Research and development at the ministry. And they gave their condolences to the supreme leader, ayatollah khomeini. And the nation. Ethiopias government has denied claims the Prime Minister is rejecting talks with leaders from tikrit 3 african union. Special envoys met with the Prime Minister made in there is pushing for a resolution to the weeks long conflict. He told them he would only speak to representatives operating legally in the region. A day ago, the army was ordered to carry out the final phase of its offensive and move in on to graze regional capital. Thousands of farmers have gathered in indias capital to demand the government scrap new market friendly laws, which they say damage their livelihoods. As some have marched for hundreds of kilometers to find a new span. Thousands of people have attended antigovernment rallies in thailands capital, demanding the resignation of the Prime Minister prodi of china. They want a new constitution and reforms that would limit the powers of the king. In iraq, violence has broken out between supporters of the influential shia cleric and antigovernment protesters. It happened in the Southern City of nasiriyah. At least one person was killed. The 2 sides attacked each other using sticks and rocks. Around 40 people have been injured. The japanese capital of tokyo has reported a Record Number of daily coded infections with 570 on friday, drinking venues in karaoke bars being asked to close by 10 pm for the next 3 weeks. Residents are being urged to avoid nonessential, travel, and to work from home. You know, today, headlines, since our story is coming right up. Fast. Should covet 19 vaccines be landed, trade drug edging closer to releasing vaccines to help control the virus. But surveys suggest some people ought to take the shot. This is inside story and i welcome to the program. Im wrong. Scientists around the world are racing to have coded 19 vaccines approved for why do you use several drug may have release promising early results in the past few weeks. And thats raising hopes that vaccinations can begin soon and bring this pandemic under control. The Health Crisis has largely grounded the global aviation industry, the head of australias national airline. Qantas says vaccines should be mandatory for International Travel as soon as they become available. Alan joyce says, passengers may be asked to show proof of inoculation. We are looking at changing our terms of conditions to say for International Travelers and that we will ask people to have a vaccination before they can get on the aircraft. Do you need that domestically . Well have to see what happens with culpability in the market, but certainly for International Visitors coming out and people leaving the country. We think thats in the says city, but it now appears fewer people are willing to be vaccinated. In august, a World Economic forum survey across 15 countries found 77 percent of people would get a coded 19 vaccine. Thats now down to 73 percent. A 3rd of those surveyed are worried about potential side effects and say Clinical Trials are happening too fast and easy. Most of the time, we dont know whether these vaccines provide a long lasting protection. Do they protect against serious cases. We dont need a vaccine which prevents a mild cough and a mild fever. We need a vaccine which prevents serious cases like pneumonia, whether they can do that is totally unclear and approval. Procedures did not take that into account at all. Im not going to take the vaccine because it is too many questions about why we just reading it. Whats going on with who is going to take it to be given, then weve heard so much about here. I dont want to be vaccinated will, but possibly i would have chosen the russian vaccine if i wanted to. But at the moment i did not even think about it much depends on a persons immunity, i guess maybe someone needs it, but this is a personal choice. I believe. Some old leaders, including britains Prime Minister, says people wont be forced to take a shot. Just be kid. There will be no compulsory. Thats nation. Thats not the way we do things in this country. We think its a good idea. You know, taking a gander of the backs is wrong. Vulnerable people. People who need a vaccine should definitely get a vaccine and everybody should get a vaccine use use. It is available only to the advice of the j. C. B. I. O. W. Im actually she immunization. We should be very, very true. That c lets bring in our panel in st. Louis and the us dr. Matisse like a wild davis, an Infectious Disease physician at Washington University school of medicine in johannesburg, should be made the professor of vaccine already at the university of which waters run and a member of the south African Ministerial Advisory Committee on covert 19 and in london. Oksana peacenik, a senior lecturer and Global Health advisor at University College london. School of pharmacy, a warm welcome to you, or id like to begin the us with dr. Davis. We hear so much about people being a concerned frightened, suspicious of taking vaccine, commonly known as the anti vaccines. But were also, we also are talking about perhaps making covert 19 mandatory to take once it has all this approvals. Do you think mandatory is the way forward . Is that, is that the way to go . I think, given the penned planet, we find it falls in the United States and the difficulty weve had after 9 months in getting standardized leadership. And therefore for the public to follow the Public Health guidance. It will be very difficult to mandate this vaccine without a lot of pushback. Unfortunately, this has become a highly politicized issue. And so mandatory in my mind will make half the population feel like their freedoms are being encouraged apart. But this is a Public Health issue. Surely its up to the government to be able to try to explain this properly and suggest guidelines. Its not making it mandatory, but at the very least saying, please, you know, if we want to get out of this, we do need to take the sexy. Absolutely. But as you know, the timing couldnt be worse, were currently in somewhat of a leadership vacuum being that president elect biden and Vice President elect have asked will not be in power and till february. And even then they will be starting from the beginning of the country that is divided. So although this is clearly a Public Health issue and should have been treated as such for the last 9 months, the parent surveys show that again the country is split in this way. And the reason i believe we havent been able to get this under control and one meaningful way is because an inconsistency than that way. And those of us in the medical and Public Health officials having to battle this pull, now politicized issue. Sunapee sic in london. It is, a politicized issue. Certainly in the u. K. , even the Prime Minister for a stone son has been speaking about whether mandatory, whether it should be mandatory to take the vaccine or not. Do you think mandatory is the way forward . I will, Boris Johnson and his government in the you cant have made it clear that they will not be pursuing a mandatory policy around vaccination. And historically that has been challenging as well if we can galvanize communities. If we have consistent messaging from the government around the safety of vaccines, if theres that transparency thats going to have far more positive effect in public trust. However, currently its not just the us thats facing this wave of polarize ation. And we see that globally, there is a shortage of trust and that feeds into these perceptions around whether we, we will want to use certain tactics to boost vaccination rates. The other issue to also take into consideration here is that people who are vaccine hesitant will be doing their own research about this vaccine and to go across the internet and find all sorts of conflicting sources of information. Nonverifiable counts of the 1st vents. And that may feed into their beliefs around vaccines, so misinformation and being in this age of social media. More of big tech also needs to get involved step up into their roles in terms of flagging misinformation, things that are not factual. A so has to be government, alongside technology, we companies, social media as well as our armistice with visions working with communities to communicate the value of x. I think actually if we take that approach versus mantri might be more active. So its all about information and getting information out there. I just want to bring in our guest in johannesburg have a bit. Its slightly different when it comes to the case of africa and other poorer nations. Because the rich nations already place orders for these vaccines and the us and the, and the u. K. Have massive orders already placed. But our country like south africa, which has a challenging financial situation. Its not a case of whether the vaccine should be mandatory or not. Its a case of whether you can actually get the vaccine exactly how rich that you were having to discussion the bottom of the ship in one day cricket not in africa in general, as you correctly point out. The big challenges that we face is an issue of the family and us up and able to access that even the most unpopular with you know, and for the lives. And that is their challenge that face in africa and it, because back to what you experience in 2009 as an example, which is one clue that down to a country you dont want to and i have to confront them and eventually see it, swine flu. And weve, its been a pandemic, was present, wasnt africa. And in fact, you need a limit on pity, off a pandemic that thought. So, and best we can prove that hes beating itself. That excess to get seen at the reasonable price and africa is pretty much going to opt in huge amount of infection as its already that the british wont be helpful, but it got through the gate. d in consequence of our complexions with the violence, the bush team at the astra, zeneca also University Vaccine is said to be easy to stall. Its said to be a reasonable price point. And they are promising that they wont make a profit off the pandemic, and they will deliver to the, to the continent. Do you trust them when they say things other well, obviously need to be a complete accomplice. And at that particular vaccine is going to be very long as a principle investigate. d that in south africa, but that being said, i think we need to be careful in terms of the many beach, just a few protected that you can only in the us media and im not indicating that this huge amount of dop part of it seem them. So directly related to why humans for the niceness of the vaccine, the pixie in just based on the now this is it was done and the population who is in the protocol. I dont see it. In fact needs an egg seed. Dont you think if you acquire mystic was established already f. D. A. Is that yet thats going to say yeah, ok. Not what we have to fix. You have to see 60 percent of our 90 percent upticks in efficacy. Thats got 60 percent that becomes available at the reasonable plants and much sooner. Not innate, that would be if huge benefits in a company such as south africa and elsewhere are not good and waiting for that seem to pick up my percent efficacy for which percent it is simply dont think thats in africa. Whats that . That seems to be going, and in particular, as an example, to find a vaccine. And in all likelihood dont pick seems already going to become a greater or 2 in africa, probably towards the end of the one, if not complete and you do. So getting it seen that, yes, you can cut modest efficacy. Its not what we want. Its the 1st choice, but it might be the only choice to be able to get back on the pandemic on the continent. Thats a crucial word youre using. Now i want to pick up on that choice dont to davis and son louis. It is about choices and it is about whether you can, you should take the vaccine with the and that should be a choice that you make. Now. We informed enough or is that too much information when it comes to the internet about making that choice . I mean, a doctor story arcs on a piece. I mentioned earlier that people are going online and researching all the stuff themselves and finding either outright lies all misinformation absolutely, and information he has also in the us is something that i would argue is readily available. The issue here that a lot of people overlook is that this is disproportionately affecting black and brown communities who have a long standing history of mistrust based on well documented and Ethical Practices that have happened and ongoing institutional and systemic racism. That to me is the hugest barrier because with information readily available and with an extra layer of this mistrust, that barrier is not easily overcome. And you cannot manufacture trust at the tail end of the trial. You cannot write that into a rollout plan and expect that that happens right away. And so there needs to be funding policy and more importantly, partnership with existing Community Organizations who have done this year, this work for decades. For decades, weve seen this model employed and with People Living with hiv, i think its on the fast track that hes initiative here in st. Louis, where we Bring Community partners to the table, the city, the county, and, and the mayors office, the department of health together. And it is build relationships that should be leverage because those are the people that are trusted. But you can have manufacture trust, regardless of how much information you have and how well you try to disseminate this code of whos a casino to your head in agreement that is there a similar Community Based approach . Do you think that could work globally . A certainly this is something that could be tailored to every community, each will have their own unique needs and even during the bola crisis going back to 2015 in the early on in life, the general show employed anthropologists as well in order to also tackle some of the cultural aspects of the Public Health guidance that was at that time also being treated with mistrust. So it is something that i think governments have to get a lot better doing. And its wonderful to hear of all of the action thats going on in the u. S. And in st. Louis. What i would say, however, is in agreement with our previous panelists that it will take a loan mom longer for those attitudes to change. In fact, even though the manufacturing, the vaccine, by the time we get it distributed and around the world, we will still know it will take longer to change those long held beliefs. And thats because of, again, some of the historical aspects of this. But if we look at the wider history of vaccination, this has been one of the most important lifesaving tools that have extended our lifespan. So from that, if we look at it a whole vaccine has, you can threaten to undo so much good that we have done years in terms of tackling polio and small ots and many things that people just forget and dont even really remember what an iron lung is and, and the consequences of allowing Infectious Diseases to spread this concept of herd immunity is a flawed one. In the sense that it doesnt happen naturally. Its a vaccination and we didnt develop herd immunity to work many diseases including yellow fever, cholera, and many others. As again, we look at the evidence, we heard from just a strain in medical association that people who develop measles are 10000. 00 times more likely to get a neurological damage based from an infection. Then from any vaccination is just some sort of his accounts. Are all going to that surely is where the other vaccines that was time that was development. They was testing, they were, had to be, you know, regulated they had toying to be able to do that before they were brought to market. The argument here is that this vaccine, all 3 of them currently sofa, a been rushed to market, and people are concerned that they have been prophetess, that thats a legitimate concern sholay. So thats where i think this, theres a more nuanced a curse words vaccine has its infancy. So these are people who may have had all their other vaccinations generally are provaccine. But as you say, are concerns about the development time. If we think about in, lets say, normal circumstances, it takes you 5 to 10 years to develop a vaccine. However, thats an normal conditions. Our world has screeched to a halt. Many economies have been decimated during this time. So all of the research and pharmaceutical companies and scientists have all come together to focus on a singular pro problem with more resources, more support, and also more collaborative spirit than ever in history. We go back to the very beginning, it to chinese scientists. You know, matter days to be able to get the genome digitally matched and from then into the phase one Clinical Trials, 8 weeks only. Thats a world record. However, when it comes to what actually happens in the physical trial, no Safety Standards were no short cuts remained. Everything was, was done the way that we would have done in any other circumstance. So its really important to say here that there have been no compromises on safety. There have, been no short cuts. And in the u. K. The m h r a, our regulatory body body, the u. S. F. D. A. Center has to do the final check of the data as well. And all of that has to be scrutinized. Remember, there is nowhere to hide here. The eyes of the world will be on this date out. Whats it becomes available to the public for peer review . So there is in this, it will be the most highly scrutinized Clinical Trial to date, and i think that it needs to be in order to not damage trust any further. As, as i had mentioned earlier, its just absolutely essential tha