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In Crohn’s disease (CD), intestinal fibrosis is a critical determinant of a patient’s prognosis. Although inflammation may be a prerequisite for the initiation of intestinal fibrosis, research shows that the progression or continuation of intestinal fibrosis can occur independently of inflammation. Thus, once initiated, intestinal fibrosis may persist even if medical treatment controls inflammation. Clearly, an understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of intestinal fibrosis is required to diminish its occurrence. Accumulating evidence suggests that the gut microbiota contributes to the pathogenesis of intestinal fibrosis. For example, the presence of antibodies against gut microbes can predict which CD patients will have intestinal complications. In addition, microbial ligands can activate intestinal fibroblasts, thereby inducing the production of extracellular matrix. Moreover, in various animal models, bacterial infection can lead to the development of intestinal fibros

United kingdomJapan generalNat genetFabio cominelliVan immerseelDarfeuille michauda crohnJ gastroenterol hepatolNat protocTaylor kd yuNasr el yafiSemin immunopatholGastroenterol hepatolWaal malefytr glimcherHansen jm liScandj gastroenterolNational institutes of health