When listening to the gentle lapping of waves, the ocean may seem like a calm and quiet place. Below the surface, however, marine animals can be subjected to a cacophony of sounds. Marine life and natural phenomena produce some of this noise, but a growing amount comes from human activities like shipping, recreational boating, fossil fuel extraction and infrastructure projects. One of the most clamorous sources in some parts of the world is pile driving, a construction method that involves pounding piles—long cylinders—into the seabed to support a structure, such as a bridge or wind farm.
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Contrary to the trade-off hypothesis, nonetheless, they discovered that host density had little impact on the evolution of one mode of transfer versus the other. Professor Turner collaborates with researchers at Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico , analyzing the importance of genetic exchange within the evolution of viruses. He also often collaborates along with his graduate students and postdoctoral fellows, crediting his college students and mentees for their inspiration and assist over time. Turner is additionally grateful for the support of his wife Mary Beth Decker, an ecologist and evolutionary biologist at Yale, as well as their two daughters. Since the published case examine , 12 more sufferers have been successfully handled utilizing comparable approaches.