The cause of the commission of corrections for a period of 270 months as to 70. 00. That is that Tenure Addition to the present sentence of a 150. 00 bumps. This is based on your abuse of a position of trust in authority and also the particular cruelty shown to george floyd. Your granted credit for a 199. 00 days already served. George Florence Family has welcome the sentence. They say it brings us one step closer to healing, but they also say this case is exceptional and accused the police of killing black people without consequence. Day after day, year after year, theyre calling on congress to pass a Police Reform Bill named after floyd the u. S president has met his african counterpart as from ghani, as us troops prepared to leave, gonna stop after 20 years of war gone. He said he respected Joe Bidens Decision and that the partnership between the countries is entering a new phase. Afghans are going to decide their future what they, what they want, what they want, but it wont be for lack of us being help as you can be in the sense of violence has to stop, but its going to be very difficult. But were going to stick with you and were going to do our best to see to and you have to see when the occupied west bank, the Funeral Procession has been held for an outspoken critic of palestinian president bass. Hundreds of mourners gathered in hebron many calling on our bass to resign. News our been out died on thursday after being arrested and beaten by palestinian authority forces. Hes accused of human rights violations, and hes also called on western nations to cut off aid to the group. Here today to the headlines analogy, 0 science and a golden age is coming up next. Thanks for watching. A city defined by military occupation. Theres never been an arab state, he with the capital of jerusalem. Everyone is welcome. But the Default Structure that meant in the colonial project. Thats what we did. Was one of the founders of settlement with this and the story of jerusalem through the eyes of its own people, segregation, occupations, discrimination, injustice. This is at the side of the 21st Century Truth to them, a rock and a hard place analogy. 0 between the 8th and 14th centuries, there was a golden age of science. When scholars from the Stomach World introduced the rigorous experimental approach that laid the foundations of the modern scientific method, they transformed the superstition of alchemy into the science of chemistry. The Chemical Industry has, of course, re shape the modern world, giving us new fuel drugs and new materials. But the methodology and principles of chemistry go back over a 1000 years. Im jamal clearly and ill be researching the contributions of the scientists of the golden age. Ill be tracing that the roots of modern chemistry to the scholars of the earliest atlantic world. The news this is the capital of cutoff 2 decades ago. None of this existed, all this development has to be impossible because of a huge investment of revenue from oil and gas. In other words, the Chemical Industry, the use the oil is responsible for much that we take for granted this daily life, from fuel to plastics. Medicines, even the common road im driving on the chemical plants over there is processing the Gas Crude Oil that exists in such abundance and at least the oil in its Roof State is a mixture of many different chemicals. And these are separated out through a process called fractional distillation. The, the Crude Oil is heated until it becomes a vapor oil vapor, rises up the distillation tower, and separate into different components as the fraction eating power in a modern oil. Refinery is a high Tech Version of a piece of apparatus called and, and limbic used by the golden age scientists. As a distillation to, over a 1000 years ago, the one, any Pioneer Distillation was the 9th Century Physician and chemist. Arising amongst his many writings of the earliest known accounts of using destination to produce substances like kerosene, so fury, cathy and pure alcohol. This wasnt for drinking, but to use as a medical, disinfected. Ah ah, stumbled Doctor Peter Star studies the work of the scholars of the golden age. Hes brought with him and allenby, still to show me how the chemist used it for distillation. Ah, this one is made of copper. There will be given others made of glass very well lawfully. Yes, yes. The important thing about the still is that theres a hot and, and theres a cold. And so the whole trend is where the steam is produced. It then condenses and is received into the receiver here. What we would need would be water. First of all, usually distilled water. You could use rainwater, that this data will do and then well need whatever youre going to distill. For example, if we go and perfume, this would be really set up and show the restaurant my mind. And so the water with the rose petals will be heated up here as the steam given off it take the center of the roses. It reaches the olympic where it condenses back to liquid and drips down here into this other container. Who are the people who are carrying out these, these, this chemistry . I think there are 2 main names which stand out above all the others above all job of in time. But also arising job and high on a particular very early on in the golden Age Isnt hes regarded by many as the 1st Scientist of the golden age. All sorts of things is he doing many of his chemical procedures are those which may still be used today. For example, cancellation, or Precipitation Or Distillation job and how young was a poly, massive grew up in modern day iraq, vast work covers medicine, music, alchemy, chemistry, and much more. There were thousands of manuscript attributed to far more than a single man could actually have written. Is believe many later scholars wrote under his name because he was held in such high regard. Whatever the truth hes credited with applying and experimental based approach to early chemistry. Ah, ah, the scholars of the golden age began applying the scientific method to chemistry by which i mean, they were conducting experiments in a way that was a big leap from the pure philosophical thinking of the greeks. But to conduct canceled experiments, they needed operators, much of which hadnt even been invented at the time. And to chemistry in particular, they need to hone their skills at gloss, blowing, and glass making. And so im going to be to man, hes going to show me just how difficult or easy it is to actually carry out that skill. I think nearly allah chemo is him. Her be up in the canada to Summer Lea to clear up some next or i can sure she can help me. Ah, the me a call the defendant for the the judge theres only one off and its in the number 66. Hes not with me if John Hi i was making a limbic back in the late a century. He certainly would have been doing it this way. The sort of laugh they would have used over a 1000 years ago would have been very different. They would have put that there and, and lead and all the other ingredients into these ovens and just cook them and bake them until they melted. So although they did have glass blowing to shake the molten cloth, they didnt have something with such high temperature like this jetta of gas here. Mm mm. Sure. Well, thats pretty remarkable. My own i although job i dont have those like him performing experiments and effecting operators work they were doing was very much a mixture of chemistry and alchemy. Indeed, the arabic word for chemistry is l. Kenya, from which the Word Alchemy is derived. But whereas modern chemistry is a rigorous, exact science, alchemy is associated with super petition a magic. The alchemists main goal was to turn other metals into gold, his followers job, and how young was known as l sophie, the mystic, because they believed his work was no different from sorcery. Even today, some chemistry can seemed like magic. Assume the Chemistry Student and shes going to help me with some demonstration that i guess could be used as part of a magic show. Im going to turn these talentless liquid black simply with the power of my mind. Right . Think the the need to make the 2 chemicals together. First of all, we have to turn off the light. Here we go. Ah, oh wow. I use, hes not its not halt. So this is a Chemical Reaction thats giving up light, no heat. And for our final trick me, of course, for all these reactions, we know that the chemical explanation for what going on. But what we call chemistry has its roof in the alchemy of the golden age. So peter, to what extent was there real science being done in amongst all this miss mysticism and alchemy. Jim, i dont see a contradiction between science and alchemy. Rather, i see a synergy one feeds on the other quite often and. And that you could say about every periods, great period of scientific breakthroughs. You said the greeks considerably heights of latin middle agents. You could say its very nice off leave, and Isaac Newton was involved in alchemy. The classic example, you know, the fuse, the early alchemists obsessed with turning common less valuable medicine into precious Gold Job would have been high on a particular was obsessed with trying to dissolve metals. And that led him to research or different kinds of acid. But goldens notoriously difficult to dissolve, so im going to buy small amounts of it and see if its possible to them. And can we sell them at that, at a 5 digital way to nothing they could. And then theres another federal emily lover. So we have how 100 they had visa kimmy. Oh, shes more just havent come in who i bought a thought to convince island stuff. And this was she didnt have a favor. Just kind of what had been awful full of job in high chemo, Howard And Helen had. Okay. Citizen the money to come in. So were like, hey, discount. I figured i figured my shovel and guiding me through my experiment to dissolve gold is professor health bowsky. What the hell i need your Chemistry Expertise here. Ive got this Gold Coin and i wonder, is it possible to dissolve gold very, very difficult in gold like all noble metals is relatively reactive, but particularly interactive towards acids. Theres any one. Acids can really do the job, which is this one Aqua Region which means kingly water is called can be water because its the only thing which dissolves gold is believe that job of a high on 1st distilled it and its a mixture of active to acid. Nitric acid, and had a chloroplast. Yes. And its section corrosive. And except for the react, it sounds nothing. Its very, very nasty. Its vicious. So, can you demonstrate it for me . Lets see if it works. So were going to pour it into the baker. Im going to say your peaceful Gold Coin, anything youve traveled so far with it and use this rather more expensive piece of zinc. Off it goes away and probably would react to soft as that said, you would dissolve away. Why would people want to do this . Why would they want to dissolve metal like go because you computer 5 or you can fine your code by dissolving it and then re precipitating the metal out and there was still the fumes are still coming up. I think that lump of zinc has been dissolved entirely in the liquid. Ah, we did leave a small piece of gold and Aqua Region. Although this takes a lot longer to react for over an hour. The gold gradually dissolved ah, needed if that fits on their own will dissolve gold. But taken together, they produced the right on exactly that. Oh, oh. The cody chemistry was only about alchemy. There was a practical fight to it as well. And many developments in chemistry were driven by islam. Cleanliness was a religious requirements in islam, for example, the washing of the hands face and feet before prayer. And this requirement for cleanliness quickly led to the development of whole industry. For example, the development of the 1st solid falls of soap were found manufactured in the atlantic world. Ah ah ah job a hey on wrote about the difference between acids an alkali and the word alkali derived from the arabic alcholay which means the ashes of Salt Walk referring to the original full of alkali substances. And of course, the alkaline are used in making. Rima Hasnt Run for small soap making business in jordan, where she uses age old Chemical Processes to manufacture. So does this Work Tonight . Thank you. We put the pure order board. Ok. Remember make. So by mixing olive oil with an l kilo, and then adding own herbs and spices. Okay. And this Chemical Process is called upon a fixation. No. After cooling, the soap is cut in above and then left to dry for to lose this. Fuel of oil was heard baileys. Yes. This is a leave. This is, but it is good for all the skin maybe and for the has not for me to late. Ah. During the golden age, soak making was commercialized and the process started to be developed on an industrial scale. Today, a bar of soap that lima makes in 2 weeks, can be produced in an industrial Soap Factory in just a few hours. This factory is in the, in the united kingdom, and Jamie Bentley is in charge of the Cloud Service principally been made in the same way. For centuries, a mixture of Oil And Alkaline weve been making. So here for 150 years and one of our key ingredients is in this big bulk tank. Thats 100. 00 tons of caustic soda, the alkali, to react with the oil on this site, they produce about 30 tons of soak per day around a 100000. 00 tons a year. Industrialized soap making on this grand scale needs chemistry on a grand scale to and the critical factor is controlling the Chemical Reaction. Mixing, carefully measured quantities in temperature controlled reactors. So in this reactor, weve got palm current oil, which is already in. Were adding the coconut oil, which is the parts of the so that actually creates the pho, after that, were adding caustic soda. Ah, the mixture is constantly monitored as it reacts. And about an hour later, the reaction is complete. As with remus process, once its reacted, the next stage is to dry, the soap. Me in here is a Vacuum Spray dryer. So the soak that pumped through here we can create a vacuum. Stop the water out of the so, ah, bags of dried soak pellets are sent from the factory all over the world where the perfumed and shaped in the bars of soap. Soap has been made and basically the same way for century modern technology. Light Vacuum Spray dryers and precisely controlled reactors have sped up the process. Modern chemistry relies on being able to weigh and measure accurately. And Thats Something we can trace back to the goal today. One of the reasons we regard the scholars of the golden age as the 1st 3 sciences is the obsession with accuracy. If the reason why we think of job of high on and drowsy as the 1st true chemist. And heres an example of why this beautiful set scales. It was built by a scholar by the name of the cars in the, in the 12th century, its called nissan. L. Hickman. And is said to be accurate to one part in 60000. 00. If you look very carefully along the arm, you can see very precise graduations giving us the distance from the center. And as the cops are hanging from different length, is basically the principle of moments as they move out, they will pull it down. The balance is achieved when the Diamond Shape in the middle is exactly vertical. Its very, very precise. But apart from that is actually a beautiful work of art as well. Ah. Accurate weighing and measurements allowed early came in like job. I have been high on to be more rigorous in their experiments, and they were approached to all aspects of chemistry. And this included the way he looked at Materials Grouping and categorizing them, categorizing substances, and they was us to navigate to way around the world. Just like in this bizarre, over here, i find carpet over here, life and after the light textiles. And over here, ceramics what Jump Wouldve been high on did that was different with categorized substances, not according to arbitrary factors, but according to the way they behaved in experiments. This was a huge change in what had come before. Ah, back in the lab, i wanted to find out what, how as a modern Chemist Thought of job was early attempts at categorizing acts. And i wanted to show you this extracts from a manuscripts of his. So this is translated from arabic into latin, into english. It says here, among all bodies of whatsoever kind we find soul which is gold no to be burned by sulphur. The lease reacted with sulphur. The next to this Lease Bird is jupiter, which attain the lunar, which is silver. And he goes on, and he ends with and mars, which is ion by reason of the only agony of sulphur is most easily burned, is all very obscure. In fact, the Word Jibberish actually comes from job was name it. If you write something to obscurely jibberish, its like java. But what he has here seems to me the beginnings of the re activity series. So metal listing them in order of how easy they react with sulfur. Yeah. How, how correct was the . Well, there was a couple little inaccuracies in it, but he was way ahead of his time because showing reactivity to sulphur is often quite difficult. So what i feel we do is were going to compare and contrast to the activities of certain metals with water ion, for example, he mentions will not on rough. Thats a slow reaction. Were going to compare and contrast a Tron Bridge of metals and see how foster react. And they are potassium, sodium and copper. I thought wed start with the most reactive. This is potassium. Its a soft and malleable, and you can easily cut it with a knife. So a 321. Ready and not very impressed, Lie Look Flame and hopping around the hydrogen. Ready were going to move on to our next metal, sodium citing chloride is common. Salt fabian has got very, very different properties. It again, a metal you can cut with an ice, 321, and it goes and its passing around. First thing its probably gonna melt because of the heat of the reaction. You can hear it taking away. Yes. I will spend a bottom last the longer in the wolf thats not reacting so quickly. I. Ready have comparison to them and all the variables is copper and we dont need that. Now we dont need this because a couple of do absolutely nothing. Its very on reactive and why the coil is in your pockets, then catch fire if you put them in a Washing Machine get them wet. And so this order of just how reactive metals are, i mean by modern standards of Chemistry Job and high on didnt get it quite right. He had metals in the wrong order in that series. But how impressive was that given that were talking, you know, over a 1000 years ago, its exception. Impressive because he didnt know what he was looking for. He didnt know what to expect. We know these things, but we look at the period table. So you would call that chemistry, not alchemy. I think it definitely Chemistry Job and hey on was starting to apply the scientific method deriving his conclusions from experiment later, chemist like l. Kendy and ross. Hes also basing their work on careful experiments and observations. And the way we do chemistry today, organizing an ordering the elements and looking for tray ends in their properties. Well, just like the reactivity series, thats what job are 1st started to do. Next time we travel to some of the most cutting edge medical facilities in the middle east today. That original human Genome Sequence in 10 years now we can sequence the human genome within 6. 00 to 10. 00 days. How we look back to how once coma from the golden age challenged accepted ideas to explain the human heart. This is the phone that he said relation. That is the discovery. Its now obvious, but it was and then with and see how texts from the flemish world was so influential in medical science across the globe. The century. Science tends to be a good subject to bring different people from all over the world together. Ah. In the next episode of science in a golden age, im exploring the contributions made by scholars during the medieval atlantic period in the field of medicine. Science tend to be a good subject to bring different people from all over the world together. As such, like a magical and the more i learned about it, the more i respected science and the golden age with professor jimmy kelly on a jazz eda. Ah ah ah. With energy to every part of our universe. More small, the change all around the shape, my technology and human ingenuity. We can make it work for you and your business. When a war crime is committed, is it coming to the how does it follows a garden human Rights Investigator on his unprecedented journey to the french high court . I says it every place to make sure that the information that ought to bring its taking on the Arms Trade in his fight for justice, for innocent palestinians, and their families made in fact, coming soon unnoticed in the summer police officer, their children, a sensitive to 22 and a half years in prison for the murder of george floyd, whose death sparks a global outcry against racial injustice. This is based on your abuse of a position of trust and authority. And also the particular cruelty shown. The jury for emotional crowds react to the sentence, saying George Lloyd Family lawyer says this should be the norm and not the exception. When a black person is killed by