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Fibonacci traveled to the Middle East, captivated by ideas that had travelled west along trading routes PHOTO: Laura Lezza/Getty Images But this prestigious academy was in fact a major intellectual powerhouse in Baghdad during the Islamic Golden Age, and the birthplace of mathematical concepts as transformative as the common zero and our modern-day “Arabic” numerals. Founded as a private collection for caliph Harun Al-Rashid in the late 8th Century then converted to a public academy some 30 years later, the House of Wisdom appears to have pulled scientists from all over the world towards Baghdad, drawn as they were by the city’s vibrant intellectual curiosity and freedom of expression (Muslim, Jewish and Christian scholars were all allowed to study there).

France generalUnited kingdomUnited statesEmilia romagnaCity ofJim al khaliliReinhard dirscherl gettyLucy rycroft smithLaura lezza gettyHarun al rashidJune barrowImages group gettyUniversity of surreyBritish libraryMiddle eastIslamic golden age