A very symbolic visit as well because mccrone chose the day of his return september 1 which coincides with the 100th anniversary of the creation of the greater state of lebanon that was announced by french mandate authorities back in 1920 france of course being the former colonial power the french minister is now on board the Aircraft Carrier behind us hes been meeting and chilled representatives of the United Nations this morning but the treaty to mark levin on summation heard last night he met a singer who unifying figure in this country all that before sitting down with a politician so the message from across is we will push for radical change in this country not many believe him people welcomed him in the streets last night a few protesters told him that you are accepting the Political Class to create a new government we want a new system of government we want the ruling class to leave our all together but my 1st response is these are elected leaders what do you want us to do but i think the current is making it very very clear in the next 3 months if the Political Class is not an act much needed reforms then they face the threat of sanctions in other news hamas says its reach an agreement with israel to end the latest escalation of violence along the border with the gaza strip the deal brokered by katakana gaza struggles under a ban on fuel deliveries which have led to power cuts israels Prime Minister has invited a delegation from the United Arab Emirates the 1st flight by israels National Airline landed in abu dhabi on monday v. I. P. s on board included white house advisor Jared Cushman a u. S. Brokered deal for relations between israel and the u. A. E. It was announced 3 me. Ago and his 1st reaction to the deal irans Supreme Leader ayatollah ali harman a called it a betrayal to muslim nations and one that wont last he went on to accuse the u. A. E. Of normalizing israels occupation of palestinian lands china has warned india over rising tensions at the disputed border india says it disrupted what it calls provocative military movements by chinese troops in the east and the doc region china accuses Indian Forces of violating its territorial sovereignty during an operation opposition politicians are among more than 100. 00 venezuelan street from prison after being pardoned by president Nicolas Maduro their release is being seen as an attempt to boost participation in december spawning mentary election white farmers in zimbabwe can apply to get back nancies when Robert Mugabe was president more than 4000 farmers were forced off their land almost 20 years ago god has said he had been undoing the racist inheritance of colonial era land grabs the United Nations secretary general is warning that the coronavirus pandemic has reversed decades of progress on womens rights he says its also led to a shopping craze in violence against women rule this last may take years even generations to recover you know from the of all of us. That will. Leave school they will every. Day millions of girls along the wall that of those who. Are a lot of the reports of an increase in phoenix pregnancy view of them coming. Its abuse issues is a great use we do look right. And a mass coronavirus Testing Campaign has begun in hong kong despite activists send some Health Workers urging a boycott many are skeptical because chinas government to spain for the testing using some mainland doctors those are the headlines coming up next on aljazeera the documentary partition borders of. August donna claimed the front photo of british pop as mr jinnah governor general of the new dominion arrives at the constituent assembly in karachi. August 947. A century of british rule over its indian empire comes to an end guest of honor in the muslim capital while the older lady macbeth carrying out one of the last buys regal guilt is the fall the partition of india took effect. The new nation of pakistan is cool. Meanwhile a deadly stage was set for all british role to give place for the dominion of india. A date leader across the newly drawn border leaders celebrate the birth of the republic of the india. Freed from colonial rule the creation of these 2 countries completes a long struggle for independence years ago rebated but it didnt. And now. Im calm and then been shown to be my big. Foot even before the celebrations are over chaos erupts. Panic and fear sets in as neighbor turns on neighbor unleashing mass violence. Millions leave their homes. And celebrations war was marked by blood they took place against the backdrop of perfect violence. And. People who a year before we tended to each others wedding parties drink each other raping each others daughters roasting each others babies on the spit. With human passion. None of us can can foresee what could happen. While historians recount the horrors of the past for those who lived through them its like yesterday. Were going to. Have been lucky though when the yardbird or tower monday were going to monitor. The 86 year old Joginder Singh kohli was a young teenager in india at the time. 70 years on he still remembers how muslims hindus and sikhs turn on each other. Or when they walk you know one if you will go if you. Leave rated movie. With the word in the out. Of a guy. Again then of the middle. Or sorry but the word one of the would want to go to. The locus of. The world would move a walkover of the orthogonal. Form. Here. Who or what do. We want. Or who are here to learn who will go. On the other side of the border in pakistan the memories are just as strong in 1947 saladin colleagues family were muslims in india hes never forgotten how he escaped the killing but others didnt. We were staying in our house on 6 september 19th 476 oclock when my mother was saying a spear i heard a shriek cowing somebody. I turned and i saw a stick with the sword in the hand coming in my sisters body and. Was the enter the. Room of my mother killed her and they ran. Toward us. This is the house. Saladin fled his home in fear of his life when he returned the horror lay in front of him when i enter the house it was just making the euro the. House nothing sort of holds. Then you see your own mother. Drenched in blood. And stomach open. Then coming up. How would. How did it all come to this. Many point the finger at indias then colonial masters. When britain ruled india it was the giulini empires crown plundered for its natural resources. But in the devastating aftermath of world war 2 britain had its own problems on the home front. Was returned with renewed interest in the beginning of the country and bankrupted itself fighting itself to death of the nazis. And so british Authorities Say that it was the exhaustion of them power and the bankruptcy of the mother country that led to the realization that the simply no way the british could keep this enormous empire in chains the moment to come to head back home to a land of rationing drizzle low light and leave the exotic plagues of india behind. After decades of crushing any Movement TowardsIndian Independence postwar britain had not had the will or the might to fold on to its calm. There was massive demonstrations across india. And there was. An awareness that the leaders the film struggle could call strikes and protests which would paralyze the country. Seizing the moment of british weakness 3 leaders spearheaded the push for independence. You are allowed nehru Mohammad Ali Jinnah and 100 gandhi. At 1st they shared the goal of a free and united india one country one people regardless of religion. Thousands of national the great time to hear the message of gandhi leader of the demands for indias independence. Was mark my god you mobilize the masses who gave them the language of things like civil disobedience and nonviolence who spoke of the national the struggle is a struggle for truth he gave it a strong modernistic fervor and he completely inspired the masses to rise up behind him or gandhi himself a lifelong preacher of nonviolence and down the when tom fairly quickly to establish himself as the spiritual leader of the Indian National congress led freedom struggle. The Indian National congress was a Political Party made up of the elite of hindu and muslim society. It had been pushing for self rule since the turn of the 20th century. With gandhis mobilization of the masses the party transformed into a populist movement and attracted new leaders with new ambitions men like to warlow me root never was very attracted to my gandhi and gandhi was very impressed with him and he was gone these handpicked provision to lead the the sort of Political Party or National Movement gandhi himself never took any political position didnt want one and nearly everything from leading the Indian National congress as one of its youngest ever president s to becoming eventually the 1st Prime Minister of independent india mr nestor presided over the 1st Cabinet Meeting both nehru and gandhi were hindus but the 3rd member of the influential trio was a Muslim Mohammed ali jinnah one of the legion or was an extremely interesting man educated very anglo file in fact culturally far more on your file than the new the nehru of gandhi over his dressed in western clothes had were. Stern habit through your discussion and his source of yours and his ham sandwiches he wasnt particularly strongly Observant Muslim and a man who was hailed. As the ambassador of hindu muslim youth. A lawyer jinnah began his political life within the hindu dominated Indian National congress. Later on he also joined the muslim e a group protecting the Muslim Minority. Both parties were fighting for an independent india which at the time was ginas ultimate goal jinnah in strongly opposed to the idea of a separate muslim nation and indeed he is saying this is british divide and rule they want us to be divided weve got to stand together weve got to fight for our freedom if we dont fight for our freedom to get that we will never be free but he increasingly gets sidelined by a new Younger Generation of leadership among whom particularly there is there is never who is his nemesis handed now who calls for an indian republic is accused by the league of working for domination over the Muslim Minority but are making everyone with britains grip on india weakening nehru and the Indian National congress grew in power. Nehru wanted a new india to have a strong Central Government run by his party. This alarmed general who argued muslim majority regions should govern themselves. It was a losing battle you know realized that given the imbalance in Political Support between the league and the congress the only way the league was ever going to actually come to any significant power was by advocating a separatist plan. Thousands of kilometers away in London Records reveal deeper insights into the fall out between geno and me room and this is one of the repository of which the numbers. At the National Archives private letters jinnah sent to british officials shows a relationship beyond repair at this point is extremely suspicious of the congress and he feels assets propose it would be prepared to seize power by force that the may have been infiltrated the Indian National army. And that he regrets thats the Muslim League hadnt organized in the same way so were talking a serious mistrust of this yet i think this in the Case Complete breakdown in trust between between the 2 policies and the and the you know its the leadership of those policies new delhi and although the scene looks quite generous and nehru had 1st come together to fight the british now they were fighting each other the servant is against the muslim leave the danger of life by 946 any hope of a united india had evaporated order with god but i believe the service enmity between muslim and him the breakdown at the top of indian politics was mirrored on the streets as tension spilled over into violence. Chaos erupted in major cities 1st because of a grim audio post by british an indian probe during the worst drought in the history of calcutta. Road vantec in many places higher pitched battles continued between muslims and windows for muslims the fear of being ruled by hindus convinced them they needed their own separate nation. Even jinnah the man once hailed as the symbol of hindu muslim unity now demanded an independent pakistan. After a sentry of british power in india the empires hand was finally forced. Charged with overseeing the withdrawal was a decorated while officer one who would go down in infamy. Now battered. New delhi airfield and the arrival of the by so i designate my baton is a sort of vaguely comic character looking back. Prancing peacock who loved his roads and costumes and love to appear as the viceroy not particulate matter. A man of some christmas a man of great sort of personal selfworth he was received i think he you know whatever little homework he did was fairly modest and when he got to india i think it was a crash course he started meeting the various leaders had his own likes and dislikes inevitably but very quickly decided that this thing had to be this hot potato had to be dropped as quickly as possible and mr byrd his hands and those of his or those of his masters as his the english government lord and lady mountbatten have taken their places on the grounds because we became viceroy of india in march 947 britain had originally planned to leave india more than a year later in june 1988. But mountbatten wasnt going to wait that long monbiot misheard to accelerate even faster partly because he found his control on the control of the british soldiers over india slipping and so here. To august 15th 147 and with that headlong rush into disaster happened with the british unable and unwilling to prevent some of the horrors that were unfolding before their very eyes horrors unleashed by hastily drawn lines on a map the north was state of punjab was home to hindus sikhs but mostly muslims it was split with one side forming the bulk of pakistan in the northeast of india the state of bengal was cut into the predominantly muslim eastern half made up another part of pakistan separated by nearly 2000 kilometers of indian territory it would eventually become the independent country of bangladesh was it well father was ill thought out. When the british had to draw a line they pulled in the Civil Servant who had never been to india before and was sitting in his cots while garden when he was told that he had fly next week to india and divide the country into. And no one was pleased with the line he drew inevitably. The stage was set for british rolled again in august 1947 as the flags of india and pakistan were raised ordinary citizens were left in the dark as to what this meant for them. On the actual day of partition in august that show boundary hadnt been uncivil to know whether they were in india or pakistan where they could stay where they lived for centuries where theyd have to move and its only after the people tune into their ideas to hear whether they will now be part of pakistan or india everyone. Suddenly people found themselves on the wrong side of a new border muslims in india are hindus and sikhs in pakistan. There had been ethnic fighting between muslims hindus and sikhs before the partition set off an unimaginable massacre out of the horrors of fires like the blitz the the villages are opening hayricks are on the platforms a literally wash with blood because hello to hindus waiting on the platform to travel to india to be massacred on another platform was covered in blood because the training just arrived from india full of dead muslims. Total chaos. In the rural areas hideous scenes of pregnant women lying with their bellies ripped open the babies literally rested on the beds and journalists in 94 the 7 who had covered the opening of the nazi concentration camp there were 2 or 3 journalists who had covered that and then they ended up covering partition and they said that they saw more gruesome things in the punjab punches side than they ever did in the concentration camps muggle born white the photographer writes a graphic description and she says yeah i saw it but what i saw in the punjab was a 1000000 times. At the time the british estimated 200000 died in the violence the consensus today among most historians is that the death toll was at least a 1000000 and the british had lost control long before partition and that became clearly evident and visible in 97 but in a way more terrible than anyone had ever expected. It was a complete and utter mess total mirth. Some suggest that britain was aware of the impending horrors that would come with dividing up the indian subcontinent it was a mess made worse by britain abandoning its colonies so quickly in the stockmen which is which is a telegram from the Foreign Office to its evidence in the National Archives suggests british leaders knew months before that Ethnic Violence was spiraling dangerously out of control over 10000 persons have been killed and many more injured over the last 6 months of the Previous Year had been extensive communal violence so we actually use the words civil war yes