidnappings. now, the country is facing a new crisis, its largest gang has blocked access to its main fuel terminal, demanding the prime minister's resignation. ariel henri has refused to step down but acknowledge the impact of fuel shortages. translation: _, y�* , translation: the country's hos - itals translation: the country's hospitals will _ translation: the country's hospitals will find _ translation: the country'sl hospitals will find themselves in great difficulties if they cannot find the fuel they need to have electricity so they can treat the sick. his to have electricity so they can treat the sick.— to have electricity so they can treat the sick. his message was cold comfort — treat the sick. his message was cold comfort for _ treat the sick. his message was cold comfort for haitians - cold comfort for haitians struggling to access healthcare. translation: i healthcare. translation: ., , ., translation: i am “ust a motorcycle fl translation: i am “ust a motorcycle driver, h translation: i am “ust a motorcycle driver, 1h translation: i amjust a motorcycle driver, i don'tl translation: | am just a - motorcycle driver, i don't know how to use a weapon. i don't drink, don't smoke, why does my kids need oxygen? it is because of the haitian government, the police, the criminals, this is a serious problem. haitians were due to go to the polls next week but that has been postponed after the prime minister dismissed the council that organises elections. no new date has been said, and critics say the fuel crisis has shown who is really in charge. courtney pembridge, bbc news. all the main headlines: western powers meeting at the g20 summit in rome discuss more vaccines to pork countries and talking about iran returning to the 2050 nuclear deal. we look now at the outstanding issues to be discussed in rome. what will we focus on? the climate issue and vaccine issues and the fact that the richer countries are falling short in the commitments to provide 100 million dollars per year to poorer countries to fight climate change and transition to a greener economy. plenty to talk about for the second day of talks and plenty to talk about with an expert on the g20. we are joined by professorjohn curtin from here university of toronto, very nice to see you. professor curtin, the draft of the communique, the draft looks very weak on the climate issue, they are waiting perhaps to see what will happen in the glasgow talks after this. what sort of stage are we at do you think of a 620? stage are we at do you think of a g20? are we at this stage we would expect by now would you expect things to have gone further? i expect things to have gone further? ., ., , . further? i would have expected much more- — further? i would have expected much more. this _ further? i would have expected much more. this is _ further? i would have expected much more. this is trench - much more. this is trench warfare of the worst kind where people who are not elected, not the personal representatives of the personal representatives of the leaders are defending fixed positions without any flexibility at all. they are still in it arguing about whether or not the world cannot warm two degrees above preindustrial levels, that may have been 0k six years ago at paris but the signs now says no more than 1.5 degrees, we can't afford anything else. so, we have a long way to go. some key absences at _ have a long way to go. some key absences at the _ have a long way to go. some key absences at the 620, _ have a long way to go. some key absences at the 620, the - absences at the g20, the leaders of russia, china, mexico and japan are not here in person, mainly due to covid. how damaging is that to a g20 summit, in your opinion? it is cost because _ summit, in your opinion? it is cost because at _ summit, in your opinion? it is cost because at the _ summit, in your opinion? it is cost because at the end - summit, in youropinion? it 3 cost because at the end of the day you need the world leaders to look each other in the eye and take the decisions only they can do otherwise nothing or solve it. and we've had 1.5 years of virtual thumb injury of president xijinping years of virtual thumb injury of president xi jinping and we know the earth day suburb when joe biden and president xi jinping did more than any put on the table than he did and when he beams in from beijing, he can also put more on. at when he beams in from bei'ing, he can also put more omh he can also put more on. at the first time _ he can also put more on. at the first time the _ he can also put more on. at the first time the 620 _ he can also put more on. at the first time the 620 summit - he can also put more on. at the first time the 620 summit hadl first time the g20 summit had preceded a more important conference and is an unusual things go to the wire before going to glasgow? what sort of form has there been for the g20 on this? form has there been for the 620 on this? ., , ., on this? that is the real danger _ on this? that is the real danger because - on this? that is the real danger because the - on this? that is the real danger because the last on this? that is the real- danger because the last time we had a g20 summitjust before a un summit, that was the paris agreement in 2015, the g20 said we are very busy with terrorism and migration, so we will let 195 countries of the un do all the big deals. that does not work. it is these g20 leaders that have caused over 80% of the climate problem and control 80% of the solution if they cannot get their act here tomorrow, i think there is little hope that glasgow will succeed. ., , ,., little hope that glasgow will succeed. ., , ., ~ , ., succeed. professor, thank you so much for — succeed. professor, thank you so much for your _ succeed. professor, thank you so much for your insight - succeed. professor, thank you so much for your insight and l so much for your insight and expertise on the g20. professor curtin speaking about the glasgow summit beginning on monday and the g20 leaders will go from here to glasgow to attend the conference and arriving in glasgow today was a swedish environmental activist greta thunberg who arrived and was promptly mobbed by journalists and supporters before the glasgow summit gets under way. a warning from the un climate reported earlier, just a few weeks ago, saying on the current trajectory, carbon emissions could increase by 16% by the year 2030 compared to 2010, leading to a global temperature rise of 2.7 degrees, way ahead of the 1.5 degrees, way ahead of the 1.5 degrees that glasgow is trying to achieve. so, lots to talk about for the second day of the 620 about for the second day of the g20 summit on sunday and the glasgow summit ahead. people injapan are voting in parliamentary elections, weeks afterjapanese prime minister fumio kishida took office, his liberal democratic party is hoping to hold onto the majority. i had an expert speak to me earlier. she told me how voters are feeling as they head to polling. people are looking at this election with a bit of trepidation, they are hopeful that all of the covid restrictions have gradually been lifted so they are slightly hopeful about a post— pandemic livestyle coming back to them slowly but surely, but at the same time, there is a lot of stress and disappointment and frankly quite a great deal of aggrievance to the ruling coalition about about how the government, led by first prime minister shinzo abe and then prime minister suga, have handled the response to the pandemic. we have to see. this is one of the most unpredictable elections i have seen, that polling results have continue to change right up until the last minute. it will be very very interesting to see how unaffiliated voters will move. how big of a voting percentage will be and things like that. millions of people will be celebrating halloween but a new craze has taken hold. tim allman explains. anything look familiar in these pictures? a green tracksuit perhaps? 0r pictures? a green tracksuit perhaps? or maybe this snazzy pink number? it is 2021 and this year, halloween is all about ultraviolent south korean dystopian vision called squid game. no surprise seoul feels it has been invaded. translation: i it has been invaded. translation: ., . ,, translation: i watched squid game and came _ translation: i watched squid game and came here _ translation: i watched squid game and came here thanks i translation: i watched squid game and came here thanks to j translation: i watched squid . game and came here thanks to my boyfriend, the street are desolate because of coronavirus but they have cranked up in our. �* , ., , our. and it is not “ust south korea, our. and it is not “ust south kooo. this _ our. and it is not “ust south korea, this is _ our. and it is notjust south korea, this is hong - our. and it is notjust south korea, this is hong kong's. korea, this is hong kong's party district. people packed together in a way that would have seemed almost unimaginable yet any point in the last 18 months. translation: , ., ., translation: it is halloween aaain. i translation: it is halloween again- i am — translation: it is halloween again- i am so _ translation: it is halloween again. i am so happy! - translation: it is halloween again. i am so happy! it- translation: it is halloween again. i am so happy! it is- again. i am so happy! it is time to come out for a crazy party again! after part two panicking for so long, everyone can come out and have fun. in tel aviv, they don't seem to have seen this squid game memo, instead the traditional zombie wars take place, the young and old dressed up like the living dead. ., , ., ~ , , dead. the zombie walk is very important. — dead. the zombie walk is very important, especially - dead. the zombie walk is very important, especially in - important, especially in israel. _ important, especially in israel, especially when we're doing — israel, especially when we're doing those on a daily basis. and — doing those on a daily basis. and in— doing those on a daily basis. and in germany, is very old school, blood, guts and not a green tracksuit insight. tim allman, bbc news. with all eyes on scotland over the next two yet weeks, the us ambassador and staff have taken the opportunity to learn more about some local culinary traditions. let's see what they have on. that is more than enough! i believe this is haggis. great stuff! you can reach me on twitter, i am rich preston and you can keep track of the cop26 summit on the bbc website and the bbc news app. thank you for watching. see you next time. good morning. saturday started off very wet for some of us but the story quickly improved to some sunny spells in the afternoon and just some isolated showers and areas have seen some pretty miserable weather recently including the borders, well, it was better today with glimpses of sunshine around. similar story today. sunday will start off pretty wet across some areas with significant area of low pressure into the southern flank of that low we are likely to see gale—force winds and that may act as a friend in some respects. it will push the heavy early morning rain quickly northwards and it will tend to linger across the far north of scotland but an improvement as we go through the morning and into the afternoon with a frequent cluster of showers driven in along west facing coasts. gusts of winds inland close to 30mph, but those west facing coasts, possibly 50mph at times. in terms of the feel of the weather, 10—13 degrees in scotland and northern ireland, 13, 1a further south. moving out of sunday into start of monday and the start of a new month, the low pressure will drift off into scandinavia and the wind direction wall will swing north—westerly, a cooler source and that will dry the warmer yellow tones back to the continent, the cooler air mass pushing across the uk meaning temperatures in the first few days of november could bejust a little bit under par for this time of year. we start off monday on a chilly note first thing when we have a clear skies and a frequent rash of showers driven along by the brisk north—westerly wind, some showers pushed further south as we go through the afternoon. temperatures just 8—10 degrees into the north and may be a maximum of 12 or 13 further south. the middle part of the week, that north—westerly flow is likely to stay with us and we see the ridge of high pressure trying to build in from the atlantic, and it is likely to kill off some of the showers but it does mean that we are going to stay on the cool side for this time of year. it also means we could see more in the way of overnight frost and we have not seen much significant frost so far this season but it means that overall things will stay dry and quieter but on the cool side as we go through the week ahead. take care. shown who is really in charge. courtney pembridge, bbc news. following concerns multinationals are rerouting profits through low tax jurisdictions. measures proposed are due to come into effect in 2023. the prime minister boris johnson has acknowledged there is what he called turbulence in relations between london and paris. his comments follow a dispute overfishing rights. france says dozens of vessels have been denied licenses they are entitled to, and has threatened to introduce targeted measures against britain in response. and the sudanese security forces have fired live rounds and tear gas at large crowds of pro—democracy protesters in the capital, khartoum, and elsewhere. three people were killed. an activist told the bbc that about 100 people have been injured, 17 by gunfire.