Now on bbc news, three engineers leading The Field in Clean Energy solutions come together for a special event presented by Kevin Fong at the Victoria And Albert museum, london. Hello, im Kevin Fong, and welcome to the engineers mClean Energy. We are here at the Victoria And Albert museum In London with a socially distance to public audience, and a virtual audience from around the globe, and three of the worlds leading engineers. Now, the Climate Catastrophe threatens All Of Us, but these engineers are at the forefront of providing our world with real solutions. Applause. Please welcome henry snape, Professor Of Physics at oxford, and three of his engineering of low cost photovoltaics, he discovered a thin film of photocells. It could be a hugely distant significant discovery, as henry hopes it will eventually double the efficiency of Solar Power and halve the cost. Daniel murphy old Danielle Mirfield is an electrical engineer he was chief Technology And Vice president of ge renewables. To implement is the biggest creator of Wind Turbines worldwide, and she had a team currently have over 40,000 Wind Turbines out in The Field. She is joining us by Video Link from north carolina, usa. Christian Eichmann Home field is here from norway after braving ten days of quarantine on arrival in the uk. Christian is at the forefront of efforts to develop battery powered ships and as Project Director of Fuel Cells at corvus energy. Wind, solar batteries, ships. Please welcome our panel. Applause. So, we are going to start with talking about where we are now, and i wanted to start with you, danielle. Before we get started on the solutions, can we outline the challenge here . The international governmental panel on Climate Change has said that in order to avoid the worst ravages of the heating associated with Climate Change we need renewable resources like solar and wind to provide 85 of global electricity by 2050. But where are we now . What is the scale of the challenge that faces us . Danielle, tell me a bit about how close we are 85 target . 85 target . Well, the good news is that wind and 85 target . Well, the good news is that wind and solar 85 target . Well, the good news is that wind and Solar Power 85 target . Well, the good news is that wind and Solar Power have that wind and Solar Power have doubled in the last five years due to their plummeting costs. Now, Nearlyi Cent to their plummeting costs. Now, nearly i cent of the Worlds Electricity comes from wind and solar together. Electricity comes from wind and solartogether. If electricity comes from wind and solar together. If i think about it from the wind prospect, at roughly 8 , we have to get 40 plus, 40 50 . That is a huge leap from where we are today, to meet our net zero goals by 2050. 50 are today, to meet our net zero goals by 2050 are today, to meet our net zero goals by 2050. So lots of work yet to do. Let goals by 2050. So lots of work yet to do let me goals by 2050. So lots of work yet to do. Let me turn goals by 2050. So lots of work yet to do. Let me turn to goals by 2050. So lots of work yet to do. Let me turn to henry. Goals by 2050. So lots of work yet to do. Let me turn to henry. Lets| to do. Let me turn to henry. Lets talk a bit about solar. Solar panels use silicon. Can you explain how the technology works, and what its limitations are in helping us reach the Goal But Danielle just outlined . So, silicon is a semiconductor. That is the so, silicon is a semiconductor. That is the material used to absorb sunlight is the material used to absorb sunlight and generate electricity and a sunlight and generate electricity and a solar cell. It works by absorbing sunlight, particles of sunlight, absorbing sunlight, particles of sunlight, which we call photons. They sunlight, which we call photons. They carry sunlight, which we call photons. They carry energy. They are absorbed in the they carry energy. They are absorbed in the silicon. They carry energy. They are absorbed in the silicon, and what they do is, they give in the silicon, and what they do is, they give electrons in and extra kinetic they give electrons in and extra kinetic energy, the energy from the photons kinetic energy, the energy from the photons transferring to the electrons, and those electrons, would electrons, and those electrons, would that energy, can move around, and they would that energy, can move around, and they are would that energy, can move around, and they are freed from the lattice was about and they are freed from the lattice was about freed from being bound and localised was about freed from being bound and localised. That is the current, innocence localised. That is the current, innocence. Those moving electrons. If innocence. Those moving electrons. If we innocence. Those moving electrons. If we contact innocence. Those moving electrons. If we contact the silicon on either side we if we contact the silicon on either side we can if we contact the silicon on either side we can extract in an external Circuit Side we can extract in an external Circuit And Side we can extract in an external circuit and generate current and Voltage Circuit and generate current and voltage from the material. Now, in Terms Voltage from the material. Now, in terms of voltage from the material. Now, in terms of the limitations, if we look at the terms of the limitations, if we look at the optimum efficiency, a single solar at the optimum efficiency, a single Solar Absorbent Material could be, like silicon. Solar absorbent material could be, like silicon, they top out at about 25 ~ like silicon, they top out at about 25 ~ that like silicon, they top out at about 25 . That is really the practical lirnit 25 . That is really the practical limit for 25 . That is really the practical limit for an 25 . That is really the practical limit for an actual Solar Panel todays limit for an actual Solar Panel Todays Silicon technology. 30, limit for an actual Solar Panel Todays Silicon technology. So, i am heafina Todays Silicon technology. So, i am hearing six. Todays silicon technology. So, i am hearing six, seven, Todays Silicon technology. So, i am hearing six, seven, 8 Todays Silicon technology. So, i am hearing six, seven, 8 from hearing six, seven, 8 from danielle. I am hearing six, seven, 8 from danielle. Iam Hearing Hearing six, seven, 8 from danielle. I am hearing 20 from you. Were not quite at that 85 . And all of this energy that we generate is, it needs storing, doesnt it . So, christian, i know that you are a man of the fjords and boats and ships have been a constant thread throughout your life, even before you became a marine engineer. 90 of the Worlds Trade travels by sea. As well as 3 of the Worlds Greenhouse gases, it is estimated nearly half A Million people die prematurely every year from the million people die prematurely every yearfrom the air million people die prematurely every year from the Air Pollution created by ships. Your company created the worlds first fully electric ship, a battery operated ferry which has travelled the equivalent of eight times around the equator since it was launched in 2015. But what are the challenges in scaling up to ships that actually circumnavigate the globe . Ships that actually circumnavigate the lobe . , ~ , ships that actually circumnavigate the lobe . ,. , the globe . One of the key challenges here is being the globe . One of the key challenges here is being able the globe . One of the key challenges here is being able to the globe . One of the key challenges here is being able to fit the globe . One of the key challenges here is being able to fit that here is being able to fit that amount here is being able to fit that amount of here is being able to fit that amount of energy here is being able to fit that amount of energy or here is being able to fit that L Amount of energy or batteries here is being able to fit that amount of energy or batteries that you need amount of energy or batteries that you need inside amount of energy or batteries that you need inside a amount of energy or batteries that you need inside a vessel. Amount of energy or batteries that you need inside a vessel. What amount of energy or batteries that you need inside a vessel. What wej you need inside a vessel. What we have you need inside a vessel. What we have done you need inside a vessel. What we have done now. You need inside a vessel. What we have done now, we you need inside a vessel. What we have done now, we started you need inside a vessel. What we have done now, we started with l you need inside a vessel. What we. Have done now, we started with the smaller have done now, we started with the smaller vessels, have done now, we started with the smallervessels, or have done now, we started with the smaller vessels, or the have done now, we started with the smaller vessels, or the vessels have done now, we started with the smaller vessels, or the vessels that io smaller vessels, or the vessels that go back smaller vessels, or the vessels that go back and smaller vessels, or the vessels that go back and forth smaller vessels, or the vessels that go back and forth a smaller vessels, or the vessels that go back and forth a lot, smaller vessels, or the vessels that go back and forth a lot, such smaller vessels, or the vessels that go back and forth a lot, such as smaller vessels, or the vessels that go back and forth a lot, such as the| go back and forth a lot, such as the ferry. Go back and forth a lot, such as the ferry. That go back and forth a lot, such as the ferry. That ferry go back and forth a lot, such as the ferry, that Ferry In go back and forth a lot, such as the ferry, that Ferry In itself go back and forth a lot, such as the ferry, that Ferry In itself has go back and forth a lot, such as the ferry, that Ferry In itself has the ferry, that Ferry In itself has the same ferry, that Ferry In itself has the same amount ferry, that Ferry In itself has the same amount of ferry, that Ferry In itself has the same amount of battery ferry, that Ferry In itself has the same amount of battery is ferry, that Ferry In itself has the same amount of battery is 25. Ferry, that Ferry In itself has the same amount of battery is 25 teslas. And that same amount of battery is 25 teslas. And that is same amount of battery is 25 teslas. And that is not same amount of battery is 25 teslas. And that is not a same amount of battery is 25 teslas. And that is not a lot same amount of battery is 25 teslas. And that is not a lot of same amount of battery is 25 teslas. And that is not a lot of battery, and that is not a lot of battery, but it and that is not a lot of battery, but it is and that is not a lot of battery, but it is a and that is not a lot of battery, but it is a lot, and that is not a lot of battery, but it is a lot, it and that is not a lot of battery, but it is a lot, it is and that is not a lot of battery, but it is a lot, it is enough and that is not a lot of battery, but it is a lot, it is enough to l and that is not a lot of battery, | but it is a lot, it is enough to go back but it is a lot, it is enough to go back and but it is a lot, it is enough to go back and forth but it is a lot, it is enough to go back and forth across but it is a lot, it is enough to go back and forth across a but it is a lot, it is enough to go back and forth across a fjord but it is a lot, it is enough to go back and forth across a fjord in. Back and forth across a fjord in Charge Back and forth across a fjord in charge every back and forth across a fjord in charge every time back and forth across a fjord in charge every time you back and forth across a fjord in charge every time you go back and forth across a fjord in charge every time you go back| back and forth across a fjord in charge every time you go back and forth charge every time you go back and forth this charge every time you go back and forth this is charge every time you go back and forth. This is fairly charge every time you go back and forth. This is fairly unique charge every time you go back and forth. This is fairly unique to forth. This is fairly unique to ferries, forth. This is fairly unique to ferries, going forth. This is fairly unique to ferries, going back forth. This is fairly unique to ferries, going back and forth. This is fairly unique toi ferries, going back and forth, forth. This is fairly unique to ferries, going back and forth, and a lot of ferries, going back and forth, and a lot of larger ferries, going back and forth, and a lot of larger ships ferries, going back and forth, and a lot of larger ships are ferries, going back and forth, and a lot of larger ships are travelling lot of larger ships are travelling longer lot of larger ships are travelling longer distances. Lot of larger ships are travelling longer distances. So lot of larger ships are travelling longer distances. So you lot of larger ships are travelling longer distances. So you need i lot of larger ships are travelling i longer distances. So you need to scale longer distances. So you need to scale up longer distances. So you need to scale up the longer distances. So you need to scale up the battery, longer distances. So you need to scale up the battery, becoming i longer distances. So you need to scale up the battery, becoming more powered scale up the battery, becoming more powered Dance Scale up the battery, becoming more powered Dance Inside scale up the battery, becoming more powered Dance Inside a scale up the battery, becoming more powered Dance Inside a vessel, scale up the battery, becoming more powered Dance Inside a vessel, and i powered Dance Inside a vessel, and then you powered Dance Inside a vessel, and then you also powered Dance Inside a vessel, and then you also need powered Dance Inside a vessel, and then you also need to powered Dance Inside a vessel, and then you also need to look powered Dance Inside a vessel, and then you also need to look at powered Dance Inside a vessel, and then you also need to look at other| then you also need to look at other energy then you also need to look at other energy solutions, then you also need to look at other energy solutions, you then you also need to look at other energy solutions, you are then you also need to look at other energy solutions, you are looking l then you also need to look at otheri energy solutions, you are looking at Hydrogen Energy solutions, you are looking at hydrogen based energy solutions, you are looking at hydrogen based Fuel Energy solutions, you are looking at hydrogen based fuel coming energy solutions, you are looking at hydrogen based fuel coming off energy solutions, you are looking at hydrogen based fuel coming off the| hydrogen based fuel coming off the Energy Hydrogen based fuel coming off the energy from hydrogen based fuel coming off the energy from Wind Hydrogen based fuel coming off the energy from Wind Or Hydrogen based fuel coming off the energy from wind or solar, hydrogen based fuel coming off the energy from wind or solar, and hydrogen based fuel coming off the| energy from wind or solar, and then you employ energy from wind or solar, and then you employ both energy from wind or solar, and then you employ both the energy from wind or solar, and then you employ both the Batteries Energy from wind or solar, and then you employ both the batteries and i you employ both the batteries and the fuel you employ both the batteries and the fuel and you employ both the batteries and the Fuel And Fuel you employ both the batteries and the Fuel And Fuel cells you employ both the batteries and the Fuel And Fuel cells together. I the Fuel And Fuel cells together. Thank the Fuel And Fuel cells together. Thank you the Fuel And Fuel cells together. Thank you. Danielle, the Fuel And Fuel cells together. Thank you. Danielle, i the Fuel And Fuel cells together. Thank you. Danielle, i want the Fuel And Fuel cells together. Thank you. Danielle, i want to l the Fuel And Fuel cells together. Thank you. Danielle, i want to come back to you, to hear about your latest Prototype Winter than, the Heliad X, unveiled in 2019. It is a monster of a machine, this thing. And i want you to describe for me its and i want you to describe for me its scale and its efficiency, and how you get it to work. 50. Its scale and its efficiency, and how you get it to work. So, they hefiad how you get it to work. So, they Heliad X is how you get it to work. So, they Heliad X is the how you get it to work. So, they Heliad X is the worlds how you get it to work. So, they Heliad X is the worlds most Heliad X is the worlds most powerful instrument in operation today. It is offshore. It has a 14 megawatts capacity. And the rotor, so the distance from Blade Tip to Blade Tip, is 220 metres. So, each Blade Tip, is 220 metres. So, each blade is longer than the wingspan of the largest aircraft in the world. Each spin of one of those blades can power a typical household for more than two days. So, a typical Wind Farm can power about1 million households, and so this is incredibly important in terms of being able to move to more Wind Power, more efficient offshore wind, and with every one of these turbines but goes out you are saving about 50,000 Metric Tons of co2, which is like taking 11,000 vehicles off the road. , , like taking 11,000 vehicles off the road. , y,y road. That is pretty, pretty impressive. Road. That is pretty, pretty impressive. Henry, road. That is pretty, pretty impressive. Henry, look, l road. That is pretty, pretty impressive. Henry, look, i| road. That is pretty, pretty impressive. Henry, look, iwant to turn back to solar for a second. Props kite is the material you have been working on. Perovskite. What is it, and why is it such an improvement for the revolution of Sova Power . Improvement for the revolution of Sova Power . Perovskite is a crystal structure. One Sova Power . Perovskite is a crystal structure. One of Sova Power . Perovskite is a crystal structure. One of the Sova Power . Perovskite is a crystal structure. One of the unique Sova Power . Perovskite is a crystal. Structure. One of the unique aspects of them structure. One of the unique aspects of them is structure. One of the unique aspects of them is because they are composed of them is because they are composed of three of them is because they are composed of three different irons, we can actually of three different irons, we can actually change the composition of these actually change the composition of these islands and that changes the core properties and the electronic Properties Core properties and the electronic properties of this material. Ions properties of this material. Ions this properties of this material. Ions. This means instead of using a single ions. This means instead of using a single material to absorb the sunlight, we can actually turn the perovskite sunlight, we can actually turn the perovskite to absorb in different regions perovskite to absorb in different regions and stuck these materials on top of regions and stuck these materials on top of each regions and stuck these materials on top of each other. Now, the stacking of Solar Top of each other. Now, the stacking of Solar Cells on top of each other, we call of Solar Cells on top of each other, we call it of Solar Cells on top of each other, we call it a of Solar Cells on top of each other, we call it a Multi Junctions, and the simplest Multi Junction is a tandem the simplest Multi Junction is a tandem cell, two Solar Cells on top of each tandem cell, two Solar Cells on top of each other, and the perovskite, we continued that to match perfectly silicon we continued that to match perfectly silicon it we continued that to match perfectly silicon. It absorbs only the visible liht silicon. It absorbs only the visible light and silicon. It absorbs only the visible light and we left the silicon absorb all the light and we left the silicon absorb all the infrared. And light and we left the silicon absorb allthe infrared. And in doing light and we left the silicon absorb all the infrared. And in doing that we actually fundamentally improve the efficiencies. We made a perfect perovskite the efficiencies. We made a perfect perovskite on Silicon And Tandem cell, perovskite on Silicon And Tandem cell, that perovskite on Silicon And Tandem cell, that would top out at about 45 ~ cell, that would top out at about 45 ~ so cell, that would top out at about 45 . So we fundamentally lifted the ceiling 45 . So we fundamentally lifted the ceiling if 45 . So we fundamentally lifted the ceiling. If we went one step further, ceiling. If we went one step further, to anotherjunction, a triple further, to anotherjunction, a triple junction, three junctions, but would triple junction, three junctions, but would top out at about 50 . So what perovskite does is lift the ceiling what perovskite does is lift the ceiling for potential efficiency and ive ceiling for potential efficiency and give us ceiling for potential efficiency and give us A Ceiling for potential efficiency and give us a new path forward to go to higher give us a new path forward to go to higher and give us a new path forward to go to Higherand Higher give us a new path forward to go to higher and higher efficiency. 30 higher and higher efficiency. Sr substantial higher and higher efficiency. 5r substantial gains in efficiency here, how close is this to being a real technology . Here, how close is this to being a realtechnology . Is here, how close is this to being a real technology . Is this now, or is in The Future . In The Future . This is very near term. In The Future . This is very near term you in The Future . This is very near term. You cannot in The Future . This is very near term. You cannot go in The Future . This is very near term. You cannot go out in The Future . This is very near term. You cannot go out todayj in The Future . This is very near term. You cannot go out today and by perovskite term. You cannot go out today and by perovskite Solar Cells. But we are building perovskite Solar Cells. But we are building a perovskite Solar Cells. But we are building a Production Line at the moment, building a Production Line at the moment, we are talking about next year when moment, we are talking about next year when the first cells and Modules Year when the first cells and modules will be in production and will Start Modules will be in production and will start to be deployed in the world will start to be deployed in the world. So will start to be deployed in the world. , will start to be deployed in the world, ,. , will start to be deployed in the world. ,. ,. World. So this is all fantastic, this is state world. So this is all fantastic, this is state Technology World. So this is all fantastic, this is State Technology and l this is State Technology and engineering that is market ready or nearly market ready. Is the message i should get that you are going to gallop to my rescue when it comes to Climate Change . I can carry on my life as i always have, and everything is going to be fine, because the engineers are going to sort it all out . Is that what i should be taking away from this . That isnt what you should be taking away, but you should feel encouraged that they can be solutions. But away, but you should feel encouraged that they can be solutions. That they can be solutions. But we all need not that they can be solutions. But we all need not make that they can be solutions. But we all need not make it that they can be solutions. But we all need not make it as that they can be solutions. But we all need not make it as a all need not make it as a challenging road ahead. There is a lot of challenging road ahead. There is a lot of scale challenging road ahead. There is a lot of scale that needs to happen from lot of scale that needs to happen from the lot of scale that needs to happen from the industry, and we all need to embrace from the industry, and we all need to embrace it, and embrace this change to embrace it, and embrace this change. The technology is there, but if it doesnt change. The technology is there, but if it doesnt get employed and deployed it is not going to work. Thank deployed it is not going to work. Thank you deployed it is not going to work. Thank you. Christian . Deployed it is not going to work. Thank you. Christian . Accepting what is happening thank you. Christian . Accepting what is happening on thank you. Christian . Accepting what is happening on that thank you. Christian . Accepting what is happening on that side, thank you. Christian . Accepting what is happening on that side, as thank you. Christian . Accepting what is happening on that side, as Henry L is happening on that side, as henry mentions, is happening on that side, as henry mentions, is is happening on that side, as henry mentions, is crucial. Is happening on that side, as henry mentions, is crucial. And is happening on that side, as henry mentions, is crucial. And then is happening on that side, as henry mentions, is crucial. And then an. Mentions, is crucial. And then an aspect mentions, is crucial. And then an aspect that mentions, is crucial. And then an aspect that l mentions, is crucial. And then an aspect that i would mentions, is crucial. And then an aspect that i would emphasise i mentions, is crucial. And then an aspect that i would emphasise as well as aspect that i would emphasise as well as that aspect that i would emphasise as well as that we aspect that i would emphasise as well as that we have aspect that i would emphasise as well as that we have to aspect that i would emphasise as well as that we have to look aspect that i would emphasise as well as that we have to look at i aspect that i would emphasise as i well as that we have to look at ways wasting well as that we have to look at ways Wasting Energy well as that we have to look at ways Wasting Energy is well as that we have to look at ways Wasting Energy is unacceptable. I Wasting Energy is unacceptable. We Cant Wasting Energy is unacceptable. We cant waste Wasting Energy is unacceptable. We Cant Waste Energy Wasting Energy is unacceptable. We Cant Waste Energy in Wasting Energy is unacceptable. We Cant Waste Energy in any Wasting Energy is unacceptable. We Cant Waste Energy in any form | Wasting Energy is unacceptable. L we Cant Waste Energy in any form of action we Cant Waste Energy in any form of action so we Cant Waste Energy in any form of action so when we Cant Waste Energy in any form of action. So when the we Cant Waste Energy in any form of action. So when the energy we Cant Waste Energy in any form of action. So when the energy is we Cant Waste Energy in any form of action. So when the energy is going i action. So when the energy is going to he action. So when the energy is going to be challenging action. So when the energy is going to be challenging to action. So when the energy is going to be challenging to harvest, action. So when the energy is going to be challenging to harvest, as to be challenging to harvest, as largescale. To be challenging to harvest, as large scale, solving to be challenging to harvest, as large scale, solving parts to be challenging to harvest, as large scale, Solving Parts Of. Large scale, Solving Parts Of harvesting large scale, Solving Parts Of harvesting as large scale, Solving Parts Of harvesting as much large scale, Solving Parts Of harvesting as much energy. Large scale, Solving Parts Of. Harvesting as much energy as large scale, Solving Parts Of harvesting as much energy as we can in good harvesting as much energy as we can in good ways, harvesting as much energy as we can in good ways, we harvesting as much energy as we can in good ways, we have harvesting as much energy as we can in good ways, we have to harvesting as much energy as we can in good ways, we have to use harvesting as much energy as we can in good ways, we have to use that i in good ways, we have to use that energy in good ways, we have to use that energy as in good ways, we have to use that energy as efficiently in good ways, we have to use that energy as efficiently as in good ways, we have to use that energy as efficiently as possible. I energy as efficiently as possible. And before energy as efficiently as possible. And before we energy as efficiently as possible. And before we open energy as efficiently as possible. And before we open it energy as efficiently as possible. And before we open it up energy as efficiently as possible. And before we open it up to and before we open it up to questions, danielle, when it comes to the threat that Climate Change presents to us, who is going to do the heavy lifting . Is it going to be the heavy lifting . Is it going to be the engineering or is it going to be the engineering or is it going to be the individuals . I the engineering or is it going to be the individuals . The engineering or is it going to be the individuals . I think the biggest chances the individuals . I think the biggest changes will the individuals . I think the biggest changes will happen the individuals . I think the biggest changes will happen at the individuals . I think the biggest changes will happen at the the individuals . I think the biggest changes will happen at the Country J changes will happen at the country level. There is going to be a need for us, in terms of our public policy, to support these kinds of technologies upscale. It will certainly develop and deliver lower Cost Solutions that are good for the individual, but the biggest challenge ahead of us is not technology, it is public acceptance. It is support for improved permitting and collaboration to ensure that Migration Patterns for birds are known, and we dont side Wind Turbines in those areas or windfarms in that space. But they cannot just windfarms in that space. But they cannotjust be a wholesale rejection of this technology, because of the threat of something that would be negative. That collaboration is the real opportunity for us to work together. 50 real opportunity for us to work touether. ,. , real opportunity for us to work touether. , together. So it is a partnership. It is ou together. So it is a partnership. It is you delivering together. So it is a partnership. It is you delivering the together. So it is a partnership. It is you delivering the Technologies J is you delivering the technologies that future possible, and i set up in them and making the right choices to protect us from this growing threat. Thank you so much. We will move to questions. This is the engineers, Clean Energy. We have been discussing The Future of solar energy, Wind Power and electrical storage, and i am going to ask who would like to ask a question of any of our Clean Energy initiatives. Hello. I am ajay gambier, i work around hello. I am ajay gambier, i work around the hello. I am ajay gambier, i work around The Corner hello. I am ajay gambier, i work around The Corner to hello. I am ajay gambier, i work around The Corner to grantham l around The Corner to grantham Institute Around The Corner to grantham Institute For around The Corner to Grantham Institute For Climate around The Corner to grantham Institute For Climate Change. Around The Corner to granthaml Institute For Climate Change and around The Corner to grantham Institute For Climate Change and the Environment Institute for Climate Change and the environment at Institute For Climate Change and the environment at imperial Institute For Climate Change and the environment at imperial college. I. Environment at imperial college. I would environment at imperial college. I would like environment at imperial college. I would like to environment at imperial college. I would like to ask, environment at imperial college. I would like to ask, is environment at imperial college. I would like to ask, is it environment at imperial college. I would like to ask, is It A Environment at imperial college. I would like to ask, is it a Surprise L would like to ask, is it a surprise to any would like to ask, is it a surprise to any of would like to ask, is it a surprise to any of you would like to ask, is it a surprise to any of you that would like to ask, is it a surprise to any of you that we would like to ask, is it a surprise to any of you that we are would like to ask, is it a surprise to any of you that we are now. Would like to ask, is it a surprise to any of you that we are now in| to any of you that we are now in this world to any of you that we are now in this world where to any of you that we are now in this world where we to any of you that we are now in this world where we are to any of you that we are now in this world where we are seeingl to any of you that we are now in this world where we are seeing cost competitive this world where we are seeing cost competitive clean this world where we are seeing cost competitive Clean Energy this world where we are seeing cost competitive Clean Energy that this world where we are seeing cost competitive Clean Energy that can l competitive Clean Energy that can compete competitive Clean Energy that can compete with competitive Clean Energy that can compete with fossil competitive Clean Energy that can compete with fossil fuels, competitive Clean Energy that can compete with fossil fuels, or competitive Clean Energy that can compete with fossil fuels, or was| compete with fossil fuels, or was that, compete with fossil fuels, or was that, In Compete with fossil fuels, or was that, Inyour Compete with fossil fuels, or was that, in your mind, compete with fossil fuels, or was that, in your mind, an that, in your mind, an inevitability, that, in your mind, an inevitability, and that, in your mind, an inevitability, and if. That, in your mind, an| inevitability, and if so, that, in your mind, an inevitability, and if so, why . I that, in your mind, an inevitability, and if so, why . I am auoin to inevitability, and if so, why . I am going to offer inevitability, and if so, why . I am going to offer that inevitability, and if so, why . I am going to offer that to inevitability, and if so, why . Going to offer that to danielle. Danielle . ~ going to offer that to danielle. Danielle . ,. , going to offer that to danielle. Danielle . ~ ,. , ~ danielle . Thank you, yes. I think it was inevitable, danielle . Thank you, yes. I think it was inevitable, and danielle . Thank you, yes. I think it was inevitable, and one danielle . Thank you, yes. I think it was inevitable, and one of danielle . Thank you, yes. I think it was inevitable, and one of the was inevitable, and one of the reasons why most in this space would say that is that we can see these Learning Curves of Cost Reduction over time, Learning Curves of Cost Reduction overtime, over decades Learning Curves of Cost Reduction over time, over decades of time. In solar, in wind, in battery, in most technical arenas, where a certain doubling, for example, the volume of this Technology Being put out into the world, comes out with the Cost Reduction. So each curve will have a different rate of learning. Solar was a 24 learning curve rate, meaning that for every doubling of solar Power Volume out in the world, it would be 24 reduction in cost. And as you continue to see Volume Increase in these technologies, you will continue to see Cost Reduction. Thank you so much, danielle. We will now go to scotland, to alastair, who has a question about nuclear energy. Today we got representatives of wind and solar, which are often portrayed as the two examples of Clean Energy. But there are still huge challenges with the amount of storage required. Challenges which are not faced by existing nuclear power technology, something i would argue we really need to prioritise. I wonder if you think nuclear should form a key part of the clean Energy Mix, and should be a large part of the discussion today, and if not, how do we ensure that we invest in and choose the most effective technologies but by going to make the biggest difference to stopping Climate Change . I will live that to stopping Climate Change . I will give that one to stopping Climate Change . I will give that one over to stopping Climate Change . I will give that one over to to stopping Climate Change . I will give that one over to christian. Nuclear, it is a fair point, isnt it . We have talked about wind and solar and ways of storing, but nuclear is here. And it could do the job. Why arent we talking about . Well, the major worst Case Scenario is something that we always look at and Worst Case on a Solar Panel installation, lets they are very Worst Case, could be a House Burning Down Worst Case, could be a House Burning Down. Worst case on a windmill could be its down. Worst case on a windmill could be its tipping over and crashing something. Worst case. And im not saying. Something. Worst case. And im not saying. We something. Worst case. And im not saying, we engineera something. Worst case. And im not saying, we engineer a lot of good safety saying, we engineer a lot of good safety barriers, safety solutions, but Worst Case is still a massive nuclear but Worst Case is still a massive Nuclear Reaction. There are however being Nuclear Reaction. There are however being done Nuclear Reaction. There are however being done tremendous Effort And Work on being done tremendous Effort And Work on looking at nuclear options where work on looking at nuclear options where that work on looking at nuclear options where that is not the Worst Case. So the effort where that is not the Worst Case. So the effort being done there is going to bring the effort being done there is going to bring nuclear towards a more realistic to bring nuclear towards a more realistic part of a new Energy Mix but i realistic part of a new Energy Mix but i think realistic part of a new Energy Mix but i think we have seen so many of these but i think we have seen so many of these worst Case Scenarios happen that the these worst Case Scenarios happen that the public acceptance to it is going that the public acceptance to it is going to that the public acceptance to it is going to take a long time. You need a long going to take a long time. You need a long time going to take a long time. You need a long time to be fully sure that the worst Case Scenario is no longer a nuclear the worst Case Scenario is no longer a Nuclear Reaction that scales up in a Nuclear Reaction that scales up in a massive a Nuclear Reaction that scales up in a massive meltdown. A Nuclear Reaction that scales up in a massive meltdown. Thank you. And hen , i a massive meltdown. Thank you. And henry. I know a massive meltdown. Thank you. And henry. I know you a massive meltdown. Thank you. And henry, i know you used a massive meltdown. Thank you. And henry, i know you used to a massive meltdown. Thank you. And henry, i know you used to formally i henry, i know you used to formally well, you still identify as a physicist but recently you have seen the light and come over to engineering. What do you think about nuclear . Why did you go to solar Feeling Physics rather than nuclear physics . fin Feeling Physics rather than nuclear physics . Feeling physics rather than nuclear physics . Feeling physics rather than nuclear h sics . ,. ,. , nuclear physics . On a personal note, i nuclear physics . On a personal note, i considered nuclear physics . On a personal note, i considered working nuclear physics . On a personal note, i considered working infusion nuclear physics . On a personal note, i considered working infusion rather. I considered working infusion rather than solar at the outset that just seemed too much a long term challenge, still too far off really mainstream use, and it remains today. Nuclearfission works, works well. The big challenge is actually one of economics. It doesnt compete one of economics. It doesnt compete on cost. There has to be massive national projects. They firstly have to be done at scale, you cant do a small nuclear, they have to be large and there are big long term projects and there are big long term projects and they dont compete on cost. The cost on electricity from nuclear is the only technology that keeps going up the only technology that keeps going up so the plans are getting safer and saved but with that, the cost is actually increasing. So it will cost actually increasing. So it will cost a lot. Then you can ask the question even though it costs a lot, do you still need it . Another thing with nuclear is it produces constant power very well stopper doesnt do very well at offsetting peaks and troughs of solar and wind. My slightly biased opinion is we need to generate most of our power from solar and wind. Certainly hydro where it is in existence and then use production of hydrogen or fuels and prior gas fired turbines if we need them. They can fill the gap for winter power, for instance in the uk where we use the stored hydrogen, you use that as a power source. It is traditional Power Stations but using green power as the source. I will look for another question in The Room. , will look for another question in The Room will look for another question in The Room. ,. ,. ,. , The Room. Hi, i ust want to know about the The Room. Hi, ijust want to know about The Future The Room. Hi, ijust want to know about The Future regarding The Room. Hi, ijust want to know. About The Future regarding airborne Wind Turbines. What do you think in the near term there is a future for airborne because google is investing in airborne Wind Turbine systems after seeing one in germany. What is The Future of that technology . Irate The Future of that technology . We have had land, we have had to see and now were talking about air turbines. Im fascinated to hear the answer to this. Limit for those who havent heard about this concept of airborne based Wind Farms, they are essentially like kites or tethered aeroplanes that are released into the very high atmospheres essentially at a very high altitude. They move around in the sky and generate electricity through their emotion. Generally they are much more costly than traditional wind or solar. , solar. Then there is the challenge solar. Then there is the challenge of solar. Then there is the challenge of taking solar. Then there is the challenge of taking an solar. Then there is the challenge of taking an efficient power off that kite or aircraft. Do i think there will be a niche for this. Certainly i dont want to depress anyones ideas about going after new technologies, but it is very much a smaller opportunity in terms of new potential Cost Reductions and scale. Irate terms of new potential Cost Reductions and scale. ~. ,. , reductions and scale. We will now go to lndonesia. Reductions and scale. We will now go to indonesia, a reductions and scale. We will now go to indonesia, a question reductions and scale. We will now go to indonesia, a question about to indonesia, a question about geothermal energy. To indonesia, a question about geothermal energy. There are a lot of volcanoes geothermal energy. There are a lot of volcanoes here. Geothermal energy. There are a lot of volcanoes here. How geothermal energy. There are a lot of volcanoes here. How can geothermal energy. There are a lot of volcanoes here. How can you geothermal energy. There are a lot. Of volcanoes here. How can you take energy of volcanoes here. How can you take energy from of volcanoes here. How can you take energy from this, from the island of sumatra, energy from this, from the island of sumatra, and what is the risk of inject sumatra, and what is the risk of inject king sumatra, and what is the risk of inject King Water to get steam . Injecting inject King Water to get steam . Inectina. ,. ,. , injecting. Geothermal energy. Christian. Injecting. Geothermal energy. Christian, this injecting. Geothermal energy. Christian, this is injecting. Geothermal energy. Christian, this is really injecting. Geothermal energy. Christian, this is really the injecting. Geothermal energy. Christian, this is really the mother of all batteries in many ways. What is its potential and why really havent we spoken about it much today . It havent we spoken about it much toda . ,. , today . It definitely has geographical today . It definitely has geographical potential. Today . It definitely has geographical potential. The locations where it exists and is easy to enter into and harvest so for Instance Iceland is a great example of geothermal power. They are very close to that and as you say, in indonesia, there is a few different geographical places that are well suited and those will employ that geothermal power but it will be a challenge to get it up to scale where that power also is transmitted to all other places in the world. So having Solar Panels, Wind Power located more spread Around The World compared to what you have with geothermal power. I think we will see more and more geothermal power on the various locations where it is possible to have it. The risk is, as you mentioned, it is a challenge, and engineering challenge, to handle that amount of Heat And Energy but it is still fairly soluble. So i think we will see more and more of them. The scale is really hard. It is hard to scale that up to cover huge amount of the Worlds Energy needs. You will cover percentages but you wont cover 100 . The world is a big battery but it is hard to Harvest It. I is a big battery but it is hard to Harvest It is a big battery but it is hard to Harvest It. ,. ,. , Harvest It. I will come back to The Room here Harvest It. I will come back to The Room here at Harvest It. I will come back to The Room here at the Harvest It. I will come back to The Room here at the Museum Harvest it. I will come back to The Room here at the museum and i Harvest It. I will come back to the | room here at the museum and see Harvest It. I will come back to the I Room here at the museum and see if there is any other questions. One to there is any other questions. One to the right there. Thank you very much. ,. The right there. Thank you very much. �. ,. , the right there. Thank you very much. ,. ,. ,. ,. , much. Jane sutton from the Royal Academy of much. Jane sutton from the Royal Academy of engineering. Much. Jane sutton from the Royal Academy of engineering. Just much. Jane sutton from the Royal Academy of engineering. Just on. Much. Jane sutton from the Royal Academy of engineering. Just on your point about academy of engineering. Just on your point about balancing command. There was a point about balancing command. There was a Lot Point about balancing command. There was a lot of point about balancing command. There was a lot of chat about a european super was a lot of chat about a european Super Grid was a lot of chat about a european Super Grid to share renewable electricity and we have even had a presentation from somebody who was looking presentation from somebody who was looking at presentation from somebody who was looking at a presentation from somebody who was looking at a global Super Grid. Do you think looking at a global Super Grid. Do you think that is possible . Would it be helpful you think that is possible . Would it be helpful to Balance Demand in different be helpful to Balance Demand in different parts of the world . | be helpfulto Balance Demand in different parts of the world . I want to let danielle different parts of the world . I want to let danielle take different parts of the world . I want to let danielle Take That different parts of the world . I want to let danielle Take That one. To let danielle Take That one. Lowball sounds like your scale with a quarter of a kilometre Wind Turbines. What do you think . Global. I turbines. What do you think . Ulobal. , ,. , global. I am so glad this question was asked because global. I am so glad this question was asked because there global. I am so glad this question was asked because there are global. I am so glad this question was asked because there are actually two components to the rollout of significant scale of renewable energy that we havent talked about. One is the ability to talents those demand changes over time and balance the geography and the Weather Patterns over space by connecting more of our regions together. So the Super Grid idea, evenjust Super Grid idea, even just regionally Super Grid idea, evenjust regionally connecting within a continent, gives us so much more Flexibility And Resilience and reliability of our grid and reduces the totaL Amount of capacity that we need to have installed, because we are seeing variation that we can tap into if the sun is not shining here, the wind is blowing there. It is if it is hot and sunny here, we have hydropower or Wind Power, in another region. Connecting us will be a very big part of that. The second part thatis big part of that. The second part that is quite related is demand response. How can those who are transmitting and distributing the electricity get signals back from homes or cities without the user noticing, reduce the load, either change, turn off the Defrost Cycle of the freezer for 15 minutes, not even noticeable. Reduce the temperature of a cooling. These other types of responses that we are going to have that may have to get used to. We are all part of this new electrical system together and having us connected and having their B Signals going both ways from generation to load is going to be a part of making it a more efficient system ultimately. System ultimately. Thank you so much. Ithink system ultimately. Thank you so much. I think that system ultimately. Thank you so much. I think that is system ultimately. Thank you so much. I think that is it system ultimately. Thank you so much. I think that is it the much. I think that is it the questions from the audience both here and the vna In London and Around The World. Thank you so much for those questions. I have one of my own to finish with. Very, very briefly. Are you optimistic or pessimistic about the portland that is laid down before us of 85 renewable energy to be met in The Future, christian . Im renewable energy to be met in The Future, christian . Renewable energy to be met in The Future, christian . Im optimistic we will reach it future, christian . Im optimistic we will reach it but future, christian . Im optimistic we will reach it but it future, christian . Im optimistic we will reach it but it will future, christian . Im optimistic we will reach it but it will be future, christian . Im optimistic we will reach it but it will be require i will reach it but it will be require sacrifices in a lot of aspects. Public acceptance and the technology we need to develop to solve it. Thank you for stopping henry. I am over optimistic. Thank you for stopping henry. I am over optimistic. Firstly thank you for stopping henry. I am over optimistic. Firstly we shouldntjust aim for over optimistic. Firstly we shouldnt just aim for 85 , over optimistic. Firstly we shouldntjust aim for 85 , it over optimistic. Firstly we shouldnt just aim for 85 , it will be shouldnt just aim for 85 , it will he100 shouldnt just aim for 85 , it will be 100 by 2050, and i see that very feasibly be 100 by 2050, and i see that very feasibly happening. Weve got 20 years feasibly happening. Weve got 20 years of feasibly happening. Weve got 20 years of continued learning, 30 years years of continued learning, 30 years by years of continued learning, 30 years by 2050. By the time we get there. Years by 2050. By the time we get there. The years by 2050. By the time we get there, the cost of electricity will be there, the cost of electricity will he so there, the cost of electricity will be so much cheaper than todays cost including be so much cheaper than todays cost including storage and redistribution. But actually we will see a redistribution. But actually we will see a step redistribution. But actually we will see a Step Up in wealth across the world see a Step Up in wealth across the world and see a Step Up in wealth across the world and many other places coming up world and many other places coming up to world and many other places coming up to the world and many other places coming up to the levels of wealth that we are used up to the levels of wealth that we are used to in the uk so i actually see this are used to in the uk so i actually see this as are used to in the uk so i actually see this as a are used to in the uk so i actually see this as a massively exciting transition see this as a massively exciting transition. It is a daunting change but if transition. It is a daunting change but if we transition. It is a daunting change but if we embrace it, actually, this is the but if we embrace it, actually, this is the next but if we embrace it, actually, this is the next transition, next Step Advancement for society and Well Being of advancement for society and Well Being of humankind. And advancement for Society And Wellbeing of humankind. And for the last word, danielle. Wellbeing of humankind. And for the last word, danielle. I wellbeing of humankind. And for the last word, danielle. I would wellbeing of humankind. And for the last word, danielle. I would say i i last word, danielle. I would say i am very optimistic, last word, danielle. I would say i am very optimistic, knowing i last word, danielle. I would say i am very optimistic, knowing that prices am very optimistic, knowing that prices will am very optimistic, knowing that prices will continue am very optimistic, knowing that prices will continue to am very optimistic, knowing that prices will continue to come i am very optimistic, knowing that i prices will continue to come down, they will prices will continue to come down, they will he prices will continue to come down, they will be more prices will continue to come down, they will be more people prices will continue to come down, they will be more people with i prices will continue to come down,. They will be more people with access to technology they will be more people with access to Technology Living they will be more people with access to Technology Living better they will be more people with access to Technology Living better lies, to Technology Living better lies, bringing to Technology Living better lies, bringing more to Technology Living better lies, bringing more people to Technology Living better lies, bringing more people out to Technology Living better lies, bringing more people out of. To Technology Living better lies, bringing more people out of poverty, because, bringing more people out of poverty, because, not bringing more people out of poverty, because, not in bringing more people out of poverty, because, not in spite bringing more people out of poverty, because, not in spite of bringing more people out of poverty, because, not in spite of this because, not in spite of this growing because, not in spite of this growing amount because, not in spite of this growing amount of because, not in spite of this i growing amount of renewable because, not in spite of this growing amount of renewable energy, creating growing amount of renewable energy, creating more growing amount of renewable energy, creating more jobs, growing amount of renewable energy, creating more jobs, internationally. I creating more jobs, internationally. My only creating more jobs, internationally. My only reservation creating more jobs, internationally. My only reservation would creating more jobs, internationally. My only reservation would be creating more jobs, internationally. My only reservation would be that i my only reservation would be that there are my only reservation would be that there are so my only reservation would be that there are so many my only reservation would be that there are so many people my only reservation would be that there are so many people in my only reservation would be that there are so many people in the l there are so many people in the world there are so many people in the world who there are so many people in the world who either there are so many people in the world who either think there are so many people in the world who either think this i there are so many people in the world who either think this is i world who either think this is purely world who either think this is purely a world who either think this is purely a Technology World who either think this is purely a technology issue, i world who either think this is i purely a technology issue, which world who either think this is purely a technology issue, which is separate purely a technology issue, which is separate from purely a technology issue, which is separate from their purely a technology issue, which is separate from their life, purely a technology issue, which is separate from their life, or separate from their life, or something separate from their life, or something that separate from their life, or something that they separate from their life, or something that they dontl separate from their life, or something that they dont need to think something that they dont need to think too something that they dont need to think too much something that they dont need to think too much about something that they dont need to think too much about or something that they dont need to think too much about or be something that they dont need to think too much about or be a something that they dont need to think too much about or be a part| something that they dont need to l think too much about or be a part of and as think too much about or be a part of and as i think too much about or be a part of and as i mentioned think too much about or be a part of and as i mentioned before, think too much about or be a part of and as i mentioned before, the i and as i mentioned before, the biggest and as i mentioned before, the biggest challenge and as i mentioned before, the biggest challenge is and as i mentioned before, the biggest challenge is how and as i mentioned before, the biggest challenge is how the i and as i mentioned before, the i biggest challenge is how the public accepts biggest challenge is how the public accepts how biggest challenge is how the public accepts how we biggest challenge is how the public accepts how we manage biggest challenge is how the public accepts how we manage to biggest challenge is how the public accepts how we manage to lobby. Biggest challenge is how the public. Accepts how we manage to lobby our governments accepts how we manage to lobby our governments and accepts how we manage to lobby our governments and we accepts how we manage to lobby our governments and we think accepts how we manage to lobby our governments and we think about i accepts how we manage to lobby our governments and we think about the j governments and we think about the priorities governments and we think about the priorities that governments and we think about the priorities that we governments and we think about the priorities that we want governments and we think about the priorities that we want to governments and we think about the priorities that we want to make governments and we think about the priorities that we want to make in i priorities that we want to make in our Society Priorities that we want to make in our Society Priorities that we want to make in our society. And thats it from the en. Ineers our society. And thats it from the engineers clean our society. And thats it from the engineers Clean Energy our society. And thats it from the engineers Clean Energy here i our society. And thats it from the engineers Clean Energy here at i our society. And thats it from the | engineers Clean Energy here at the Victoria And Albert museum In London. On behalf of the bbc world service, our partners, the Royal Commission to the exhibition of 1851 and All Of Us here, a huge thank you to our willing engineers, christian, danielle and henry. Applause. Hello. Friday brought us the seventh consecutive day with some places are seeing cabbages over 30 degrees but as we head through the weekend, things will turn cooler and fresher, and they will be heavy and thundery downpours for some, particularly the further south you are. We have a ready seen heavy rain pushing in from the South Overwrite and during Saturday Evening we could see heavy showers moving across the southern half of england and wales. Some stores moving in if you catch some of the showers but they will be hit and miss later in the day. Further north, sunny weather once again but more cloud lurking in the eastern coast of scotland. Further heavy showers and thunderstorms in the south but most other places looking dry. This area of low pressure responsible for bringing that showery rain is still with us into sunday, quite slow rain quite slow moving. The bulk of the showers will be for southern parts of england, East Anglia as well, pats one or two, dry and bright and not as warm as recent days. 20 24 degrees. Bye bye. This is bbc news, broadcasting to viewers in the uk and around the globe. Our top stories. Chinas golden start Yang Qian takes the first Gold Medal of the tokyo games by winning the womens ten metre air rifle. The mens cycling Road Race is under way, with crowds lining the street in contradiction of official coronavirus advice. President biden warns that america is facing a Pandemic Of The Unvaccinated as the Delta Variant of coronavirus spreads. Tackling britains pingdemic, hundreds more Covid Testing Sites are to be set up across england to ensure Essential Workers can avoid Self Isolation and keep working