The russians to become allies, then thats it. All these negotiations ended, because charles x was somewhere in norway during the assault another fortress, it means he died, his sister came in, everything froze, what is peter doing . Firstly, no panic, he was sure that by this moment the russian army and russian fleet were capable of defending russia. Secondly, politics began, enforcement of peace, as you said, they went there and beat them all the way to poltava. The same thing was landed on swedish soil, they went and did not touch churches, did not touch the civilian population, they destroyed factories there, copper smelters there, and so on and so forth, especially since peter i removed the threat to germany, he removed troops from mecklenburg, again he didnt take risks, its very it is important, and in parallel with this, it is also important to understand why for 12 years, firstly, the swedes had a fleet that also had to be beaten and gangut in the fourteenth year, greengam then, and the swedish fleet was defeated. The second time in view of english, by the way, but the most important thing is that during all this there is a restructuring, a radical restructuring of the entire system of government, taxation, provision of the army, the old system of the noble militia, which was dying even before peter, it did not work, yes , hence the attempts reitar regiments under mikhail fedorovich, then restored under alexei mikhailovich, this system does not work, it is outdated, accordingly, peter i introduced conscription. An unlimited source, moreover, this is a tough, very tough system , if a recruit runs, then those who accordingly provided him, those who vouched for him, there were guarantors, must take his place, a very tough system that caused opposition, but nevertheless peter provides it less, he provides the army with personnel, the army needs to be supplied, accordingly, tax reforms came from here, this very famous poll tax, hence the censuses that began, audit tales. Yes, which allow you to count how much of the population, how much can be taken from it, then all these famous incomers, yes, when yes, this must be counted, an absolutely wonderful profession has appeared, yes, where to take taxes from, and the first was, to my yard man sheremetyev , uh, sheremetyevs butler, yes, kurbatov, who came up with the idea that you can take money from stamp paper, and this led to the fact that the paper, on on which official decrees are written must be stamped. And this accordingly rebuilds the entire legal system, that is, now only the state becomes the source of law, well, yes, yes, whoever has a stamped paper, only the sovereign, only the state, and accordingly, money goes to the state and the state again sharply increases control over citizens , here it begins to take shape, initially quite chaotically, this image of a regular state is taking shape, which is quite modern with the ideas that were then there are, in europe, a state where the ruler, accordingly, identifies himself with the fatherland, and peter i actually identified himself with the fatherland, considered himself a servant of the fatherland, though the first, of course, but still a servant of the fatherland, but at the same time this regular state should subjugate the residents, there must be control over the residents , symbolically, peter i returns from the great embassy, in addition to the fact that he chops off the heads of the archers, takes part in torture, he cuts the beards of the boyars, with his own hands, and then after some time, poltanov also shortens, that is, even if it is petty, it is control over the personal lives of the residents of the state, and all this together adds up to that pyramid of reforms, because peters reforms are very difficult to study chronologically, because here, then its impossible there, were still talking about them in hindsight, yes, yes, because otherwise its. Really chaos, peter works on the stimulusresponse principle, in the first place initially, the fleet, the army, and then everything that follows, but in the end it builds up not in some simple heap, but in general a rather slender building that existed after his death. All historians, strictly speaking, they are chronologies, as you said, it is almost impossible to build there, because everything is simultaneously adjusted, corrected, expanded, canceled and so on, only then, based on the result of the reforms , they say, here are peters reforms, and how to do this , in this turmoil, in this great turmoil, you can only look like this and quickly jump out of there, because there is little there, little will understand, peter is correcting his own mistakes, one of the first reforms he leads, having arrived from the west, having looked at the mayors in the cities elected, immediately those who elect mayors, they have more benefits in trade and craft, which means they will get richer, so their double impose a salary, peter rolls back, yes, peter understands that he has gone too far here, this will further be characteristic of his reign, peter managed to do everything, a lot. Reformed in all areas and of course it didnt work out everywhere, in some places it worked out great, lets say, well, military affairs, the army, so to speak, even military training, military craft, all this was done very well and quickly, very historically, so to speak, peter even got rid of foreign advisers, because it was after peter, after peter, salaries were leveled, no, they were, but. A generation of russian officers was already rising, of course, industry is irrelevant, because so much was built, well, one example, if iron was exported before peter, then after peter it could have been imported, on the contrary, well, more accurately on the contrary, yes, the quality is no worse, and the honor is even better, and than foreign ones, the same with weapons, and this is. A matter of national security, they purchased weapons in huge quantities, under peter they practically stopped purchasing, that is, some types of other things something was purchased, but in general they switched to their own production, a failure, of course , this was agriculture, because the country was so exhausted, the village was drained of blood, so here, of course , we should take a step forward, well, as i will take a step. There is industry in the region, it was simply impossible, we we continue to deal with peters reforms, in the historical podcast russia and the west on the swings of history, you said, in general, peter understood perfectly well that war needed money, money and money, so here is the military question, military reform, it dragged Everything Else with it , education, of course, happened here in some special areas of education, it moved , but in general, of course, the country remained illiterate, the same as it was, those who received, so to speak, a certain education, these are, of course, specialists , thats why that they were needed, nevertheless, the academy was created, no, the academy was in st. Petersburg, schools were created, schools were created, no, a lot was done, thanks to christianism all this is created, in addition to the fact that the peasants are building st. Petersburg, in addition , that the driven peasants were still building that same. Azov fleet , which allowed them to take it the second time, and also, these are thousands of people displaced, and then tens of thousands, and then hundreds of thousands, the petrovsky manufactories, their number under peter increases by order, but at the same time who before peter worked in the few manufactories, there was free wage labor, including those, these were either otkhodniks, or those who earned a quitrent for the landowner, and now they enslaved them there, or a few, respectively. Free people, after all, walking people, and now strictly, assigned, possession, workers, serfs, yes, who are assigned to the ural factories, the merchants get the opportunity to own them, because by the way, petrovskys reform is also an interesting one, first the state creates various types of merchant industries, understanding that it doesnt work very effectively, they are sometimes simply handed over to merchants for nothing with the obligation that the merchant must fulfill the state. Order, army order, first of all , the main source of development is still the state, and so this strengthening of serfdom is a huge problem about which also needs to be said, because the source of the reforms, the main one, is the tightening of serfdom, yes, it did not begin under peter, the slavophiles here were of course wrong, they attributed to peter a sharp tightening of serfdom, it began the conciliar code is eternal enslavement, but peter i, of course, was very ethical. It goes so far as to say that the peasants, and like the former blacksowing peasants, that is , state peasants, they are now all stateowned, they level out the various subgroups. Peasants also do not have the right to free movement, if you get drunk and end up in a neighboring village in a drunken shop , you are forcibly expelled back and put on notice that maybe you tried to escape, how many disputes there were about whether it was possible or impossible to reform russia, so say no as harshly as peter did, well, dashkova , for example, wrote that peter instilled some skills that the russians would still come to communicate with. Foreign camisoles, lifestyles need to be changed, no, lifestyles need to be changed, long camisoles, a different type of movement, right . Yes, yes, but he had to walk around with scissors and cut, because he had to quickly, and that is, he cut everything off at once, he ran, its clear why, because during the astrakhan uprising, the wellknown astrakhan uprising, suppressed, yes, bloody, they wrote tearful letters don cossacks to support them. Whats in these letters . Yes, there are, so to speak, complaints about hardships, some kind of service, and whatnot, but first of all, the humiliation of human dignity, why are they forced to go to church in a foreign costume, why are these same beards unfortunate, and so on and so forth , tobacco makes you, its hard to imagine now, but in russia she didnt smoke, she didnt smoke, they didnt give a damn before peter, yes, but here, that means, they are forced to smoke, so without this it was possible to reverse, russia before peter is, in fact, on the verge of the possibility of becoming a dependent country, yes , the history that eventually overtook poland, three partitions, no poland, the Ottoman Empire is a sick man, europe of the 19th century, which destroys all and sundry, which miraculously , in fact, is pretty much a miracle. Thanks, among other things, to kimal ataturk, at the beginning of the 20th century he retained his sovereignty, where was it all going . Persia, which stole itself, simply squeezed out everything it could from its own inhabitants. China, which in the end too turned into a state torn apart and which was recovering throughout the 20th century, ultimately after the great wars. Russia was waiting for this story, right . And breaking out of this addiction was painful. And the price is high, 12 Million People in the country, approximately half a million losses. This is a gigantic figure, yes, just one small remark about the vital necessity of peters reforms, well , history in general loves paradoxes, jokes and so on, later peter became very Close Friends with leibniz, a famous figure, but he is there, i i dont even know what to call him, he was everything, he was also such an encyclopedic person, everything and a philosopher, and so they later became friends , corresponded when peter was in europe, they traveled there together, and so before peter appeared, leibnets came up with a peaceful a plan for europe so that they dont fight each other, dont fight, he came up with a plan by dividing the spheres. Influence outside europe, there the spaniards should naturally sail to south america there and conquer something there, the french to africa, and the swedes were destined for russian earth, he just thought of everything, he was the wisest man, yes, but there was one thing that the light of Peter Velikov did not foresee, so lets not reduce those opportunities to peter alone, yes, because the country had enormous potential and potential. Peter solovyov was able to use it, a significant historian, he wrote that russia was ready, was waiting for the leader, the leader appeared and russia stepped forward, if we talk about failures, peter ii, of course, made a huge bet on the fleet, but first of all, russia never had a merchant fleet received, and the navy partially rotted after peter. It is also important to understand that russia is a maritime power, russia has become a land power with a fleet, but a sea power, and this is a very difficult question, these are the guilty heirs of peter, this. There were not enough resources, but the fact remains in russia there are incentives for development, to call things by their proper names, lets be that capitalist relations were not enough at that time, yes, some things worked, some things didnt work out, and there was a price for it, for all these reforms, of course, youre right, its just that a huge amount was paid, this there was a historical podcast, russia and the west on the swing of history, Pyotr Romanov was with you, solovyov, study history with us, without history, modernity cannot be understood, all episodes of the podcast russia west on the swing of history can be viewed on the website of the First Channel 1tv. Ru. Hello, you are watching the podcast triggers with you. Psychologist tatyana krasnovskaya , psychotherapist sergei nasibyan , oksana is our guest today and we will find out why she came to us. Hello oksana. Hello. I came with the fact that it seems to me that after going through marriage i lost myself. Being a lifeguard being an eternal helper, from beginning to end. And now im at the decisionmaking stage. About the exit. What i got from the relationship was simply ignorance, uncertainty, the disappearance of the person, and i feel very vague about this, scared, anxious, unclear, uh , am i doing the right thing or the wrong thing, because all this is spinning in some kind of whirlwind, where feelings are mixed with which it is impossible figure out where im going, thats all. Oksana, tell us a little story, how long have you been in a relationship . Relationship is almost 8 years, and they developed as follows i was 24 years old, i felt at the top , i fulfilled the plan that my mother expected of me, i got it, i moved to moscow, i got an education, i built a career, i reached the position of a manager department in a mousebuilding holding, again a person to subordinate. Active life, exhibitions, events, while i felt that the main area in which i am simply zero is relationships, i run away from them, it is difficult for me to stay in them, because it begins a certain selectivity, i feel sympathy, i begin to analyze, but i cant stand my own emotions, i pour them out in the form of poetry, then little by little, little by little i start to come out, i understand whats wrong, i feel great anxiety and run away. Then i decided that i needed to move towards a family, i want a family, i dreamed from the age of 7 that i would have a strong family, i would have two children, an eldest son, a younger daughter, i will definitely realize this, and throughout years, i enter into different relationships, i observe, i understand that he is not here for me so, here i dont feel the same either, then i have a vacation, i go to greece, there i probably for the first time in my Life Experience great. Pleasure from solitude, in fact, being in delphi, near mount parnassus, it was a spontaneous trip, it just came to my mind, and i went there alone, rented a room there, near the mountain i understand that yes, this is a desire, its true, i want to be with someone, i see it, i want, so that these are two whole people, and this is a common space in which there will be happiness, there will be love, there will be attention, there will be care, there will be some kind of team, a story where we can Grow Together in this, as if you are already ready for this, i am ready, yes, i understand that i am ready and willing to go exactly consciously, that is, to build, yeah, im coming back, i meet on a dating site as a young man, we start corresponding, and this is the first person who does not start asking for a date after 34 days there, but he drags on, we correspond for a month, and he does not disappear, he writes, hello, how are you . Every day is stable, then i start insisting on a meeting when its already 2 almost a month has passed, that is, once he really broke me down there, when i invited him, he said that he couldnt , okay, got over it, then i insisted, anyway , come on, see you, its time, well call already started over the phone, not just correspondence , we met, i invited him to a restaurant, but can i ask, until, when the initiative did not come from him, all these 2 months, how did you explain it to yourself . Unpreparedness, waiting, checking, understanding how suitable we are for each other in this communication, how much they will accept it, because it more of an introverted person, can i ask tatyana now, taty, im just wondering why this idea came up to ask, why this had to be explained somehow, i have a hypothesis, can i voice it a little later, of course, okay, so, youre on a first date, yes, here he is in a restaurant, looking at the menu, saying, denmark lanterns, rice for 300 rubles, when a bag of rice costs 60, at that moment im like a person who, as they say, has already been on different dates, who s used to in restaurants, pay. For yourself, because you earn enough and can afford it, im sitting there like, well, well, well, probably, yes, we went too far, but im wondering , its somehow strange, its a date, were discussing rice, its also expensive that, well, hes seeing him off he hugs me on the subway, like, unusual, warm, next date, i ll invite him. I myself pay us coupons for ceramics classes, we go with him, they tell us that you are a married couple, you have been together for a long time, yes, how many years have you been together . This is our second date, what do you mean . Yes, you look like youve been married for a long time . Cute, escorts again on the subway, he kisses for the first time, okay, on the third date i invited him to my place, it was such a fix idea, have you ever celebrated catholic . Christmas, no, and i, no, but lets turn on the nightmare before christmas, cook dinner and celebrate, for now its a dream , for now yes, here he comes, and at the same time he also says that the most important thing, i ask you, you are for dont try, dont prepare me on purpose, ill come, you and i will choose food together, buy it together, cook it together, dont try, god, the man of your dreams together, finally this is together happening, wow, good. Comes, we have a wonderful evening, naturally, the relationship takes a new turn and we understand that we are together for all the new year holidays, he is with me, and then i say, well , come, it seems great when we are together, such a forgotten feeling, i was just daydreaming a little while you were talking, wow , and there was the first cue ball, which i recognize after a while, he gave me comics f