Dengue virus infection is prevalent in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world, which is fatal if untreated symptomatically. Emergence of new genotype within serotypes led to enhanced severity. The objective of the study is to identify the molecular characteristics of the DENV circulated during 2017 outbreak in Tamil Nadu, India and, to investigate the role of inflammatory cytokines in different ‘serotypes’ and in ‘dengue severity’. A total of 135 suspected samples were tested for DENV infection using IgM, IgG and qPCR assay; where 76 samples were positive for DENV and analysed for twelve inflammatory cytokines using ELISA. Serotyping shows 14 DENV-1, 22 DENV-2, 7 DENV-3 and 33 DENV-4, where DENV-4 was predominant. Among seventy-six, forty-two isolates were successfully sequenced for C-prM region and grouped. A lineage shift was observed in DENV-4 genotype. Irrespective of serotypes, IFNγ was significantly elevated than control and in primary infection indicating its ro
Introduction: Pakistan ranks fifth in the globally estimated burden of Tuberculosis (TB) case incidence. Annually, a gap of 241,688 TB patients exists between estimated TB incidence and actual TB case notification in Pakistan. These undetected/missed TB cases initiate TB care from providers in the private healthcare system who are less motivated to notify patients to the national database that leads to significant under-detection of actual TB cases in the Pakistani community. To engage these private providers in reaching out to missing TB cases, a national implementation trial of the Public-Private Mix (PPM) model was cohesively launched by NTP Pakistan in 2014. The study aims to assess the implementation, contribution, and relative treatment outcomes of cohesively implemented PPM model in comparison to the non-PPM model. Methods: A retrospective record review of all forms (new and relapse) TB patients notified from July 2015 to June 2016 was conducted both for PPM- and non-PPM models
Elefanten sind dazu in der Lage, ungewöhnliche Laute zu erfinden und voneinander zu lernen. Das haben Forscher der Universität Wien in einer aktuellen Studie herausgefunden. Das Imitieren, aber auch das Kreieren von neuen Lauten bildet eine der Grundlagen für die Entwicklung einer Sprache.
Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused increasing challenges for healthcare professionals globally. However, there is a dearth of information about these challenges in many developing countries, including Bangladesh. This study aims to explore the challenges faced by healthcare professionals (Doctors and Nurses) during COVID-19 in Bangladesh. Methods: We conducted qualitative research among healthcare professionals of different hospitals and clinics in Khulna and Dhaka city of Bangladesh from May 2020 to August 2020. We conducted 15 in-depth telephone interviews using a snowball sampling technique. We used an in-depth interview guide as data were collected, audiotaped and transcribed. The data were analyzed both manually and using QDA Miner software as we used thematic analysis for this study. Results: Seven themes emerged from the study. Participants experienced higher workload, psychological distress, shortage of quality personal protective equipment
Despite the potentially huge contributions that coastal communities might make in marine resource management and sustainability, their participation in such efforts have only been recognized recently, particularly in Southeast Asia. Involving community perceptions can offer new insights for policy makers and resource managers and can elicit strong commitment and support from the communities themselves. This paper aims to understand perceptions of coastal communities of local environmental issues, specifically how these have developed over time, to understand expectations and perceptions of trends. Sixteen marine environmental issues were identified during stakeholder meetings in Palawan, Philippines. A co-developed survey was administered to 431 respondents from coastal communities in two municipalities (Taytay and Aborlan) and the city of Puerto Princesa in Palawan. The results show variation in perceptions and expectations between issues. We find that communities expect positive tren