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RONALD FRASER Victim’s testimony, a time-honored part of the American criminal prosecution process, has sent thousands of New York offenders to prison. But justice is not advanced when, years later, crime victims are called again to give emotionally-charged encores, moments before parole panel members decide whether or not to release their offenders from prison. ¯ Parole. Late 19th-century reformers called on state-run prisons to shift from places of punishment to places of rehabilitation, where inmates could earn an early release. Adopted first in New York state, in 1907, by 1942 all states operated a parole system. The parole model’s popularity, however, peaked in the 1970s and, today, 16 states have abolished early-release parole boards.

New yorkUnited statesBrentl smithKathryn morganRonald fraserClark law school in portlandCrime victim rights movementNational crime victim law institutePrison policy initiativeVictims getClark law schoolModern crime victim rights movementPublic policyGrading state parole systemsNew york stateHow crime victims keep offenders behind bars