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The Earth s liquid molten outer core, composed mostly of iron and nickel, exerts an electromagnetic field extending from the north and south pole that protects the planet from harmful solar particle radiation.

United statesArthurf thurnauYining shiMark moldwinUniversity of michiganUniversity of michigan climateSpace sciencesEuropean space agencyJournal of geophysical researchEuropean space agency technical university of denmarkInternational geomagnetic reference fieldEuropean spaceTechnical universityGeophysical researchMichigan climateSpace science