Intermittency of renewable energy sources can cause greater frequency variations and with no other intervention, the generation reserve capacity of a power system needs to be significantly increased to ensure frequency stability, resulting in increased costs. With appropriate control actions, proton exchange membrane electrolyzers (PEMELs) can be used to regulate power system frequency stability, but their adjustable demand-side response capabilities need to be investigated. This article first introduces the dynamic characteristics of the PEMEL stack to examine the impact of incorporating the control loop of the PEMEL stack into a single-area power system populated with solar photovoltaic units, taking into account the communication time lag during the control signal transfer process. The dynamic performance of the proposed power system and steady-state errors are then analyzed demonstrating contribution of the PEMEL stack to frequency regulation services effectively. Moreover, the fre
Information flow topology is crucial in the control of connected autonomous vehicles. It has a substantial influence on the platoon's performance, especially in scenarios with imperfect communication. To address this issue, this study provides a real-time switching topology technique for improving the platoon's performance under various types of imperfect communication situations and constant packet dropout rates. First, a discrete sliding mode controller with a double power reaching law is designed for a nonlinear heterogeneous vehicle dynamic model with packet loss. Then, Lyapunov analysis is applied to ensure the platoon's stability and string stability. Finally, a two-step switching topology framework is introduced. The first step is to design an offline Pareto optimal topology search with some predicted imperfect communication scenarios, where the platoon's tracking ability, fuel consumption, and driving comfort are optimised using a multi-objective evolutionar
This research article presents an adaptive auto-reclosing scheme to preserve the network stability in post-fault scenarios for the power grids equipped with synchronous-based distributed generations (SBDGs). Based on the precise fault location information, the proposed adaptive reclosing strategy will classify all the fault events in either reclosing or block reclosing zones. Furthermore, the proposed intelligent auto-reclosing scheme will ensure safe and stable network operation by preventing hazardous futile reclosing attempts against persistent faults in forestry or densely populated areas due to serious safety concerns. The swift fault removal by the associated protective devices (PDs) will assist in ensuring the stable operation of the power grid after the fault clearance. If the fault is in the reclosing zones, the adaption of the proposed scheme will permit the reclosing at an appropriate instant to preserve the network stability against momentary faults. However, it will also e